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Immigrant Entrepreneurship IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP the German-American Experience Since 1700

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Immigrant Entrepreneurship IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP the German-American Experience Since 1700 Bulletin of the GHI | Supplement 12 Bulletin of the German Historical Institute Supplement 12 (2016) Immigrant Entrepreneurship Immigrant IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP The German-American Experience since 1700 Edited by Hartmut Berghoff and Uwe Spiekermann Bulletin of the German Historical Institute Washington DC Editor: Richard F. Wetzell Supplement 12 Supplement Editor: Patricia C. Sutcliffe The Bulletin appears twice and the Supplement once a year; all are available free of charge. Current and back issues are available online at: www.ghi-dc.org/bulletin To sign up for a subscription or to report an address change, please contact Ms. Susanne Fabricius at [email protected]. For editorial comments or inquiries, please contact the editor at [email protected] or at the address below. For further information about the GHI, please visit our website www.ghi-dc.org. For general inquiries, please send an e-mail to [email protected]. German Historical Institute 1607 New Hampshire Ave NW Washington DC 20009-2562 Phone: (202) 387-3355 Fax: (202) 483-3430 © German Historical Institute 2016 All rights reserved ISSN 1048-9134 Cover: German migrants leaving their fatherland: “Seelenwanderung,” cartoon in Fliegende Blätter 38 (1863): 45. Bulletin of the German Historical Institute Supplement 12 | 2016 Immigrant Entrepreneurship: The German-American Experience since 1700 INTRODUCTION 5 Immigrant Entrepreneurship as a Challenge for Historiography Hartmut Berghoff and Uwe Spiekermann THE ANALYSIS OF IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP 19 Entrepreneur Biographies as Microhistories of X Jürgen Finger 37 Why Biographies? Actors, Agencies, and the Analysis of Immigrant Entrepreneurship Uwe Spiekermann 53 The Immigrant Entrepreneurship Project: Rationale, Design, and Outcome Hartmut Berghoff 69 A Credit to Their Nation: Eastern European Jewish Immigrant “Bankers,” Credit Access, and the Transnational Business of Mass Migration, 1873-1914 Rebecca Kobrin ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE MIRROR OF BIOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS FROM THE COLONIAL ECONOMY TO EARLY INDUSTRIALIZATION 93 Johann Christoph Sauer: Pioneer of the German-American Press Hans Leamann 113 Johann Andreas Albrecht: Making Rifl es in Eighteenth-Century Moravian Economies Scott Paul Gordon THE EMERGENCE OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 141 Mathilde Franziska Anneke (1817-1884): Social Entrepreneur and Suffragette Stephani Richards-Wilson 167 A Reputation for Cross-Cultural Business: Henry Villard and German Investment in the United States Christopher Kobrak FROM THE END OF THE GILDED AGE TO THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 187 “A Most Remarkable Man”: Adolphus Busch and the Evolution of the American Brewing Industry Timothy J. Holian 213 Jacob H. Schiff, Banker and Philanthropist Bernice Heilbrunn THE AGE OF THE WORLD WARS 241 Making Entertainment American: Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. Heather Hester 263 An Ordinary Man among Titans: The Life of Walter P. Spreckels Uwe Spiekermann 285 Builder of the Liberal Consensus: Henry J. Kaiser (1882-1967) Tim Schanetzky FROM THE POSTWAR BOOM TO GLOBAL CAPITALISM 309 “My Golden Gut” and Other Stories: How Lillian Vernon Built Her Brand Ute Mehnert 333 Political Ideology and Economic Activity: Peter Thiel’s Libertarian Entrepreneurship Meghan O’Dea 2 GHI BULLETIN SUPPLEMENT 12 (2016) Introduction The Analysis of Immigrant Entrepreneurship in the Mirror Introduction Entrepreneurship of Biographical Analysis IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A CHALLENGE FOR HISTORIOGRAPHY Hartmut Berghoff and Uwe Spiekermann From 2010 to 2016, the German Historical Institute’s research project “Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biogra- phies, 1720 to the Present,” explored the entrepreneurial role and the economic performance as well as the social and cultural experience of German-American businesspeople in the U.S.1 Combining nearly 200 thoroughly researched biographies, it off ers a new integrative perspective not only to trace the lives, careers, and business ven- tures of signifi cant immigrants but also to answer core questions of American, business, and migration history in a new way. Using a freely accessible website, the project presents the results of thorough research not only into the academic world but also into the general public. It is part of the German Historical Institute’s ongoing com- mitment to digital and public history. The project’s raison d’être stemmed from the transatlantic and transnational mission of the institute. “Immigrant Entrepreneur- ship” questions notions of American exceptionalism, situates U.S. history