THE INA QUARTERLY BRINGING HISTORY TO LIGHT THROUGH THE SCIENCE OF SHIPWRECKS

STEMWARE & SLIIPWAYS MARITIME SURVEY AT BOĞSAK, GETTING TO KNOW INA INTERVIEW WITH AN AFFILIATED SCHOLAR

YUKON RIVER STEAMBOATS RECORDING THE 1898 SCHWATKA

SPRING 2015 VOLUME 42, NO. 1 s

FOUNDERS DIRECTORS (CONTINUED) BODRUM RESEARCH TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY AFFILIATED SCHOLARS (CONTINUED) George F. Bass, Ph.D. ◊ Lew Ward CENTER STAFF (CONTINUED) GRADUATE FELLOWS Warren Riess, Ph.D. CONTENTS (CONTINUED) University of Maine John Baird † Roger A. Williamson, M.D.* Aysel Tok Edith Trnka Justin Parkoff David Stewart, Ph.D. Michael Katzev † Robyn Woodward, Ph.D. Mr. & Mrs. Ray H. Siegfried East Carolina University DEPARTMENTS Treasurer * Süleyman Türel II Graduate Fellow Jack W. Kelley ◊ Sally M. Yamini Kristine Trego, Ph.D. Güneş Yaşar Rachel Matheny Bucknell University 4 LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT OFFICERS/ADMINISTRATION Kenan Yılmaz 6 NEWS AND EVENTS President* Michael Young, J.D. FACULTY, NAUTICAL AFFILIATED SCHOLARS Peter van Alfen, Ph.D. ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAM AT American Numismatic Society Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. Kroum Batchvarov, Ph.D. 8 PROFILE: NICOLLE HIRSCHFELD ASSOCIATE DIRECTORS TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY University of Connecticut Vice President Wendy Van Duivenvoorde, Ph.D. Gordon W. Bass Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. Flinders University 26 BOOK REVIEW Cemal M. Pulak, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Sara W. John Broadwater, Ph.D. Raynette Boshell Spritsail Enterprises Vice President* and George O. Yamini Fellow Gordon P. Watts, Jr., Ph.D. Allan Campbell, M.D. Tidewater Atlantic Research Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D. Arthur Cohn, J.D. William C. Culp, M.D. Filipe Vieira de Castro, Lake Champlain Maritime FIELD REPORTS Office Manager Ph.D. Professor, Frederick R. Museum RESEARCH ASSOCIATES Glenn Darden Mayer Professor of Nautical Tamara Hebert John A. Albertson 12 YUKON RIVER Grace Darden Archaeology II Mariá del Pilar Luna Diving Safety Officer Erreguerena, M.A. J. Barto Arnold, M.A. STEAMBOAT SURVEY Laura White Nicholas Griffis Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D. National Institute of 8 INA researchers record the 1898 Piotr Bojakowski, Ph.D. Robin P. Hartmann Associate Professor, Nautical Anthropology and History steamboat Schwatka at the West BODRUM RESEARCH CENTER Archaeology Faculty Fellow Lilia Campana, Ph.D. Dawson shipyard Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. Ben Ford, Ph.D. BY JOHN POLLACK, SHELI SMITH, Director Massimo Capulli, Ph.D. Susan Katzev Donny L. Hamilton, Ph.D. Indiana University of AND SEAN ADAMS Tûba Ekmekçi, M.A. Professor, George T. & Gladys Pennsylvania Chris Cartellone, Ph.D. James Kjorlien Finance Manager H. Abell Chair in Nautical 18 STEMWARE & SLIPWAYS Archaeology, Yamini Family Jeremy Green, M.A. José Luis Casabán, M.A. A maritime survey in 2014 at Özlem Doğan William C. Klein, M.D. Western Australia Maritime Chair in Liberal Arts Boğsak, Turkey reveals evidence Museum Alexis Catsambis, Ph.D. Thomas McCasland, Jr. for the Late Antique habitation of DIRECTORS Katie Custer Bojakowski, Ph.D. Jeffrey Morris Cemal M. Pulak, Ph.D. Elizabeth S. Greene, Ph.D. Rough Cilicia Associate Professor, Oğuz Aydemir Brock University Matthew Harpster, Ph.D. BY MATTHEW HARPSTER AND Terry A. Ray Frederick R. Mayer Professor Edward O. Boshell, Jr. Rebecca Ingram, Ph.D. GÜNDER VARINLIOĞLU Anne Darden Self of Nautical Archaeology I Jerome Hall, Ph.D. John Cassils, M.D. University of San Diego Michael Jones, Ph.D. Judy Sturgis C. Wayne Smith, Ph.D. Lucy Darden * Betsey Boshell Todd Associate Professor, Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. Jun Kimura, Ph.D. Thomas F. Darden INA Faculty Fellow Central Connecticut State Margaret Leshikar-Denton, Ph.D. Ken Trethewey, Ph.D. University ON THE COVER: Dr. Sheli Smith John De Lapa Garry A. Weber Shelley Wachsmann, Ph.D. Berta Lledó, M.A. 12 documenting the paddlewheel of Past Chairman* Nicolle Hirschfeld, Ph.D. (J. Pollack, 2014) Professor, Meadows Professor Colin Martin, Ph.D. Schwatka Carl Douglas of Biblical Archaeology Trinity University BODRUM RESEARCH Veronica Morriss, M.A. Danielle J. Feeney * CENTER STAFF Frederick Hocker, Ph.D. Robert Neyland, Ph.D. James A. Goold EMERITUS FACULTY, Vasa Museum Secretary & General Counsel * Bilge Güneşdoğdu Akman NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY Robert Hohlfelder, Ph.D. Ralph K. Pedersen, Ph.D. Jeff Hakko Mustafa Babacık PROGRAM AT TEXAS University of Colorado at Robin C. M. Piercy A&M UNIVERSITY Boulder Rebecca Martin Esra Altınanıt Biçer, M.A. J. B. Pelletier Mehmet Çiftlikli George F. Bass, Ph.D. Greg Maslow, M.D. Distinguished Professor Mark Lawall, Ph.D. Juan Pinedo Reyes University of Manitoba Pamela Matthews, Ph.D. Zafer Gül Emeritus John Pollack, M.Sc. Sheila Matthews, M.A. Seçil Kayacık Fred van Doorninck, Jr., Ph.D. Justin Leidwanger, Ph.D. Stanford University Mark Polzer, M.A. Gülser Kazancıoğlu Dana F. McGinnis J. Richard Steffy† Donald Rosencrantz Alex G. Nason Şükran Köroğlu, M.A. John McManamon, S.J. Loyola University Jeff Royal, Ph.D. Orkan Köyağasıoğlu Lynn Baird Shaw TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Miguel San Claudio, Ph.D. GRADUATE FELLOWS Harun Özdaş, Ph.D. Jason Sturgis Nurgül Külah Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Randall Sasaki, M.A. Vice Chairman* Marian M. Cook 18 Muammer Özdemir Robert L. Walker, Ph.D. Graduate Fellows Irena Radič-Rossi, Ph.D. George Schwarz, Ph.D. Chairman* Adem Şirin Carolyn Kennedy University of Zadar Cheryl Ward, Ph.D. WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 3 * Executive Committee | ◊ Non-voting Board | † Deceased The Institute of Nautical Archaeology is a non-profit organization whose mission is to advance the search for the history of civilization by A LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT fostering excellence in underwater archaeology 2015 FIELDWORK INA's Archaeological Committee awarded The INA Quarterly (ISSN 1090- 2635) is published by the over $60,000 in support for new and Institute of Nautical Archaeology In preparing this issue of the INA reports on the 2014 season of the Yukon continuing projects in 2015, including: Quarterly, it quickly became evident that Survey, with collaborators Sean Adams Publication of the INA Quarterly several names kept reappearing in differ- and Dr. Sheli Smith of the PAST Foun- Bay of Kastela Roman Shipwreck Excavation is made possible by a grant ent sections of the same issue. For me, it dation (www.pastfoundation.org). Kastela, Croatia | David Ruff (Texas A&M University) & Irena from the Ed Rachal Foundation was a poignant reminder of the fact that Smith’s name appears again in this issue Radić-Rossi (University of Zadar) nautical archaeology is still young and the as a contributor to The Ship That Held Up Burgaz Harbors Research Project Editor family rather small. INA is certainly not Wall Street (TAMU Press, 2014) reviewed Datça, Turkey | Elizabeth S. Greene (Brock University) Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. the only organization by INA Vice President Carleton Island Survey committed to fostering and TAMU Profes- New York, USA | Ben Ford (Indiana University of Pennsylvania) Assistant Editor excellence in under- sor Kevin Crisman. In Marzamemi “Church Wreck” Research Project Stephanie Koenig water archaeology, but this book, Dr. Warren Sicily, Italy | Justin Leidwanger (Stanford University) it is one of the oldest Riess relates how he Rockley Bay Shipwreck Survey Designer and we are honored to and Smith worked like Republic of Trinidad and Tobago | Kroum Batchvarov (University of Connecticut Avery Point) Jacqueline Munz have attracted so many detectives to deter- dynamic and capable mine the identity of a Sea Biscuit and Salted Beef Bermuda, British West Indies | Grace Tsai (Texas A&M University) Printed by Research Associates and colonial merchant ship Shelburne Steamboat Graveyard Field School Newman Printing Co., Inc. Affiliated Scholars. uncovered in Manhat- Many INA Research tan in 1982. Riess, who Vermont, USA | Kevin Crisman (INA/Texas A&M University), Bryan, Texas Carolyn Kennedy (Texas A&M University), & Lake Champlain Associates are graduates earned a Master’s degree Maritime Museum of the Nautical Archae- from NAP in 1980, is a Institute of Nautical Archaeology ology Program (NAP) Research Associate Pro- Submerged WWII Aircraft Survey P.O. Drawer HG Vis, Croatia | Megan Lickliter-Mundon (Texas A&M University) at Texas A&M University (TAMU), fessor at the University of Maine and an College Station, Texas which was established nearly 40 years ago INA Affiliated Scholar. At the University Survey for the Patacho of Pedro Diaz 77841-5137 USA Cove of Baleeira, Portugal | George Schwarz (U.S. Naval History email [email protected] as a direct result of INA’s affiliation with of Maine, Riess trained Master’s student & Heritage Command) TAMU. Dr. Matthew Harpster earned a J.B. Pelletier, and the two worked togeth- phone (979) 845-6694 Yukon Gold Rush Steamboat Survey fax (979) 847-9260 Ph.D. from NAP in 2005 after writing er on a number of important shipwreck Yukon, Canada | John Pollack (INA) & Robyn Woodward (INA) www.nauticalarch.org a dissertation on the construction of the surveys including the Penobscot Expedi- 9th-century shipwreck excavated by INA tion project. Pelletier, who continues ONGOING PROJECTS to lend his remote sensing expertise to The opinions expressed in the at Bozburun, Turkey. Now the Marie Cu- Civil War Blockade Runner Denbigh INA Quarterly articles are those rie Fellow at the University of Birming- TAMU graduate students and INA field USA | J. Barto Arnold (INA) of the authors and do not ham, in this issue Harpster discusses the researchers on several continents, is INA’s Kızılburun Late Hellenistic Shipwreck Research necessarily reflect the views results of a recent archaeological survey newest Research Associate. This issue Turkey | Deborah Carlson (INA/Texas A&M University) of the Institute off of Turkey’s southern coast. of the INA Quarterly, then, is a kind-of The second field report in this issue mini tribute to the INA Research Associ- Ottoman Frigate Ertuğrul Research Japan | Tufan Turanlı (INA) & Berta Lledó (INA) If you are interested in comes from INA Research Associate ates and Affiliated Scholars who conduct submitting an article for publica- John Pollack, who was recently named the fieldwork, research, and scholarship Ships of the Theodosian Harbor at Yenikapı tion please contact the Editor at that constitute the hallmark of excellence Turkey | Cemal Pulak (INA/Texas A&M University), Rebecca one of Canada’s 100 Greatest Living Ex- Ingram (INA), & Michael Jones (INA) [email protected] plorers by Canadian Geographic. Since in nautical archaeology. Thank you for 2005, Pollack has been directing the your hard work and commitment! Tektaş Burnu Classical Greek Shipwreck Research Turkey | Deborah Carlson (INA/Texas A&M University) ©August 2015 by the Yukon River Steamboat Survey, and is Institute of Nautical Archaeology responsible for successfully locating and Uluburun Late Bronze Age Shipwreck Research All rights reserved recording the remains of dozens of late Turkey | Cemal Pulak (INA/Texas A&M University) Yassıada Byzantine Shipwreck Research 19th-century steamboats that operated Deborah Carlson Turkey | Fred van Doorninck (INA) & Justin Leidwanger on the Yukon River. In this issue, Pollack [email protected] (Stanford University) NEWS & EVENTS New INA scholars, Lake Champlain field school, Urla Research Center

