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Dr. Gamsakhurdia Writes to Rel Documents Dr. Gamsakhurdia Writes to ReL Dr. Zviad Gamsakhurdia is a writer and Between 1965 and 1969 I and my scholar of English and American litera­ friends drew many young people to­ ture. In 1974 he with others formedan wards an interest in religion. We gave Initiative Group for the Defence of them spiritual literature, explained the Human Rights in Tbilisi (Georgia). He basic doctrines of religion, argued with was then dismissed from Tbilisi Uni­ atheists until gradually we attracted a versity and eventually threatened with significant number of Georgian young arrest. As a lay member of the Georgian people to the Church. This was es­ Orthodox Church he has shown deep pecially noticeable at Eastertide when concern for the situation which Peter all the churches overflowed. The income Reddaway discussed in his article, "The of the Church greatly increased, its bank Georgian Orthodox Church: Corruption balance grew, and so did the number of and Renewal" (RCL Vol. 3, Nos. 4-5, those applying to enter the seminary. pp. 14-23). RCL printed his Open Letter All this aroused a great deal of con­ of 27 October, 1975 (see Vot 4, No. I, cern in government circles. As is well pp. 49-50). Last July Keston College re­ known, the Soviet government tries by ceived another long letter (23 pp. in all means to deflect young people from typescript) from Dr. Gamsakhurdia. It is religion. This happened in Georgia too. entitled "The. Controversy in the The authorities began by blackmailing Western Press about the Situation in the and pressurizing Efrem 11. Georgia was Georgian Orthodox Church" (see for filled with damaging rumours about example the correspondence reprinted him. I shall not repeat any of them, in RCL Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 45-54) and is but will only report what I know de­ addressed to The Times and RCL. Some finitely and what I am personally con­ extracts are printed below. vinced is the truth. Dr. Gamsakhurdia begins by welcom­ The pressure from the authorities ing the publication of material about the alarmed Efrem n. He was not like those Georgian Church in The Times, RCL and strong and high principled Patriarchs, Tribune de la Liberte. But the Western Amvrosy Kalaya or Kalistrat Lintsadze. press, in his opinion, needs additional All this slowly affected the style and information which he hopes to provide. content of his preaching and his rela­ tionship with us, the young flock of the It is difficult for foreigners to under­ Georgian Church. If before Efrem had stand the situation, since they look on spoken boldly, expressing covert opposi­ from a distance at what has happened, tion to the Soviet regime (the news­ but nevertheless I shall try to shed some papers even used to criticize his ser­ light on the questions in dispute. mons), in his later years his preaching be­ Thanks to my father, Konstantin came empty, his appeals merely Gamsakhurdia, and his friend Patriarch patriotic, so that it was hard to believe Kalistrat of Georgia, I grew up closely that it was a Christian pastor who involved in the life of the Church. spoke. The only bold appeal he made Kalistrat baptized me in' 1948, and was to believing women to have large thanks to him I embraced the Georgian families. "Be fruitful and multiply!" Church and the Gospel of Christ. was the chief theme of his preaching From 1965 I became much more at that time. Naturally all this had a bad active in church affairs : I commenced effect on the young laity, who expected an intensive study of theology and much from. a Patriarch. (In addition, a mysticism, attended almost' every number of priests unworthy of the service at the Zion Cathedral and ob­ name caused abuses in the Church served all the holy· days. I frequently which repelled and disillusioned young listened to the preaching of Efrem n, people - as has happened in the West. and have to admit that at first I was I shall not describe their misdeeds here, even impressed by some of his sermons. as they do not bear on the case in hand.) (I came to know Efrem n from 1962 I once visited the Patriarch during this onwards.) period, and asked him directly if he synagogue, a centre of Jewish spiritual life (see article pp. 20-3). Jews gather outside the Moscow synagogue. Police keep watch. ~) Keston College Below: Moscow Jews who have trained themselves as teachers of Hebrew, a language which is not officially taught. Alexander Ogorodnikov, a member of an unofficial religious seminar, is the author of the letter printed on pp. 45-7. (!"';. Keston College Alexander Argentov photographed by his friendc in July 1976 during a walk in the grounds of