in a transnational framework and studies the formation and changes of an immigrant nation and its business community over a period of nearly three hundred years. A detailed description of the project’s rationale is presented in Hartmut Berghoff ’s article in this volume. The project also aimed to put Germany and the Ger- man states in a global perspective: The transnational biographies of migrants allow us to reconceptualize the meaning and relevance of the heterogeneous Western nation-states. Focusing on German- American businesspeople meant focusing on an immigrant nation — the U.S. — and an emigrant state, which itself had turned into an immigrant state by the end of the nineteenth century — Germany. In the twentieth century, in Germany immigration and emigration took place side by side. The Immigrant Entrepreneurship Project is not an outgrowth of the historiographic trend or sometimes fashion toward transnational history. It was rather primarily driven by the aim to broaden the em- pirical foundation of immigration and business history in the U.S. The objects of most historiography of German immigration to the 1 For details see http://www. immigrantentrepreneurship. U.S. have been mass and group immigration, while the formation of org. BERGHOFF AND SPIEKERMANN | INTRODUCTION 5 elites — perhaps with the exception of culture and politics — was regularly neglected. “Facts” on elites, however, are important to examine the promises of modern capitalist societies — the idea of upward mobility and equality of chances. This is not the place to repeat all of our ambitious research ques- tions.2 Instead, this volume will present a few results from the Immigrant Entrepreneurship Project’s research. The eleven rather diff erent biographies included not only span more than three hun- dred years of German-American immigrant experience, but they also portray the changes of the British colonies and the U.S. from colonial times to the present. The four introductory articles discuss the challenges of the genre of (entrepreneurial) biographies, of transnational history, and give an overview of the project’s empiri- cal fi ndings. Workfl ow and Structure of the Immigrant Entrepreneurship Project As of September 1, 2016, 185 biographies of approximately 8,000 words each had been posted on the project’s website http://www. immigrantentrepreneurship.org. Additional manuscripts are still in the editorial and publishing process. More than 2,000 images and ca. 1,000 documents provide additional evidence and allow a detailed understanding of the immigrants’ experience. The research project covers not only the well-documented period of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, especially the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era, but more than three hundred years of the German-American experience: the project’s website currently presents approximately thirty biographies each for the period before 1840 and aft er World War II to give vivid insight into the fundamen- tal long-term changes in immigration, entrepreneurship, and the economic, social, political, and cultural framework of the pre- and postindustrial periods. The main practical task of the project was to transform aspiring research goals into a continuous workfl ow. The project was headed by two general editors, Hartmut Berghoff and Uwe Spiekermann. 2 See Hartmut Berghoff and Uwe Spiekermann, “Immi- Utilizing funds from the German Historical Institute Washington, grant Entrepreneurship: The DC, and substantial support by the German Federal Ministry of German-American Business Biography, 1720 to the Pres- Economics and Technology, they established a core group of research- ent: A Research Project,” Bul- ers, editors, and web specialists at the German Historical Institute, letin of the German Historical Institute 47 (2010): 69-82. and invited an international economic advisory board to formulate 6 GHI BULLETIN SUPPLEMENT 12 (2016) The Analysis of Immigrant Entrepreneurship in the Mirror Introduction Entrepreneurship of Biographical Analysis the key principles of this large and ambitious research endeavor.3 This resulted not only in key defi nitions — fi rst of all, a pragmatic answer to the complex question of “Germanness” — but also in detailed plans for the structure of the project: The corpus of biographies was divided into fi ve chronological “volumes.” Five outstanding American scholars were recruited as volume editors — Marianne Wokeck (Indi- ana University, Purdue University Indianapolis), William J. Hausman (College of William & Mary), Giles Hoyt (Indiana University, Purdue University Indianapolis), Jeff rey Fear (University of Glasgow), and Dan Wadhwani (University of the Pacifi c). The task of these experts in either business and/or German-American history was twofold: fi nding well-qualifi ed authors for the individual volumes, and reviewing the incoming manuscripts to guarantee the scholarly quality we expected. The Immigrant Entrepreneurship Project is an attempt to integrate most of these inspirations and combine
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