NEW INA APPOINTMENTS Mr. J. B. Pelletier joins the ranks of INA Limantepe coastal excavations. We are pleased to announce two new ad- Research Associates. Pelletier is a nautical The head conservator of INA’s Bodrum ditions to INA's list of Affiliated Schol- archaeologist and remote sensing specialist Research Center (BRC), Esra Altınanıt ars. Dr. Irena Radič-Rossi, an assistant with AECOM, a civil engineering firm in Biçer, traveled to Urla on several occa- professor in the Archaeology Department Washington, D.C. For the past few years, sions to assist or advise ANKÜDAM staff at the University of Zadar, Croatia, has Pelletier has offered to TAMU graduate organizing the laboratory. ANKÜDAM collaborated with Texas A&M University students week-long seminars in remote conservator Buket Aladağ received conser- Tk here (TAMU) faculty and INA researchers on sensing technology and assisted the staff of vation training at INA’s BRC several years various projects, including the excavation several INA projects. ago, and she will pass on this knowledge of a post-medieval shipwreck at Gnalić We welcome these old friends to the INA to the staff of the new Urla center. and a Roman shipwreck in the Bay of team and applaud their commitment to When asked about the arrival of Urla’s 2015 SHELBURNE SHIPYARD The Lake Champlain region boasts a rich Kastela. excellence in nautical archaeology! new archaeological research center, BRC STEAMBOAT GRAVEYARD maritime history, and will also serve as Dr. Kristine Trego, an assistant profes- Director Tuba Ekmekçi said, “We are FIELD SCHOOL the venue for the 2015 annual meeting of sor of classics and ancient Mediterranean NEW URLA RESEARCH CENTER always thrilled to learn of new underwater During the month of June, INA Vice INA’s Board of Directors. studies at Bucknell University in Lew- On June 17th, INA staff attended the archaeological research laboratories and we President Kevin Crisman co-directed, isburg, Pennsylvania, has been working official opening of Ankara University’s wish them the best of luck. ANKÜDAM with Nautical Archaeology Program PUBLIC DONATIONS with INA since 2000 on the excavation Mustafa V. Koç Marine Archaeology staff are new and have a lot to learn, but (NAP) graduate student Carolyn Kennedy INA is grateful to acknowledge a recent and publication of artifacts from the Research Center (ANKÜDAM) in Urla, we are glad that we have been able to and several staff members of the Lake donation from the Nautical Research Tektaş Burnu and Kızılburun shipwrecks Turkey, west of Izmir. ANKÜDAM will provide such fundamental and necessary Champlain Maritime Museum (LCMM), Guild of a complete set of their quar- in Turkey. soon begin conserving artifacts from the support at their foundation.” a month-long underwater field school terly Nautical Research Journal. Thanks at Shelburne, Vermont. The field school to Mitch Michelson for spearheading Irena Radič-Rossi built on work begun last summer, includ- the donation, which ensures that TAMU ing the documentation of four 19th-cen- students now have over 60 years’ worth of tury steamboats scuttled in Shelburne Bay expert modeling knowledge available to at the end of their careers as lake transpor- them in the stacks of the Nautical Archae- tation vessels. ology Program (NAP) library. Anyone in- The wrecks attest to the rapid transition terested in donating books to INA or the in ship construction taking place through- Tooze Library at INA's Bodrum Research out the 19th century. The field school Center in Turkey is encouraged to consult was supported by TAMU, INA, LCMM, the INA website (www.nauticalarch.org) the Center for Maritime Archaeology or INA’s Wish List at www.amazon.com! and Conservation (CMAC), a Maritime Heritage Grant from the National Park CORRECTION Kristine Trego Service, and the Vermont Division for The editors of the INA Quarterly would Historic Preservation. like to apologize for an omission in the The earliest of the four wrecks has been previous issue (41.4). The authors of digitally reconstructed through the cali- Putting the Pieces Together: The Laced bration of several thousand underwater Timbers of the Venice Lido III Assemblage photos, and water dredging allowed the wish to acknowledge Mirco Cusin and team to uncover pristine timber fragments Fabio Case for their assistance with the for documentation. project.

