Die Deutsche Emigration Nach Nordamerika 1683 Und 1709

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Die Deutsche Emigration Nach Nordamerika 1683 Und 1709 Die deutsche Emigration nach Nordamerika 1683 und 1709 Religionsfreiheit als Faktor der Auswanderung und der Staatswerdung Pennsylvanias Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Magisters der Philosophie an der Karl-Franzens-Universität vorgelegt von David KOBER am Institut für Geschichte Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr.phil. Alois Kernbauer Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Ich erkläre ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen nicht benutzt und die den Quellen wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen inländischen oder ausländischen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und noch nicht veröffentlicht. Die vorliegende Fassung entspricht der eingereichten elektronischen Version. __________________________ ______________________________ Datum, Ort Unterschrift Inhalt Einleitung ................................................................................................................................................. 2 1 Deutsche Einwanderungswellen nach Nordamerika, 1683 und 1709 ................................................. 5 1.1 Penns Reise 1677 und die Auswanderung von 1683 .................................................................... 5 1.2 Massenauswanderung der Pfälzer 1709 ..................................................................................... 12 2 Reiseberichte, Redemptioner und Menschenhandel ......................................................................... 23 2.1 Mittelberger und die „Menschendiebe“ ..................................................................................... 25 3 Deutsche Anfänge in Nordamerika .................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Franz Daniel Pastorius, die Krefelder Gemeinde und Gründung Germantowns ........................ 31 3.2 Johann Christoph Sauer und die Etablierung deutscher Kultur in Amerika ................................ 40 4 Von West Jersey nach Pennsylvania – Das legislative Fundament der Religionsfreiheit bei Penn .... 46 4.1 Penn und West Jersey ................................................................................................................. 47 4.2 Erhalt Pennsylvanias und die Frames of Government ................................................................ 50 5 Vergleich der Religionsfreiheit in Pennsylvania, Maryland und Rhode Island ................................... 58 5.1 Act of Toleration 1649, Maryland ............................................................................................... 58 5.2 Die Religionsfreiheit bei Roger Williams ..................................................................................... 61 6 „Integration“ und Wirken der Deutschsprachigen in den Kolonien .................................................. 66 7 Resümee ............................................................................................................................................. 73 8 Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................................................................ 76 1 Einleitung „Das wichtigste dieser Schrift möchte wohl die Erzehlung der Schiksale seyn, die auf den größten Theil der unglüklichen Leute warten, die Teutschland verlassen, um in der neuen Welt ein ungewisses Glük zu suchen, an dessen statt aber wo nicht den Tod, doch gewiss eine beschwerliche Knechtschaft und Sklaverey finden.“1 Diese Worte schrieb Gottlieb Mittelberg einleitend in seinem Bericht über Pennsylvania und die Erfahrungen, die er während seines Aufenthaltes sammeln konnte. Dieser Bericht war von ihm als Warnung an die auswanderungswilligen Deutschen gedacht. Die von den Agenten William Penns in Umlauf gebrachten Flugblätter, Mundpropaganda der Rotterdamer Werber und Berichte von Franz Daniel Pastorius, Josua von Kocherthal, aber auch veröffentlichte Briefe von Christoph Sauer hatten zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts die Auswanderung in die britischen Kolonien, allen voran Pennsylvania, befeuert. Ausgelöst wurden die transatlantischen Emigrationen vor allem durch die Auswirkungen des 30-Jährigen Krieges, die nicht nur zu wirtschaftlicher Verelendung weiter Gebiete in Deutschland und der konfessionellen Verfolgung religiöser Minderheiten führte, sondern die auch einen Konflikt mit Frankreich nach sich zogen, der gerade für die Auswanderungswelle von 1709 von großer Bedeutung war. Zu Beginn der Arbeit werden William Penns Reisen nach Holland und Norddeutschland beleuchtet, um aufzuzeigen, wie er über seine Verbindungen zu den pietistischen Zirkeln um Johanna von Merlau bereits vor Erhalt der Provinz Pennsylvania