Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi & the Myth of Imperial Authority
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Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi & the Myth of Imperial Authority Ali Massoud Ansari School of Oriental & African Studies (SOAS) University of London Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD / mbiX (LONDON] \ir N r a / ProQuest Number: 10672656 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672656 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract The thesis is an investigation into the concept of modem political myth and its relationship to ideology. It argues that political myth can best be understood as the personalisation or familiarisation of ideology, by which ideological constructions are identified either with an individual, normally a political leader, or are expressed in mythic representations familiar within a given state and drawn from the traditional myths which permeate the political cultures of that state. The thesis argues that the personalisation and possible personification of ideology is one of the most obvious methods of political myth production and notes that the inherent contradictions and tensions resulting from an attempt to identify an individual with a principle almost always results in the construction of political myth. Political myth construction and development remains dynamic and reciprocal in relation to its ideational and material environment. Iran during the Palilavi period (1921-79) provides the case-study for the thesis, as a society in the process of profound social and economic change led by a government both enthusiastic and economically able to impose its own particular conception of development and modernity within a nationalistic framework, upon the country. The continued importance of personalities to the political process and then attempts to identify with particular ideologies provided cogent examples of political myth construction and development. With particular emphasis on Shah Mohammad Reza Palrlavi, the thesis shows the development of his ideological world-view, the initial reciprocal dynamic of these views, leading towards increasing identification, polarisation and isolation by the end of his reign. The thesis seeks to show how political myth was employed to naturalise and legitimise the Palrlavi Dynasty within the Iranian state. In charting the ideological development in the Pahlavi era, from traditional state towards a particular conception of modernity, political myth is seen to be not a uniquely modem phenomenon. However, the emergence of the modem mass media, especially in electronic form has resulted in the acceleration of political myth construction and its widespread and rapid dissemination. This technological change helps to differentiate modern political myth from its predecessors and given the continuing growth of the mass media, is likely to ensure that the concept of political myth will be increasingly important to political discourse. 2 Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 6 A Note on Transliteration and D ates .............................................................................. 7 Theoretical Framework and Structure of Study ......................................................8 Central Thesis ................................................................ 8 The Importance of Political M yth..................................................................... 10 Epistemological Framework.............................................................................. 16 Ideology & Political Myth .................................................................................. 18 Defining Ideology .................................................................................. 18 Defining Political M yth ......................................................................... 21 Identifying Political M y th ..................................................................... 24 Political Myth and Leadership ........................................................................... 28 The advent of mass communications ................................................................ 31 Pahlavi Iran as a case study ............................................................................... 33 S o u rces............................................................................................................... 36 Framework for Analysis .................................................................................... 38 Critical Hermeneutics............................................................................ 38 Political strategies.................................................................................. 40 Concluding Remarks & Structure of Study ..................................................... 45 Chapter Structure.................................................................................. 46 Chapter 2 - the Rise & Rule of Reza S hah.............................. 46 Chapter 3: 1941-53 - Pluralism & the triumph of nationalism ....................................................................................... 47 Chapter 4 - the consolidation of pow er................................ 47 Chapter 5 - 1960-67: the White Revolution ............................. 48 Chapter 6 - 1967-77: Towards the Great Civilisation; the myth of Imperial Authority........................................................ 48 Defining the Ideological Parameters: The Rise and Rule of Reza Shah .............................................................. -50- Introduction .........................................................................................................-50- Background to the Rise of Reza Khan ............................................................-52- The Intelligentsia .................................................................................. -57- A Concept of Nationalism.....................................................................-61- Defining the Ideological param eters.................................................................-63- a) Nationalism:.......................................................................................-65- b) Modernisation: .................................................................................. -67- c) Dynastic Nationalism:....................................................................... -67- d) Militarism........................................................................................... -68- e) Traditionalism:.................................................................................. -69- The Rise & Rule of Reza S h ah ......................................................................... -70- The Construction of Power 1921-1926: Modernisation & Nationalism . -71- The Consolidation of Power: Nationalism and Modernisation...................... -83- 3 Institutionalising the dynasty - the politics of dynastic nationalism ............. -92- Conclusion ...........................................................................................................-98- 1941-53 - political pluralism and the ascendancy of nationalism....................... -101- Introduction ....................................................................................................-101- The Socio-Historic Context......................................................................... -103- The levels of political awareness........................................................-103- The Mass Media.................................................................................. -105- The Radio ........................................................................................... -108- The limits of plurality......................................................................... -109- Ideological Constructions................................................................................ -111- Nationalism:.........................................................................................- I ll- Ideological Development: Fragmentation and Re-invention .......................-112- Ideological fragmentation................................................................................ -113- The Impact of the Allied Invasion and Occupation:.........................-113- Tlie Tribal Revolts ................................................................................ -121- The Separatist Movements in Azerbaijan and Kurdistan.................. -123- Ideological Reconstruction..............................................................................-138- Redefining the parameters of Dynastic Nationalism: ....................-13 8- The Oil Nationalisation Crisis & the triumph of 'nationalism’: . -150- Concluding Remarks .......................................................................................-171- The Consolidation of Power 1953-60 ........................................................................-173- Introduction ...................................................................................................