Aerial view of ANKÜDAM FOLLOW INA ONLINE: Find the latest news, excavation blogs, photos and more center in Urla, Turkey at www.nauticalarch.org. Like our Facebook page, too! J. B. Pelletier

6 INA QUARTERLY 42.1 SPRING 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 7 PROFILE: NICOLLE HIRSCHFELD How this archaeologist is interpreting the Cape Gelidonya Late Bronze Age shipwreck

Dr. Nicolle Hirschfeld, INA Affiliated Scholar and Associate Professor of Classics at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas, has been collaborating with INA since 1986, when she first joined the Uluburun Late Bronze Age shipwreck excavation in Turkey. Born in Zurich, Switzerland, Nicolle moved frequently with her family before settling in Texas where she obtained an M.A. from the Nautical Archaeology Program at Texas A&M University and a Ph.D. in Classics from The University of Texas at Austin. Nicolle’s maritime archaeology interests include exchange in the Late Bronze Age eastern Mediterranean; the development, spread, and use of writing; ancient technologies; and the organization of ancient industry, particularly ceramics. In addition to the Ulubu- run excavation, Nicolle has also participated in the Kızılburun column wreck excavation and co-directed the 50th-anniversary return to the Cape Gelidonya Late Bronze Age shipwreck. We interviewed Nicolle at INA's Bodrum Research Center in Turkey, where she and her undergraduate students from Trinity University are researching material from the Cape Gelidonya shipwreck.

What led you to study in the Nautical ized in Aegean and Hittite archaeology run shipwreck hit the press. I had no idea Archaeology Program at Texas A&M? (Jim Wright, Jeremy Rutter, Machtheld where or what College Station was, but I In the course of my undergraduate career Mellink). figured that that was my route to Turkey. projects — at Uluburun, Kızılburun, and Compared to my colleagues who work at develop an online working catalog of the at Bryn Mawr College I became fascinated I spent most of the summer of my Cape Gelidonya, and in the Bodrum Re- research-driven institutions, my teach- copper-alloy objects discovered in the last by the cultures of the Bronze Age east- sophomore year hitchhiking through What is your favorite memory from an search Center. One memory is of a moon- ing duties are heavy, my position has no half-century at Cape Gelidonya. ern Mediterranean: partly because of the Greece visiting ancient sites, sleeping on INA project? less night at Uluburun, the sky thick with endowed funding, and my students have aesthetics of the material remains, partly its beaches, and I fell in love with the sea. Thinking about my answer has reminded the glitter of stars. I was swimming in a little or no background in Mediterranean Tell INA Quarterly readers why they because of the intellectual magnetism of Then, the year I was deciding where to go me of how much richer my life is for sea that sparkled phosphorescence with history or archaeological methodol- should care about the Cape Gelidonya several teachers and mentors who special- for graduate studies, news of the Ulubu- the many seasons I have spent on INA each stroke. In the pitch black there was ogy. On the other hand, the publication shipwreck. no delineation of horizon and I couldn’t demands are reasonable and I don’t have As George Bass figured out in the early be sure my hands were not parting the the responsibility of finding academic 1960s, the cargo that sank at Cape Gel- stars. The other memory is renewed each posts for Ph.D. graduates. My obliga- idonya belonged to a tinker, a metalsmith time I watch and listen to Cemal Pulak tions, rather, are to spark interests and who traveled with all the materials and as he examines an object; he teaches me open doors, to nurture and to mindfully tools needed to set up shop wherever to see. We have torn these artifacts from direct enthusiasm. Another benefit of a opportunity arose. His freight consisted their contexts and it is our responsibility small institution is that there is no space of a ton of copper ingots and ingot frag- to make the most of that destructive act. for academic silos; departments housed ments, tin, smithing tools, and heaps Cemal continuously demonstrates how to in close proximity and the plethora of of broken bronze objects to be recycled. do that well. service commitments that the faculty He was operating at the end of the Late have to share mean that I constantly cross Bronze Age, an era marked by upheaval What are the challenges and rewards of paths with colleagues who think in differ- throughout the eastern Mediterranean, teaching at a small liberal arts univer- ent ways about different things. Interdis- vaguely remembered in Homer’s telling sity? Have you managed to engage un- ciplinary collaborations come readily. of the Trojan war. Bass’ 1967 publication dergraduate students in your research? Trinity University actively encourages illustrates how a single shipwreck can professors to involve students in their fundamentally change our understanding research. Two summers ago I worked with of its era, in this case bringing attention This page, from left: Suited up and prepar- ing to dive on the Kızılburun column wreck in a freshman interested in computer science to the widespread trade in raw materi- 2007; as co-director of the 50th-anniversary who developed a program that plotted als so important to Mycenaean palatial return to Cape Gelidonya in 2010. Opposite how the Cypriot pottery cargo crashed economies. page: Hirschfeld and Trinity University student Evan Garvie examine bowls from the Uluburun and broke on the seabed at Uluburun. In the half-century since Bass’ initial Late Bronze Age shipwreck in the Bodrum This summer two freshmen and a junior excavation, new discoveries at the Cape

OPPOSITE PAGE, LEFT PHOTO: © 2003 COURTNEYPLATT.COM PHOTO: LEFT OPPOSITE PAGE, Museum of Underwater Archaeology in 2013. came to Bodrum in order to help me Gelidonya wrecksite, at contemporary

8 INA QUARTERLY 42.1 SPRING 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 9 PROFILE: NICOLLE HIRSCHFELD

terrestrial sites, and in the laboratory offering means for a more powerful have introduced new information and analysis of them. raised new questions. Strong connec- It is not an entirely new idea. Rather, it tions with Cyprus are increasingly is simply the 21st-century, improved ver- affirmed, as are the complexities of the sion of what has been done in the past circulation of ancient metals. The date of through personal communication and the shipwreck and the composition of its site visits. But now we can make these crew continue to be matters of discus- data easily available to a much larger au- sion. Most recently, the discovery and dience, even while we gain the advantage close examination of additional scrap of wider collaboration — more minds metal and many more ingot fragments and diverse experience at work on the revealed fascinating evidence for the same issues. processes of recycling/ancient metallurgy This experiment in open data could and the circumstances and mechanisms only happen with the understanding, of hoarding. permission, and participation of those who directed the various expeditions to Tell INA Quarterly readers about your Cape Gelidonya: George Bass, Harun plans to disseminate the results of Özdaş, and Cemal Pulak. I am grateful your research. for their support and continuing sense Ultimately, the results of all the ex- of adventure. peditions to Cape Gelidonya will be published in traditional format, as a If you could excavate any type of ship- peer-reviewed volume in the Ed Rachal wreck, what would it be and why? Foundation Nautical Archaeology Series A grain ship or a cement-carrier: how at Texas A&M University Press. To do did they waterproof those hulls? Alter- this well will take some years, given the natively, an obelisk carrier: what sort of logistical and financial constraints under modifications were made to transport which we necessarily operate. that heavy bulk across unruly waters, In the meantime, this summer my and how was it (un)loaded? Or, a ship- students and I took the first steps toward wreck of the Minoans: the first-named the development of a new model for masters of the sea. the final publication, one that takes advantage of the speed and ease of dis- If you could tell the world one thing seminating information via the Internet, about nautical archaeology and/or along with new means for collaborative INA, what would it be? study. It consists of an online display of Shipwreck archaeology is special because the artifacts as their documentation is it is possible to excavate the entirety of completed, along with progress notes on an assemblage deliberately put together their analysis and study, and space for for specific purposes. shared commentary from the academic INA is special because of the quality of and interested community. research devoted to the analysis of each This use of a digital platform for the wreck. The years of painstaking work Cape Gelidonya shipwreck materials represented in, for example, each volume opens up the publication process in a of the Ed Rachal Foundation Nautical new way, one that allows for absorbing, Archaeology Series are the necessary considering and debating the materials counterpoints to the glamor of discovery before the final report is set in print, and excavation. INA BY DON FREY BY INA ©