die Besiedelung dieses Gebietes zu planen begann. Im Zuge der Darstellung der Massenauswanderung von 1709 wird sowohl auf die Vorgeschichte des Kurfürstentums Rheinland-Pfalz als auch auf die Situation in England eingegangen, das aufgrund dieses Stroms an Menschen mit innenpolitischen Unruhen zu kämpfen hatte. Das zweite Kapitel legt die Schwierigkeiten einer transatlantischen Reise mittels zeitgenössischer Berichte von Auswanderern dar. Weiters werden die Folgen einer aus Rotterdam gelenkten, immer besser funktionierenden Auswanderungs-Branche untersucht, wobei das Hauptaugenmerk auf dem Redemptioner-System und dessen Bedeutung für die Emigranten liegt. Es folgt im dritten 1 Gottlieb Mittelberger: Gottlieb Mittelbergers Reise nach Pennsylvanien im Jahr 1750 und Rückreise nach Teutschland im Jahr 1754. Jenisch: Stuttgart, 1756, Vorrede. 2 Kapitel die Untersuchung, wie sich die Gruppe um Franz Daniel Pastorius in ihrer neuen Heimat organisierte, wobei die politische Relevanz dieser Gemeinde in einem weiteren Abschnitt anhand der Person von Johann Christoph Sauer belegt wird. Das vierte Kapitel behandelt die Herausbildung provinzieller (vorstaatlicher), politischer Strukturen. Anhand der Chronologie der Frames of Government of Pennsylvania, in denen auch auf den politischen Werdegang von William Penn eingegangen wird, soll gezeigt werden, dass im Fall Pennsylvanias die Religionsfrage auch auf Verfassungsebene ein prägendes Element war. Gleichzeitig wird durch die Analyse der verschiedenen Frames of Government ein Einblick in die damalige politische Lage und die Anfangsschwierigkeiten der Provinz ermöglicht. Das fünfte Kapitel vergleicht das Zustandekommen der Religionsfreiheit von Pennsylvania mit jenen von Maryland und Rhode Island. Auf diesem Weg wird gezeigt, dass die Religionsfreiheit, die damals, angesichts der aus Europa gewohnten Kirche-Staats- Beziehungen, etwas absolut Neues war, ein politisches Instrument darstellte, mit dem jeweils unterschiedliche Ziele verfolgt wurden. Die Untersuchung der deutschen Gemeinde im Mohawk-Valley, die im sechsten Kapitel erfolgt, zeigt die unterschiedlichen Wege der „Integration“ und die daraus resultierenden Folgen auf. Des Weiteren lässt sich gerade im Vergleich der Gemeinden von Germantown und Mohawk-Valley erklären, woraus die gravierenden Unterschiede in den Beschreibungen des Lebens in der Kolonie resultierten. Zur historischen Verortung Einen Staat „Deutschland“ gab es noch nicht: Das 660.000 km² umfassende Gebiet des Reiches verfügte mit Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts über etwa 27 Millionen Einwohner und war in 310 Territorien und 50 Reichsstädte aufgeteilt.2 Für das Reich war das Jahr 1683 vor allem aufgrund der abgewehrten Belagerung Wiens durch die Osmanen und deren anschließende Vertreibung über den Balkan von Bedeutung. Dies führte dazu, dass eine Migration in die nun befreiten ungarischen Gebiete einsetzte, die weit größer war als die Amerika-Emigration in 2 Vgl. Hans Fenske: International Migration: Germany in the Eighteenth Century. In: Central European History, Vol.13, No.4 (Dec.1980), pp.332-347. Hrsg. von: Cambridge University Press on Behalf of the Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association, S.332. Im Folgenden unter der Sigle “Fenske” zitiert. 3 den ersten Jahrzehnten des 18. Jahrhunderts.3 Die Jahre zwischen 1683 und 1709 markierten jenen Zeitraum, in dem die Emigration aus Deutschland erstmals die Immigration überwog.4 Dies geschah entgegen der von Johann Joachim Becher um 1660 aufgestellten Wirtschaftstheorie, dass die Stärke eines Staates von dessen Einwohnerzahl abhänge, was in Folge des 30-Jährigen Krieges dazu führte, dass hunderttausende Immigranten sehr willkommen waren, um die entvölkerten Gebiete wieder zu besiedeln.5 Mit dem extrem kalten Winter von 1708/09 setzten die ersten großen interkontinentalen Migrationsströme ein, die von einem „well-organized propaganda system“ massiv beeinflusst wurden.6 Fenske stellt aber klar, dass bei diesen Emigrationen, welche die Deutschen auch nach Russland führten, das nach dem Sieg über die Türken 1739 im Süden des Landes unter Bevölkerungsmangel litt, die Pull-Faktoren immer von größerer Bedeutung waren als die Push-Faktoren. Fenske erläutert weiters, dass Faktoren wie religiöse Unterdrückung, potenzielle kriegerische Auseinandersetzungen und die Gefahr von Hungersnöten vor allem in den kontinentalen Emigrationszielen nicht seltener als in den deutschen Gebieten vorkamen, aber der Anreiz einer wirtschaftlich besseren Lage die Menschen trotzdem zur Auswanderung bewegte.7 Dies ist wichtig für die Beurteilung der Auswanderung nach Nordamerika. Betrachtet man die Migrationsströme dieser Zeit, wird deutlich, dass Nordamerika bei weitem nicht das Hauptziel der
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