MICEFA Mission Interuniversitaire de Coordination des Echanges Franco-Américains
J O I N
U S
!"#$%&$'()*' ' +,'-./'0.'1%.2".-3'' 4$5'6%&7./)' 89:;<'=%->)'?'1-%#&/' @A%>B*'>#C"DA>&/C%5"-3' E/B*'FGG';'<:'9;'8,'H,' 1%I*'FGG';'<<':8';J';:' KKK5A>&/C%5"-3 ' ' !"# $%&&%'(# %()*+,(%-*+&%)"%+*#.*# /''+.%(")%'(# #### .*&# */0"(1*&# 2+"(/' 3"$*+%/"%(& # )0*# %()*+,(%-*+&%)4# $%&&%'(#2'+#)0*# /''+.%(")%'(# '2# 2+"(/' 3"$*+%/"(# *5/0"(1*& #
6+*&*()")%'( # $#&'()#A(0A8D9(#5$#95D9$AC#'(B#D72E(AB2CSB#'(#$A2B#(C#'(#5f5(#'(#(A$7&(#b#$A2B#ua#wa# xa#a#a#a#uta#uua#uva#uwa#'EAHa#5f7BC2CDC#&$C1852@D(a#$A7(#$#!$55S(a#!(AB$255(Bc# ## $# &'()a# AS02(# B(587# 5$# 582# '(# utua# (BC# D7(# $BB8&2$C287# &ASS(# (7# uy# 98DA# 9A868DE82A#5$#&889SA$C287#&D5CDA(55(#(C#B&2(7C2)2@D(#(7CA(#5$#(A$7&(#(C#5(B#'C$CBd 72Bc## (# &87B(25# 'f$'6272BCA$C287# (BC# &87BC2CDS# 9$A# 5(B# 9ASB2'(7CB# '(# &(B# D72E(AB2CSBa# '(B# 6(6%A(B#S5DB#(C#'(B#9(AB877$52CSB#(GCSA2(DA(Bc# ## (B#B8DA&(B#'(#)27$7&(6(7C#'(#5$#&'()#B87C#9D%52@D(Bc##(B#)87'B#9A8E2(77(7C#'(B# D72E(AB2CSB#6(6%A(B#(C#'D#272BCRA(#'(#5f'7B(207(6(7C#D9SA2(DA#(C#'(#5$#(&1(A&1(c# ## (B#S&1$70(B#8A0$72BSB#9$A#5$#&'()#&87&(A7(7C#5(B#SCD'2$7CBa#5(B#3(D7(B#&1(A&1(DAB# (C#5(B#(7B(207$7CBc# # #
6+*&*()")%'( # &'()#2B#$#E85D7C$AH#9$AC7(AB129#F2C1#$#7D6(A8DB#$68D7C#8)#C1(# 72E(AB2C2(B#8)#$A2B# $7'#2CB#A(0287b#$A2B#ua#wa#xa#a#a#a#a#uta#uua#uva#uwa#1(# 72E(AB2CH#8)#'EAHa#C1(#&$C1852&# 72E(AB2CHa#$A7(#$#!$55S(a#!(AB$255(Bc# # &'()#F$B#&A($C('#27#uy#C8#9A868C(#&D5CDA$5#$7'#B&2(7C2)2&#&889(A$C287#%(CF((7# (A$7&(#$7'#C1(# 72C('#C$C(Bc##C#2B#$#787d9A8)2C#8A0$72I$C287c##1(#Y8E(A7270#Z8$A'#2B# &8698B('#8)#C1(#A(B2'(7CB#8)#C1(#9$AC2&29$C270#D72E(AB2C2(Ba#(5(&C('#8))2&2$5B#$7'#9D%52&# )20DA(Bc# ## # (D7'270# 2B# 9A8E2'('# C1A8D01# 9D%52&# A(B8DA&(Bc# # (D7'B# &86(# )A86# C1(# 9$AC2&29$C270# $A2B2$7#D72E(AB2C2(B#$7'#C1(#272BCAH#8)#[201(A#''D&$C287#$7'#(B($A&1c ## &'()fB#('D&$C287$5#(G&1$70(B#27&5D'(#BCD'(7CBa#98BCd'8&C8A$5#BCD'(7CB#$7'#)$&D5CHc# !*&# */0"(1*&# ,(%-*+&%)"%+*& # $# &'()# 8A0$72B(# '(B# S&1$70(B# 'fSCD'2$7CB# p# '(# 5$# )27# 'D# B(&87'# &H&5(# 3DB@Df$D# 72E($D#'8&C8A$5#p#(C#'f(7B(207$7CBa#(7CA(#5(B#D72E(AB2CSB#9$A2B2(77(B#(C#'(B#D72E(AB2CSB# 78A'd$6SA2&$27(B#A(7866S(Bc# ## !"#$%&'()*"#$#+),$+-*().#%#$/()#$0"#$/+1(.)"