Hirschfeld carries a Canaanite amphora across Hirschfeld excavates pottery spilled from a the copper ingots at the Late Bronze Age ship- pithos in antiquity, at the Late Bronze Age ship-

wreck at Uluburun. PHOTOS: wreck at Uluburun.

10 INA QUARTERLY 42.1 SPRING 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 11 wooden-hulled ships may have been x 9.15 x 1.5 m (146 x 30 x 5 ft) hull of constructed at the famous Hall Brothers Schwatka. The objective was to evaluate Shipyard, however the builder is listed (by differences in design between Schwatka Affleck 2000) as one Edward J. Rathbone, and eight other Yukon vessels studied and neither vessel shows up on the official in detail since 2005. A total of 18 ship list at the Hall Brothers’ yard. working days were required to complete The Stikine project soon encountered a hull assessment of Schwatka utilizing trouble. Delivery of some of the 12 a baseline survey with fiberglass tapes, vessels was delayed, and the railway for distance meters, meter sticks, digital the Stikine was not completed. Faced calipers, and angle gauges. The presence with no railway and a sea of mud, most of two solid longitudinal bulkheads miners chose the more northerly, and made it impractical to use a reflectorless better known routes through White and total station inside the hull as we had Chilkoot Passes. When the expected done for the cross-sections of Seattle No. Stikine traffic failed to materialize, the 3. A drone was also used to map the CPR abandoned the all-Canadian route disarticulated bow. late in the summer of 1898. Superficially, Schwatka had the "look" of All of the CPR's Stikine sternwheelers a classic Troupe ship with a main deck, a were eventually completed, but few saloon deck with clerestory windows, and reached the North. Schwatka and the a short Texas deck above which a pilot composite-hulled Tyrrell were sold to house was positioned forward of a single smaller transportation companies, and stack. The superstructure design closely both ships eventually served on the resembles two other Stikine-era CPR Yukon River. Schwatka worked as a vessels: the composite-hulled Moyie and freight boat towing barges on the lower Tyrrell. river between St. Michael and Dawson Schwatka now lies on land as the inner- City, and eventually both ships were laid most vessel in the upstream group of four up at West Dawson following a series of ships. Its superstructure collapsed onto company consolidations. the main deck sometime after 1970 due The first phase of our 2014 field season to snow loads. The majority of the hull is concentrated on the largely intact 44.5 intact and three dimensional except near

headwaters of the Yukon River drainage, YUKON RIVER and then downstream to Dawson City and the Klondike gold fields. The route required a large investment by the CPR. The company purchased STEAMBOAT PROJECT two ocean steamers, built 12 sternwheel- Recording the 1898 steamboat at the West Dawson Shipyard ers in U.S. and Canadian shipyards, and Schwatka planned to build a railway between the BY JOHN POLLACK, SHELI SMITH, AND SEAN ADAMS upstream end of navigation on the Stikine River and the Yukon River headwaters at n September 2014 INA's Yukon Yukon River (see INA Quarterly 40.2: Our primary focus in 2014 was the Teslin Lake. Four of the riverboats were River Steamboat Survey returned 8-15). This year our small team included 1898 stern-wheel steamboat Schwatka. built at Port Blakely, Washington, and to the old West Dawson shipyard, Dr. Sheli Smith of the PAST Foundation This ship was one of a fleet of riverboats two of these, Constantine and Schwatka, recognized as one of the greatest and Sean Adams of Vancouver. Dr. constructed for the Canadian Pacific were designed as freight boats. These terrestrialI sternwheeler sites in North Smith ran our outreach program through Railway (CPR) under the direction America. Since 2005, an INA team has PAST's BASECAMP, sharing the project of Superintendent James Troupe, in From left: Smith documenting the visited it annually to work on the seven with a number of primary and secondary an attempt to create an all-Canadian paddlewheel on the 1898 stern-weel spectacular hulls lining the banks of the schools in the U.S. and Canada. route from the Stikine River into the J. POLLACK PHOTO: steamboat, Schwatka; Schwatka ca. 1899.

12 INA QUARTERLY 42.1 SPRING 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 13 YUKON RIVER STEAMBOAT SURVEY JOHN POLLACK, SHELI SMITH AND SEAN ADAMS

St. Michael remain in place. A massive paddlewheel, 5.30 m (17 Yukon River ft) in diameter, lies at the stern with spokes, hubs and iron circles intact, but ALASKA the bucket planks and stirrups have been salvaged. The cylinder timbers are in situ Dutch Harbor Dawson City with the port timber collapsed, and the truss-constructed spreader bar for the YUKON monkey rudders lies on the ground. A notable feature is the steering system, Whitehorse Lake Bennett CANADA which consists of four rudders and Skagway/Dyea cylindrical steel rudder posts turning within pillow blocks. The tillers enter Glenora the hull in such a way that this assembly Wrangell was completely contained within the hull and below the main deck. All rudders are missing and only one shaft with its BRITISH associated pillow blocks remains. The COLUMBIA tiller system, however, is in situ. Two longer, inner, master tillers terminate in rollers that run on top of a crudely Vancouver constructed, metal-covered supporting Kaslo table or "sweep." The two outer tillers Seattle are shorter, and all four tillers are slaved together with adjustable connecting rods. The carvel-planked hull was constructed using the common Yukon U.S.A. The carvel-planked hull was constructed riverboat design with a model bow, flat bottom, vertical sides, sharp the bow, where the main deck has col- extant, as are two auxiliary pumps and using the common Yukon riverboat lapsed into the hull and the sides of the the reversing lever. The ship contains a design with a model bow, flat bottom, chine, and a raked stern to protect the rudders from damage. hull are splayed outward. two-boiler battery in a firebox typical of vertical sides, sharp chine, and a raked A substantial amount of machinery re- the western rivers. The single remain- stern to protect the rudders from longitudinal strengthening features (or The carriers are supported in turn by x 6 in), were commonly used forward of mains on board. Two Willamette Iron & ing boiler is 1.35 m (4 ft) in diameter damage. The bow and lower portions of bulkheads) at the stern. These longitu- the longitudinal keelson assemblies approximately Frame 60, but they were Steel horizontal high-pressure engines, 41 and 4.84 m (16 ft) long, with the single the hull were sheathed with galvanized dinal assemblies consist of a keelson or and footlings. Additional transverse not continuous, and were often doubled x 183 cm (16 x 72 in), are present with smoke stack and breeching positioned aft iron for protection against ice damage. side keelson that supports either a row of carriers support the boiler bank and a or tripled when several futtocks were the steam cylinders in situ but the valves, of the boilers. The other boiler and ma- One surprise was the subtle but vertical stanchions, or a truss web with derrick located immediately forward of required to span the distance between levers, and wipers are missing. Connect- jority of the firebricks have been salvaged, distinct shallow keel discovered at the tie rods, or a solidly planked bulkhead. the superstructure. In some situations the port and starboard chines. While ing rods and the two pitman arms are but the battery's steam and mud drums transom and running forward for an Each of the longitudinal bulkheads rests footlings or short, thick beams were all floors aft of Frame 60 were doubled undetermined length. Schwatka is the on top of the frames in such a way that placed on top of the floors to support hog to provide strength below the engines only Yukon riverboat found to date with none formed a watertight barrier. Five of posts and/or transverse carriers. and machinery, the sequence of futtocks AUTHORS this feature. the nine bulkheads were reinforced with In combination, the numerous across the ship's bottom displays no In general, hull construction and plank- knees at their junction with the transom, longitudinal bulkheads, robust hogging obvious pattern and suggests no attempt ing were robust and parallel, like that of and four consist of heavily trussed assem- system, and massive transverse carriers at standardization. Frames on the bottom another freighter we have studied, Seattle blies under the engine beds. identify Schwatka as a riverboat built of the ship appear to have been assembled No. 3. Schwatka's hull was strongly built There were additional strengthening specifically to withstand the stresses using whatever lengths of wood were with 88 frame stations and up to nine features related to freight boat design. of towing up to six barges at a time, a available, which is odd given the common The ship used a three-row hogging common practice on the lower Yukon availability of long lengths of Douglas fir system consisting of a central row of River. in the Pacific Northwest in 1898. From left: Looking towards the bow, king posts and two rows of hog posts The frames are another matter. As Likewise, Schwatka's chine construction Schwatka lies abandoned in the West Daw- and braces to port and starboard. Both suspected when viewed with Dr. Robyn is the most complex - by far - yet seen in JOHN POLLACK SHELI SMITH, PH.D. SEAN ADAMS son Shipyard; the starboard engine cylinder, king posts were massive and supported Woodward several years earlier, Schwatka Western Canada. Single or double floors cylinder timbers, and engine beds; the truss- Project Director and INA Director of Programs, Project Member, by transverse beams or carriers that are displays notably inconsistent framing transition to single- or double-tapered Research Associate PAST Foundation Vancouver constructed, longitudinal bulkheads located

