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Boron Minerals BORON MINERALS Indian Minerals Yearbook 2015 (Part- III : Mineral Reviews) 54th Edition BORON MINERALS (ADVANCE RELEASE) GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF MINES INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines, NAGPUR – 440 001 PHONE/FAX NO. (0712) 2565471 PBX : (0712) 2562649, 2560544, 2560648 E-MAIL : [email protected] Website: www.ibm.gov.in December, 2016 6-1 BORON MINERALS 6 Boron Minerals oron minerals occur mostly as borates which ferrous wire manufacture, flame-proofing and Bare deposited from volcanic gases or hot timber preservation. springs near volcanic activities. The deposits, Borax is used as a flux in brazing, welding, predominantly of borax and sassolite are formed as a result of drying up of shallow saline and soldering and in the manufacture of artificial gems alkaline tertiary lakes called 'Playa'. The principal like, cubic boron nitride, (commercially called boron minerals are borax, hydrated sodium borate 'Borazon') which equals diamond in hardness and boron carbide, titanium boride and tungsten (Na2O.2B2O3.10H2O), kernite (rasorite), hydrated boride which are next to diamond in hardness. sodium borate (Na2O.2B2O3.4H2O), colemanite, hydrated calcium borate (Ca B O .5H O), and 2 6 11 2 Its easy solubility and property to soften hard ulexite, hydrated sodium calcium borate water find applications in soaps, cleaners & (NaCaB O .8H O). Besides the above four boron 5 9 2 detergents and for water treatment. Because of minerals of commercial importance, two minerals, its mild alkalinity and germicidal nature, it is used viz, sassolite (H BO ), the natural boric acid and 3 3 in manufacturing toothpastes and mouth washes. boracite (Mg B O Cl) are less important. 3 7 13 Borax is used as an antiseptic and emulsifying Borax is, presently, not produced in India. agent in cosmetics industry. As a decolourising However, it was obtained since ancient times from the agent, it is used in vanaspati industry. In textile Lakes in Jammu & Kashmir in India. The domestic industry, borax is used as a decolourising agent requirements of boron minerals are met solely as well as for maintaining the alkalinity of solutions through imports of crude borate which is refined used for producing rayons. It prevents mould in the country for producing borax and boric acid. formation in citrus fruits. In agriculture, borax is used as an essential plant nutrient. RESOURCES Economically viable deposits of borax have Boron compounds are used for fertilizers, not been established in the country so far. The algicides, herbicides and insecticides. Borax and only deposit of little economic significance is boric acid are used in fire-retardant treatment and reported from Puga Valley in Leh district, Jammu as food grain preservative, respectively. & Kashmir. As per the UNFC system, total Borate ester is used as dehydrating agent, resources of borax as on 1.4.2010, are estimated special solvent and catalyst in chemical industry. at 74,204 tonnes in Jammu & Kashmir. All In nuclear reactor, boron acts as neutron absorber. resources are of reconnaissance category, viz, "Boron neutron capture therapy", a form of UNFC Code 334. Occurrences are also reported radiochemotherapy, is becoming increasingly from Surendranagar district, Gujarat and Nagaur important for treatment of certain forms of cancers district, Rajasthan. The bittern obtained from Sambar Lake in Jaipur district, Rajasthan, also and boron neutron capture synovectomy for contains about 0.5% borax. treatment of arthritis. Borates are consumed mainly in glass fibre USES for insulations and textile-grade fibre. They are Glass and porcelain industries are the major also used as anti-knock agents in gasoline. consumers of borax and boric acid. It is an Diborane (gas), pentaborane (liquid) and essential component of heat-resisting boro- decaborane (solid) are potential jet and rocket silicate glass, glass fibres and industrial & optical engine fuels. Boron hydride also has potential glass. In glass, enamels and ceramics, it controls value as rocket fuel. The high energy fuel value thermal expansion, improves durability, assists imparted by the addition of boron compounds has melting processes and adds to inorganic colours given considerable strategic significance to and decorations. borates. Another use of borates is the invention Borax is used in medicine (boric powder), of oxgano-sodium borate (liquibor) for use leather processing, adhesive, corrosion inhibition, in hydraulic brake fluids. 