Psychiatric Hospital no. 14 in Moscow (see pp. 45-7). CD Keston College The Holy Trinity Monastery of St. Sergius where Fr. Zachariah (see pp. 42-5) lived as a monk. Pilgrims at the Holy Trinity Monastery of St. Sergius (Zagorsk), one of the great spiritual centres in Russia today. © Keston Collese The late Patriarch AJexi officiating in the 15th century Cathedral of the Holy and Life-giving Trinity (Zagorsk) - the shrine of St. Sergius. CD Keston College A service (Whitsun, 1958) at the shrine of St. Sergius, the Russian saint who inspired fro Zachariah (sce pp. 42-5). In the background stand members of an Anglican delegation. CD Keston College Documents 49 would open the small reading-room at KeratishviIi made other attempts to the Patriarchate so that young believers win the confldence of Gamsakhurdia might make use of the treasures of and his friends, including tipping them spiritual literature contained in the off about supposed KGB surveillance. library of the Patriarchate. Efrem un­ Efrem came to mistrust him, especially compromisingly refused; Then I reques­ in flnancial matters, and did not want ted him to lend us books one by one. I him to be made a bishop. remember he lent us a single volume, Gamsakhurdia then deals with the and that only for a short time: it was objections made by Western writers to Tabrum's Religioznye verovaniya David Koridze's report. Although he was uchenykh (The Religious beliefs of the a Soviet official, his patriotism made him Learned). We asked him for the want justice, and his information is Dobrotolyubie, but in vain. Efrem made wholly reliable. Gamsakhurdia was him­ no secret of the fact that it was the KGB self involved in the publication of the who forbade him to lend books to the report: at the time he had contacts in young believers. Once. he even joked government circles and put pressure on about it: "You know that when them to investigate the robbery of the 'Moscow calls the tune, we must dance Patriarchate and also to prevent to it, or it will go ill with us". Devdariani's candidature for the Pa­ A request for representation for the triarchate. But matters eventually came inteI1igentsia on the Synod was also to a halt. turned down. Gamsakhurdia has no direct evidence that Efrem Was an agent I approached David Koridze and asked of the KGB. But .his . original nomina­ him what were the real obstacles in the nation, many claim, was supported by case. He told me that the affair had already been wound up and enough evi­ the KGB in 1960. He was also involved in simony in ecclesiastical appoint­ dence collected to arrest Keratishvili and ments. Envious of Metropolitan IJya's some of the other criminals, but the abilities, he only named ·him as his suc­ Procuracy of the Republic would not cessor because of widespread pressure give permission. He thought that the from believers. main reason for this was that KGB work­ ers Bakhtadze, Tvalchrelidze and others As for Bidzina Keratishvili (now had been involved in the robbery. Bishop Gaioz), the first impression he Koridze also told me that it would be a made was not a bad one. The laity saw good thing if I went to the Central Com­ in him a young believer who wanted to mittee, to Shevardnadze, [First Secretary enter the priesthood. It is still not clear of the Central Committee of the Georg­ whether Efrem took him into the ian Communist Party - Ed.] and told him Patriarchate on his own initiative or as everything, and perhaps he would take a result of pressure from the KGB. action after all. Apart from this, Koridze Keratishvili was employed as a secre­ wanted to see Shevardnadze himself and tary at the Patriarchate. More than once asked me to tell him so. he told me that he had to do menial At that time many members of the work, but was forced to do the job be­ Georgian intelligentsia were under the cause he had not the means to live illusion that Shevardnadze was, as it since Ilya expelled him from the semi­ were, acting on patriotic principles, and nary. He painted a very nark picture of that the mask of communist and rus­ Efrem, as a man difficult to get on with sificator was a necessary cover-up for :... riiggardly, despotic, cruel; he said that his activities. In addition, Shevardnadze Efrem was sent on trips abroad by the himself claimed to be the Georgian in­ KGB as a spy, that his rooms were bug­ telligentsia's best friend. On 3 November ged, and so on. Even at that time I had 1972, for example, he visited my father, already realized that Keratishvili was Konstantin Gamsakhurdia, on the occas­ obviously lying and exaggerating, and ion of his 80th birthday. He also visited that his conflict with Efl'em was clearly 1.
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