near the stern. J. POLLACK; S. SMITH LIBRARY; STATE ALASKA (FROM LEFT); PHOTOS easily the largest timbers in the ship. and chines. Single floors, 10 x 15 cm (4 side frames and are joined in a cocked-hat

14 INA QUARTERLY 42.1 SPRING 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 15 YUKON RIVER STEAMBOAT SURVEY JOHN POLLACK, SHELI SMITH AND SEAN ADAMS

style without the use of a bilge keelson. riverboats constructed "by arrangement" 65 cm (26 in) diameter of these flanges Bilge keelsons appear invariably in Yukon near the Hall Brothers’ yard using suggests they were used on a tiny, ~10 sternwheelers for additional strength, and contract crews. Rathbone was not a Hall m (33 ft), stern-wheel steamboat, the the omission is unique in our experience. employee, shipbuilder or riverboat man, smallest found in the Yukon. The Slough While a cocked-hat "style" was most but rather an assistant to Superintendent assemblage promises to be rich, but it will common in Schwatka, adjacent chines Troupe while he was in charge of the remain unexamined unless or until we can were seldom consistent in design. At least Union Pacific's water lines. Rathbone pinpoint a reliable window for safe diving. five distinct chine styles were noted. later became Superintendent of the Grounding had damaged the starboard Union Pacific's Sound Line. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS side of the ship from Frame 64 aft to the Regardless of the reason, Schwatka Financial support for this project was transom. Here every side frame had been supports the hypothesis that Yukon River provided by the Institute of Nautical repaired with the addition of sistered stern-wheel steamboat construction in Archaeology and the Historic Sites Unit band-sawn side frames and short futtocks. the late 1890s followed general rules, of the Government of Yukon. We wish to In summary, Schwatka displays but not a standard pattern. Every hull thank the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in Band for numerous similarities to other CPR and we have examined to date has contained their continued interest in the historic Yukon River stern-wheel steamboats, some surprises. Steamboat companies vessels located on their Schedule B land but also contains unique features not were pressed for time, shipyard capacity at West Dawson. Personal thanks go to seen in any other vessel studied to date. was limited, and vessels were built for an Lee Whalen, Heritage Officer for the It is a strongly built towboat with a anticipated purpose and type of river. As Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in, Barb Hogan and

Schwatka supports the hypothesis that Yukon River stern-wheel Clockwise: Tops of the frames on a newly discov- ered barge in Steamboat Slough; chine construc- steamboat construction in the late 1890s followed general rules, but tion at F56 and F57; one of the massive transverse timbers (carriers) that support the king posts and not a standard pattern. boilers in Schwatka; rollers support the ends of two master tillers and rest on the metal-covered haphazard approach to framing, and a result, regional and shipyard differences Gisli Balzer of the Government of Yukon supporting table or sweep (note the connect- highly variable chines. The striking could be substantial, and individual Historic Sites Unit, Jeff Hunston of the ing rod and two additional "slaved" tillers that lie outboard). omission of the bilge keelson significantly shipbuilders often used their own unique Heritage Resources Unit, and the INA weakened the hull. Some possible approaches when building hull and Archaeological Committee. explanations for Schwatka's anomalous machinery components. construction include the CPR's urgent In the second phase of the 2014 field need to obtain 12 vessels for the Stikine season, we returned to Steamboat Slough, route; the extensive lake boat experience the historic overwintering area protected SUGGESTED READING of Superintendent Troupe and master from the main ice flow on the Yukon River. Two medium-sized sternwheelers, builder Bulger (who frequently used Affleck , Edward L. 2000. A Century of double-frames and more rounded hulls Mona and Glenora, were lost there in Paddlewheelers in the Pacific Northwest, in Kokanee and other lake vessels); and March 1902 due to arson. In 2013 we the Yukon and Alaska. British Columbia. the limited shipbuilding experience of located excellent sonar targets in the the Washington shipyard supervisor, shallow water, however zero visibility kept Berton. P. 2007. The Great Klondike Gold Edward J. Rathbone. Troupe had us out of the water in both 2013 and Rush: An Omnibus. Calgary. considerable problems locating shipyards 2014. This year, low water allowed us to Pollack, J., S. Moffatt, R. Turner, R. Wood- with sufficient capacity for the Stikine identify a wide range of cultural remains ward and S. Adams. 2015. “Hidden In Plain riverboats, and the complexity of the on the foreshore including a submerged Sight: The Composite-Hulled Stern-wheel overall project may have diverted his 37.4 m- (123 ft-) long freight barge, and Steamboats of Western Canada,” in 2014 attention while Rathbone had the two cast-iron paddlewheel flanges. The ACUA Proceedings: 371-81. Pollack, J., and R. Woodward. 2013. "Yukon Hulks and Ship Graveyards," in The FOLLOW INA ONLINE: Find more information about the Yukon River Steamboat Archaeology of Watercraft Abandonment: Survey and other INA projects at http://nauticalarch.org/featured-projects/ 153-73. PHOTOS: J. POLLACK PHOTOS:

16 INA QUARTERLY 42.1 SPRING 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 17 STEMWARE & SLIPWAYS A maritime survey at Boğsak, Turkey reveals evidence for the Late Antique habitation of Rough Cilicia BY MATTHEW HARPSTER AND GÜNDER VARINLIOĞLU

he Boğsak Archaeological assemblages. By conducting a diachronic, Survey, under the direction of site catchment analysis of approximately Günder Varinlioğlu, Assistant 870 assemblages, MISAMS proposes that Professor of Art History at ships in antiquity did not operate evenly TMimar Sinan Fine Arts University in throughout the Mediterranean but , Turkey, began in 2010 with an instead, space was constructed around overall goal of modeling Late Antique particular, stable regions of activity. The habitation of the coastal region of Rough vast majority of vessels lost in the west- Cilicia, approximately 20 km (12 mi) ern Mediterranean, for example, were west of modern (ancient Seleucia carrying materials exclusively from the ad Calycadnum), Turkey. In 2014, a western Mediterranean; similar patterns maritime archaeological team supported appear in the Aegean and the eastern by the Institute of Nautical Archaeol- Mediterranean, likely representing zones ogy (INA) and the Modeling Inhabited of local activity. Spaces of the Ancient MISAMS’ model hypothesizes that the (MISAMS) project based at the Uni- Late Antique and Byzantine archaeologi- versity of Birmingham, England, with participants from the United States and Turkey, worked with Varinlioğlu to docu- Boğsak ment maritime cultural heritage in the Boğsak Island area and to test the theoretical models emerging from the MISAMS project. MISAMS is a two-year project sup- ported by the European Research Council that is modeling habitation of the Mediterranean Sea by re-evaluating maritime archaeology’s corpus of wreck

Aphrodisias Looking northeast from Boğsak Island, stand- ing atop one of five small Byzantine churches

PHOTO: M. HARPSTER PHOTO: on the island.