6-2 BORON MINERALS Substitutes Borax Morarji Ltd, Ambernath, Thane district, Substitutes in applications such as soaps, Maharashtra, engaged in refining of imported detergents, enamels and insulations are available. crude borates to produce borax and boric acid and In detergents, boron compounds can be replaced has installed capacities of 25,000 tpy borax and with chlorine and enzymes. Lithium compounds 8,000 tpy boric acid. National Peroxide Limited, can be used to make enamels and glass products. Vadavali, Kalyan, Thane district, Maharashtra, Insulation substitutes include cellulose, foams and mineral wools. Substitution of borosilicate glass produces sodium perborate which is used as a by plastic materials may reduce the use of boron. bleaching agent. Indo Borax and Chemical Limited Technical Possibilities operates borax and boric acid plants at Pithampur, Madhya Pradesh. A proprietary process called 'Hydrogen on Demand' has been developed using water Ferro-boron is a boron ferro-alloy containing and sodium borohydride. Hydrogen from the 0.2% to 24% boron used primarily to introduce system can be used in fuel cells or internal small quantities of boron into speciality combustion engines. A longer-life battery steels. Domestic production of ferro-boron was based on boron has also been designed. 42 tonnes and 21 tonnes, in 2012-13 and 2013-14, Synthetic diamond containing about 3% boron respectively. which is normally a semiconductor becomes superconductor at 4 K. Boron-doped diamond, thus, has numerous possible applications as it can CONSUMPTION carry electricity without resistance. The consumption of borax in the organised sector increased marginally from 22,900 tonnes Improvements made in evaporating brine in 2013-14 to 23,100 tonnes in 2014-15. Chemical solutions are widening the choice of source. and glass industries were the major consumers Production of boric acid through solution mining accounting for about 93% borax consumption of colemanite is a possibility. (Table-1). Environmental Concern Table – 1 : Consumption* of Borax, Natural borates are not very toxic to animals 2012-13 to 2014-15 but can be toxic to plants even though low levels (By Industries) of boron are essential for plant life. Boron- (In tonnes) hydrogen compounds known as boranes which do not occur in nature are highly toxic and Industry 2012-13(R) 2013-14(P) 2014-15(E) have posed problems in some industrial applications. Environmental concerns have All Industries 22800 22900 23100 hastened substitution in soaps and detergents. Ceramic 800(5) 800(5) 800(5) In Europe, borates continue to be listed under Chemical 19900(5) 19900(5) 19900(5) hazardous substances and the risk evaluated for Glass 1300(21) 1400(21) 1600(2) their safety under conditions of normal handling Graphite products 100(7) 100(7) 100(7) and use related to classification and labelling Others (abrasive, 700(15) 700(15) 700(15) already exists. The US Food and Nutrition Board cosmetic, paint, announced that the essentiality data on boron paper, pharmaceutical, was adequate to establish a daily tolerable refractory, textile Upper Intake Level for an adult at 20 mg boron. and vanaspati) Figures rounded off. INDUSTRY Figures in parentheses denote the number of units in In borax manufacturing process, crude sodium organised sector. * Paucity of data, hence consumption may not be borate is dissolved in water, charged, oxidised, completed. crystallised and centrifuged. Centrifuged material is then dried to get borax decahydrate. Crude calcium borate lumps are crushed and WORLD REVIEW wet-ground with mother liquor to make slurry. This The estimated world reserves of boron slurry is decomposed with sulphuric acid to give minerals are about 380 million tonnes in terms of calcium sulphate and boric acid. Boric acid is boric oxide. Countries with sizeable resources are separated by filtration, purified, cooled and Chile, China, Peru, Russia, Turkey, and USA. The centrifuged to produce boric acid granules which world reserves of boron in terms of boric oxide are powdered as per demand. are given in Table-2. 6-3 BORON MINERALS Argentina Turkey Argentina was the second-leading producer of Approximately 61% of the world's boron boron minerals in South America in 2014. Borate reserves are in Turkey with average B2O3 content deposits are located primarily in the Puna region, from 26 to 31 percent. The Kirka deposit at Eskisehir whch includes the northwestern tip of Argentina, the reported to be the largest boron deposit in the world. southeastern corner of Peru, the southeastern corner The main borate-producing areas of Turkey, all of Bolivia and the northeastern border of Chile. The controlled by the state-owned mining company Eti principal markets for borates produced in Argentina were Brazil and, to a lesser degree, domestic Maden AS, are Bigadic (colemanite and ulexite), consumers. Emet (colemanite), Kestelek (colemanite, probertite and ulexite) and Kirka (tincal). Production of refined Borax Argentina S.A, the country's leading borates increased during the past few years owing producer
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