18 INA QUARTERLY 42.1 SPRING 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 19 STEMWARE & SLIPWAYS: THE 2104 MARITIME SURVEY AT BOĞSAK, TURKEY MATTHEW HARPSTER AND GÜNDER VARINLIOĞLU

cal signature of the seafloor near Rough Cheryl Ward to the team, investigated The team, working both under water and his team in 2005. As our primary goal Cilicia should be dominated by material the anchorages at Iotape, Halil Limanı, along the coastline, consisted of alumni was to examine the assemblage to test from the eastern Mediterranean, may Cipcıklıkaya and Kalın Burnu, and from the Nautical Archaeology Program MISAMS’ model of maritime activity, contain some material from the Aegean, conducted a side scan sonar survey at Texas A&M University and Turkish we were interested in determining the and have little or nothing from the Adri- off Bıçkıcı Çay and Kalın Burnu. In postgraduate students. date and origin of the items in the survey atic and the western Mediterranean. Our 2005, Evrin and his team surveyed the area, not necessarily whether the assem- 2014 survey season was an opportunity area between ancient and UNDERWATER SURVEY blage itself was a shipwreck. to test this hypothesis by documenting Boğsak Bay, identifying fragments of The team conducted a swim line survey The majority of material in the survey an assemblage in the survey area. The Dressel Type 1 and Type 2-4 amphoras, along the western coast of Boğsak Island, area are necks, handles, rims, and shoul- results of the 2014 season have prelimi- Late Roman Type I amphoras, Koan but spent the majority of the season on ders of Late Roman Type I amphoras, narily verified MISAMS’ conclusions, amphoras, Medieval-era glazed pottery, the island's northeastern tip. We installed commonly from Cilicia and Cyprus. A and identified a collection of slipways and Roman-era coarseware. fourteen 5 x 5 m (16 x 16 ft) squares on few examples of Late Roman Type II that will be investigated further. the seabed, from approximately 7.5 m amphoras from the southern Aegean and SURVEY METHODS & RESULTS (24 ft) to 12.5 m (40 ft) deep, to investi- Gazan/Palestinian amphoras were docu- PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL The 2014 season of maritime archaeolog- gate a collection of amphoras, roof tiles, mented. The bottom of what may be an WORK IN CILICIA ical work at Boğsak began on 3 August and miscellaneous items; this is possibly Agora M334 amphora, likely made in The beginning of underwater work in and lasted for approximately three weeks. an assemblage investigated by Evrin and Beirut in the 5th or 6th century C.E., Cilicia is represented by two separate projects, one by R. Lindley Vann in 1991 and the second, in 1992, by the Sub- Aqua Society at Middle East Technical University (METU) in Ankara. Vann’s broad survey of Classical-era harbors investigated Iotape, Selinus, Antiocheia ad Cragum, Soğuksu, Aphrodisias- Zephyrium, Sebaste, and -Pompeiopolis by 1995 before joining Robert Hohlfelder at Aperlae in Lycia in 1997. Corresponding work based at METU and led predominantly by Volkan Evrin, was conducted off Antakya (1992-1993), and Gazipaşa (1994), and between Aydıncık and Taşucu (1996-2000). From 2001 until 2004 Evrin’s team collaborated with Levent Zoroğlu to focus on the area around the ancient harbor at Kelenderis. Nicholas Rauh’s Rough Cilicia Archaeological Project, in collaboration with Hakan Öniz, surveyed the seabed off ancient Iotape (2001-2003). In 2004, they added INA Affiliated Scholar

This page, from top: Neck, handles and shoul- ders of a Late Roman Type I amphora; slightly concave roof tile in square 14; brown wineglass base and stem with gadroons in square 9. Opposite page: Aerial photo of slipways 1 through 5 (left to right), with slipway 5 hidden

beneath the trees. PHOTOS: THIS PAGE (FROM TOP): ELMALI OF DIJIKOPTER MEDET M. KIREMITÇI; HARPSTER; R. INGRAM; OPPOSITE PAGE:

20 INA QUARTERLY 42.1 SPRING 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 21 STEMWARE & SLIPWAYS: THE 2104 MARITIME SURVEY AT BOĞSAK, TURKEY MATTHEW HARPSTER AND GÜNDER VARINLIOĞLU

was also found. may be seven to ten slipways along the Three types of roof tiles were docu- southern coastline of Boğsak Bay, al- AUTHORS mented at the shallower end of the site. though recording efforts in 2014 focused Approximately 13 large fragments of flat on the five best-preserved examples. pan tiles of a type common in Cilicia, All five are naturally inclined towards two complete kalipters or ridge tiles, and the water although it should be noted at least two other types of large, slightly that up to 50 cm (20 in) of alluvial concave roof tiles were recorded. The lat- soil has collected along the back walls ter tiles are approximately 33 cm (13 in) of slipways 1, 2 and 3, thus the actual wide and at least 65 cm (26 in) long. inclination of those three is likely similar One three-holed, triangular stone to slipways 4 and 5. Indeed, the depth anchor was found, approximately 40 of the original floor 5 m from the back MATTHEW HARPSTER cm (16 in) long and 22 cm (9 in) wide, wall of slipway 1, as revealed by heavy INA Research Associate with holes 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. A brushing, suggests an inclination of Marie Curie Fellow (2013-15) University of Birmingham fragment of a second stone anchor lay approximately 14%. These five slipways approximately 10 m (33 ft) to the north- are demarcated from each other by four west of the survey area. Though only part north-south walls. Each wall descends

One three-holed, triangular stone anchor was found, approximately 40 cm (16 in) long, 22 cm wide (9 in), with holes 7.5 cm (3 in) in diameter. GÜNDER VARINLIOĞLU of one hole is preserved, this example northwards from a preserved height of Assistant Professor Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University may represent the top of a second trian- approximately 2 m (6.5 ft) at the back gular stone anchor. wall to shore level near the water’s edge, The stems and bases of what appear where they have eroded away. The tops to have been three wine glasses of blue, of the walls do not appear to have been than 5 cm (2 in) deep, are evident in the brown, or green glass were also found finished, or no original surfaces are floors of all five slipways. In addition to scattered across the site. The bases are preserved, so any attempts to recreate these indentations, a central groove, 15 approximately 6 cm (2.5 in) in diameter these walls beyond their preserved extent cm (6 in) deep, 35-40 cm (14-16 in) wide and the broken stems are decorated with involves complete speculation. The verti- and approximately 2.5 m (8 ft) long, was WIDTH LENGTH INCLINATION spiral gadroons. cal faces of the walls, moreover, are often recorded in slipway 4. This groove may Finally, one half of a small oil lamp, eroded bedrock, although original surfac- have been used to protect and guide the Slipway 1 10 m 13.5 m 19% approximately 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter, es are evident along the lowest 20 to 40 keels of boats as they were drawn out of (33 ft) (44 ft) with raised surface decoration, may date cm (8 to 16 in) of the walls themselves. the water, but the groove does not extend to the 7th century C.E., like the other Where it was possible to record them, the to the back wall of the slipway. This fact, Slipway 2 8 m 16 m 18.8% items on the site. vertical inclinations of the walls ranged combined with the relatively rough floors, (26 ft) (52 ft) from 90 to approximately 70 degrees (the suggests that the slipways may have been COASTAL SURVEY west wall of slipway 2). abandoned unfinished. Slipway 3 4.6-6.6 m 12 m 17.8% Our investigations, particularly the aerial The floor of each slipway, like the walls, The back walls contain the most (15-22 ft) (39 ft) photography conducted by Medet Elmalı is bedrock, although each is better pre- well-preserved elements, although their at Dijikopter as part of Varinlioğlu’s served than the walls, retaining original preservation and clarity decrease from Slipway 4 8.1-10.1 m 13 m 16.3% overall survey work, suggest that there surfaces with relatively crisp artificial east (slipway 1) to west (slipway 5). In (27-33 ft) (43 ft) edges, grooves and indentations. It general, each back wall appears to be should be noted that the floors, although characterized by a central boss with verti- Harpster (left), Mustafa Slipway 5 Clockwise from top: 9.2 m 13 m 15% Kiremitçi (center), and Damlay Atalay (back); partially worked, do not have a finished, cal indentations on either side cut into (30 ft) (43 ft) detail of bollard for slipway 5; table with slip- smooth surface. Instead, rectangular in- the bedrock. Each indentation appears

PHOTOS: R. INGRAM; M. HARPSTER way measurements. dentations of different sizes, but not more to be distinguished by a slightly sloping

22 INA QUARTERLY 42.1 SPRING 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 23 STEMWARE & SLIPWAYS: THE 2104 MARITIME SURVEY AT BOĞSAK, TURKEY MATTHEW HARPSTER AND GÜNDER VARINLIOĞLU

back wall. This slope is most pronounced Eulimna, Greece; based on historical ing a likely concentration of maritime SUGGESTED READING in slipway 5, and while this may be a grounds, these are dated to the Hellenis- activity at the northern end of Boğsak function of the natural rock forming the tic era when the island was likely a naval Island and beginning documentation of back wall, it is nevertheless present to base for the Rhodian fleet. Other ex- the slipways along the southern shore Blackman, D. and B. Rankov. 2013. varying degrees in all examples. Grooves amples are found elsewhere along Aghios of the nearby harbor. Further docu- Shipsheds of the Ancient Mediterra- and bollards are present as well above the Georgios Bay also at Alimnia, Apollonia mentation of the slipways is expected, nean. Cambridge. back wall and, in all cases, are also cut and Ptolemais in Cyrene (Libya), Tel Dor particularly in light of their potential from the bedrock. In slipway 1, they are (Israel) and, possibly, Matalon (Crete). date. Second, our underwater survey of Evrin, V., Ayaroğlu, M., Özkan, K., Evrin, Ç., Bircan, K., Bircan, M., on top of the central boss. In slipways 2, Notably, a similar series of bollards was the assemblage at the northern end of Zoroğlu, L. 2005a. “Archaeological 4, and 5, they are near the back corners. found at Tersane Bay, in ancient Lycia, Boğsak Island was an ideal opportunity Underwater Surveys of the Cilician If these features are indeed slipways, to the west of Rough Cilicia. Like these to test the MISAMS model of maritime Coasts in 2004” in News of Archaeol- and we believe that they are, then they examples, dating the slipways at Boğsak activity. Based upon this predictive ogy from Anatolia’s Mediterranean may have been used in a variety of is problematic, and is largely done by model, we hypothesized that the seafloor Areas (ANMED) 3: 135-40. ways to draw boats out of the water. association with adjacent archaeological off the coast of Rough Cilicia would be Evrin, V., Zoroğlu, L., Toksay Evrin, The grooves and bollards on the central and architectural data. In this case, the dominated by material from the east- Ç., Ayaroğlu, M., Özkan, M., Bircan, bosses or at the back corners were ideal elements surrounding the slipways are ern Mediterranean in the Late Antique K. and Bircan, M. 2005b. “Aydıncık (Kelenderis) – Yılanlı Ada Kilikya 2003 Sualtı Haritalama Çalışmaları” in 22. If these features are indeed slipways, and we believe that they are, Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, Konya, Mayıs 2004, volume I: 277-84. Ankara. then they may have been used in a variety of ways to draw boats out of the water. ODTÜ Sualtı Topluluğu, Batık Araştırmaları Grubu. 1994. “Antakya Kıyıları Sualtı Yüzey Araştırması, points of leverage: ropes attached to predominantly Late Antique in date, and period and our initial results have verified 1992” in XI. Araştırma Sonuçları boats in the water may have been drawn if these slipways are contemporaneous, it this hypothesis. Additional testing of the Toplantısı, Ankara, Mayıs 1993: 57-64. Ankara. [Available online]. through these grooves – or around the makes them particularly rare; of the pre- MISAMS model is planned elsewhere in bollard – then back towards the water, vious examples, the latest may be Roman. the Mediterranean, and the results of that Toskay-Evrin, Ç. and Evrin, V. 2006. conveying a distinct mechanical advan- Pottery sherds, often from the Late Ro- work are eagerly anticipated. “The Cilician Coast Archaeological Un- tage. The grooves and bollards themselves man era, were found in the alluvial sedi- derwater Surveys – 2005: Tisan (Aph- also provided convenient points to lock ment on the floors of each slipway, but ACKNOWLEDGMENTS rodisias) – Dana Adası – Mavikent a rope, thus holding a boat in place. The as this sediment is being washed down We greatly appreciate our terrestrial team, – Boğsak Coastal Survey” in News of Archaeology from Anatolia’s Mediterra- length of the slipways means that either the hill and carrying material with it, the and particularly the members of the mari- nean Areas (ANMED) 4: 109-14. small boats of less than 12 m (39 ft) were sherds are entirely out of context, and time archaeological team: Rebecca Ingram, drawn entirely up onto the land, or larger the stratigraphy is mixed. It is tempting Damla Atalay, and Orhan Serdar. Thanks Vann, R.L. 1997. “A Survey of Ancient vessels were drawn only partially out of to date these features to the Late Antique to our representative from the Turkish Harbors in Rough Cilicia: The 1995 the water. Either situation would facili- period, as it would coordinate well with Ministry of Tourism and Culture in 2014, Season at Korykos” in XIV. Araştırma tate necessary repairs, but only the for- the predominant occupation periods of Mustafa Kiremitçi; and to Athena Trakadas Sonuçları Toplantısı, Ankara, Mayıs 1996, volume I: 259-71. Ankara. mer arrangement would have been ideal the surrounding areas, but unfortunately for her help in 2013. Support from the Eu- for long-term storage. If small boats were there is little evidence to do so. ropean Research Council was instrumental Varinlioğlu, G. 2014. “Boğsak Ar- drawn out of the water, then it is also for the MISAMS project at the University chaeological Survey 2013” in News of likely that two could fit into each slipway, CONCLUSIONS of Birmingham. We also wish to thank Archaeology from Anatolia’s Mediterra- side by side. This, in turn, may explain The 2014 maritime archaeological survey INA, Medet Elmalı of Dijikopter for the nean Areas (ANMED) 12: 135-9. the indentations in each back wall – two conducted at Boğsak, Turkey aided aerial photos of the slipways, Alihan Keskin boats may have been drawn up into each Varinlioğlu’s overall goal of modeling for his Total Station skills, and Kadir Gür- slipway, and the stem or sternpost could habitation of this landscape by highlight- büz and Erol Yılmaz at Kilikya Divers. fit into each indentation. The best parallels in the Mediterranean, The eroded, irregular floor of slipway 3, identi- in terms of design and orientation, are FOLLOW INA ONLINE: Find the latest news, photos and more for this INA project fied on the 2014 Boğsak Island maritime the 11 slipways facing north in Emporeio at http://nauticalarch.org/projects.

landscape survey. M. HARPSTER PHOTO: Bay, on the island of Alimnia, or ancient

24 INA QUARTERLY 42.1 SPRING 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 25

REVIEW OTHER RECENTLY THE SHIP THAT HELD UP WALL STREET PUBLISHED TITLES By Warren C. Riess with Sheli O. Smith From the Texas A&M University Press

TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2014 In the first three chapters of The Ship that water, the ceaseless and deafening clamor for example. This anonymity is hardly ISBN 978-1-62349-188-8 Held Up Wall Street Riess and Smith tell us of construction activity, and on one occa- surprising for a merchant vessel of this REVIEWED BY KEVIN CRISMAN of the whirlwind of events surrounding the sion, a confrontation with gang members time, abandoned in a busy harbor at the SHIPWRECKED IN Do you enjoy tales of archaeological ad- Ronson Ship’s discovery and excavation. armed with clubs and chains (the punks end of what appeared to be a long career. PARADISE ventures in exotic places, historical myster- This section makes particularly compelling lost interest in starting a rumble, however, The fate of old, derelict ships was rarely Cleopatra’s Barge in Hawai‘i ies, and patient archaeological sleuthing? If reading. The wreck was a chance find that when they realized that the archaeologists considered newsworthy. Chapter Six lays Paul F. Johnston you answered yes to any or all of the above, turned up in January during an archaeo- were armed with shovels). The story of the out the story of Riess’ lengthy search for then here’s a book you may want to add to logical mitigation survey of an active high- Ronson Ship excavation surely ranks as one the vessel’s origins and career, while Chap- Obtaining the first underwater your library. The Ship That Held Up Wall rise construction site on lower Manhattan of the more unusual and challenging in the ter Seven provides a concise history of one archaeological permits Street is an engrossing account of the inves- Island. The authors, at that time both annals of maritime archaeology. ship considered to be a strong candidate. ever issued by the state of tigation of the celebrated ‘Ronson Ship’, graduate students in the early stages of The second phase of the project, the This is archaeological detective work at Hawai‘i, a team of divers from a colonial-era merchant vessel discovered their doctoral studies, were first called in to search for understanding of the ship’s ar- its best. Riess ultimately employed four the Smithsonian Institution buried under downtown New York City chitectural, cultural, and historical signifi- avenues of inquiry in his persistent search: located, surveyed, and excavated Cleopatra’s Barge in 1982. Warren Riess and contributing cance, required years of patient detective consideration of the vessel’s morphology, from 1995 to 2000. A personal author Sheli O. Smith invite readers – both work on the part of Riess. The five book analyses of timbers origins and shipworms yacht to King Kamehameha II professional and avocational -- to share in chapters covering this phase may lack the in the planking, analyses of the artifacts (Liholiho), the ship contained drama of the first three chapters, but they the excitement they experienced and the and fill found in the hull, and investiga- the only known material insights they gained during a three-decade- are ultimately no less enjoyable. Riess tion of historical records (which are nearly culture from the king’s reign. long hunt for archaeological and historical succinctly covers the issues and procedures always sparse and random for commercial Johnston tells the story of the clues to the ship’s design, identity, and role surrounding the preservation of the ship’s ships prior to the mid-19th century). By ship’s life, from her 1820 sale in the early 18th century Atlantic world. artifacts and salvaged bow timbers (the col- patiently assembling a myriad of clues, to Liholiho to her discovery and excavation. 1 This book does a terrific job of relating lection ultimately ended up at the Mari- Riess makes a compelling case for the hull’s 8 /2x11. 256 pp. 210 color, 4 b&w photos. 3 maps. 27 line drawings. the process of archaeological research. ners’ Museum in Newport News, Virginia). identity as Princess Carolina, a 150-ton Bib. Index. $39.95 hardcover Major shipwreck studies follow a predict- Chapter Five covers the particulars of the ship built at Charleston, South Carolina in able pattern over the course of the research. North-American-built ship: its principal 1717 and apparently lost or retired around It begins with the discovery, excavation, features and timber dimensions, its design, 1729. and recording of the ship. This is the and the factors that likely influenced its size The Ship that Held Up Wall Streetdoes a adrenalin-rush time, when excitement and form. Of special interest to maritime fine job of straddling that difficult divide CONFEDERATE SABOTEURS runs high over the site’s potential to answer archaeologists is Riess’ discovery that the between being an accessible book for the Building the Hunley and Other Secret Weapons of the Civil War questions about our past. During this frames and endposts appeared to have been general reader, and at the same time be- Mark K. Ragan phase the project director is barraged by shaped using contemporary geometric ing sufficiently informative to answer the the need to raise funds, secure permits, and design methods, with straight lines and questions that archaeologists and historians The Singer Secret Service Corps, led by assemble both a competent team and the assess the significance of the hull, and then arc radii that were fractions or multiples might have about the wreck. It is helped Texan inventor and entrepreneur Edgar tools they need to carry out the work. The hired to direct its excavation and recording. of the vessel’s maximum breadth (24 ft or by the multitude of fine photographs, Collins Singer, developed and deployed fieldwork itself is always a race to complete They were given one month to attempt 7.31 m). He concludes that the builders prints, maps, and diagrams that illustrate submarines, underwater weaponry, and as much information-gathering as possible to glean as much data as possible before were seeking a hull form that combined the each of its eight chapters. explosive devices against the Union navy. before some combination of logistical, backhoes destroyed the timbers. Tossed capacity of Dutch designs with the sturdy Submarine expert and nautical historian financial, and political constraints prevent headlong into a major project without the and faster-sailing English merchant frigates Dr. Kevin Crisman is a faculty member Ragan presents the untold story of the further progress. There are two truisms to years (or at least months) of planning that built and armed for turbulent trans-Atlan- in the Nautical Archaeology Program at corps. this phase: every shipwreck site presents ideally precede such an endeavor, Riess, tic service. Texas A&M University, one of INA's Vice 398 pp. 51 b&w photos. Bib. Index. its own unique challenges, and archaeolo- Smith, and their hastily-assembled crew Riess, Smith and the other Ronson Ship Presidents, and Director of the Center for $35.00 cloth gists are seldom able to recover all of the labored mightily throughout the month excavators found no direct evidence of the Maritime Archaeology and Conservation. information they would like to have from a of February. Difficulties included frigid ship’s identity during the field work on the His research specializes in Western hemisphere shipwreck site. weather, a steady influx of mud and ground hull; there was no name plate on the stern, seafaring from 1500 to the present.

26 INA QUARTERLY 42.1 SPRING 2015 JOIN US AND SUPPORT INA TODAY! Bringing History To Light Through The Science Of Shipwrecks

The Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) is a non-profit international research organization commit- ted to locating, excavating, recording, preserving, and publishing shipwrecks and other archaeological sites of maritime significance. INA was founded over 40 years ago by Dr. George Bass, who in the 1960s pioneered the science of archaeological excavation under water. Today there is greater need than ever before to support the work done by INA; dredging and commercial fishing have severely damaged or completely erased sites around the world. INA members are institutions, professionals, enthusiasts, and students united in their passion for discovering the untold stories that lie hidden beneath the sea. Join INA today and become a patron of discovery!

BENEFITS OF INA MEMBERSHIP

> Four print or digital issues of the INA Quarterly, now in its fifth decade > Monthly e-news via the INA Insider, featuring behind-the-scenes field reports and announcements about upcoming lectures, publications, and book signings > Exclusive access to members-only content on the INA website > 50% discount on membership in the National Maritime Historical Society (NMHS) which includes four issues of Sea History magazine > 30% discount on nautical archaeology titles from Texas A&M University Press > 20% discount on membership in the Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) which includes two issues of the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology (IJNA)* > 10% discount on merchandise available through INA’s online store

Visit us at www.nauticalarch.org to become a member or call (979) 845-6694

28 INA QUARTERLY 42.1 SPRING 2015