#$#2.3(),#$4$ &2(7&(B# B8&2$5(B# (C# B&2(7&(B# 1D6$27(Ba# 'A82Ca# 0(BC287a# 6S'(&27(a# B&2(7&(B# (G$&C(B# (C# B&2(7&(B#'(#5f270S72(DAc# ## (20DA(7C# 9$A62# 5(B# 9$AC(7$2A(B# 78A'd$6SA2&$27B# $E(&# 5(B@D(5B# '(B# $&C287B# B87C# (7# &8DAB#b# ## )6(A2&$7# 72E(AB2CHa#Y(8A0(#"$B1270C87# 72E(AB2CHa#8AC1(A7#)A2I87$# 72E(AB2CHa#1(# &$52)8A72$# C$C(# 72E(AB2CH# HBC(6a# 72E(AB2CH# 8)# _(7E(Aa# 72E(AB2CH# 8)# &877(&C2&DCa# (58A2'$# 7C(A7$C287$5# 72E(AB2CHa# 72E(AB2CH# 8)# 2$62a# 72E(AB2CH# 8)# 8DC1# (58A2'$a# 72E(AB2CH#8)#552782B#$C#&12&$08a# 72E(AB2CH#8)#Z(55$A627(a#5(B#'2))SA(7C(B#D72E(AB2CSB#'(# 8D2B2$7(# $))252S(B# P# &_(a# [$AE$A'# 72E(AB2CH# qB(D5(6(7C# 98DA# 5fS&1$70(# (7# 6S'(&27(ra#(F#(G2&8#C$C(# 72E(AB2CHa#5(B#&$69DB#'(#&2CH# 72E(AB2CH#8)#(F##8A4a# 5(B#&$69DB#'(#C$C(# 72E(AB2CH#8)#(F##8A4a#$71$CC$7#&855(0(a#$&(# 72E(AB2CHa#)5%(AC# '27BC(27# &855(0(# 8)# #(B12E$# 72E(AB2CH# qB(D5(6(7C# 98DA# 5fS&1$70(# (7# 6S'(&27(ra# DC0(AB# 72E(AB2CHa# Z$5'F27# "$55$&(# &855(0(a# 72E(AB2CH# 8)# (77BH5E$72$# qB(D5(6(7C# 98DA# 5fS&1$70(# (7# 6S'(&27(ra# !$7'(A%25C# 72E(AB2CH# qB(D5(6(7C# 98DA# 5(# 98BC(# '(# 5(&C(DAra# 72E(AB2CH# 8)# (G$B# $C# )DBC27a# $A5(C87# 72E(AB2CHa# $AH# "$B1270C87# 72E(AB2CHa# 72E(AB2CH#8)#2&1687'a# 72E(AB2CH#8)#"2B&87B27#$C#25F$D4((a# 72E(AB2CH# 8)#"2B&87B27#$C#$'2B87#qB(D5(6(7C#98DA#5(#98BC(#'(#5(&C(DAr# # 72E(AB2CH# 8)# "$C(A588a# 72E(AB2CH# 8)# (F# ZAD7BF2&4# qB(D5(6(7C# 98DA# 5(# 98BC(# '(# 5(&C(DAra#Y5(7'87#&855(0(#q#8A4# 72E(AB2CHr#qB(D5(6(7C#98DA#5(#98BC(#'(#5(&C(DAr#
$#'DAS(#'(B#S&1$70(B#(BC#'fD7#$7#8D#'fD7#B(6(BCA(c##_(B#68'D5(B#'(#v#P#x#682B#B87C# 9ASEDB#'$7B#'(B#B9S&2$52CSB#C(55(B#@D(#5$#6S'(&27(c# #
!*&# */0"(1*&# &6*/%2%7,*& #
6+'1+"$$*#8#9#!*&#:/0"(1*&#.;:),.%"()&#*)#.*#<*,(*&#/0*+/0*,+&# # # 5%&.6-+&.,%$",$70"8.9.0.,%$
fS&1$70(#B(#)$2C#BDA#5$#%$B(#'#eD7#SCD'2$7C#@D2#9$AC#98DA#D7#SCD'2$7C#@D2#$AA2E(c## fSCD'2$7C#Bf$&@D2CC(#D72@D(6(7C#'(B#'A82CB#(C#)A$2B#'f27B&A29C287#'$7B#B87#D72E(AB2CS# 'f8A2027(c##$#AS&29A8&2CS#(BC#D7(#&87'2C287#'(#&(B#S&1$70(Bc##(B#&$7'2'$CB#'82E(7C# $E82A#D7#%87#72E($D#'fSCD'(B#'$7B#5(DA#9A89A(#D72E(AB2CS#(C#D7(#&877$2BB$7&(# BD))2B$7C(#'(#5$#5$70D(#'f$&&D(25c##(B#$&@D2B#P#5fSCA$70(A#B87C#E$52'SB#(7#ED(#'(# 5f8%C(7C287#'D#'295W6(#'S52EAS#9$A#5f27BC2CDC287#'f8A2027(c# ## $#)5(G2%252CS#'(B#S&1$70(B#9(A6(C#5$#68%252CS#'fSCD'2$7CB#'(#'2B&29527(B#(C#72E($DG# '2))SA(7CBc# ##
$%/*2" ;&# *.,/")%'("!# 6+'1+"$& # &'()# 8A0$72I(B# 3D728AiB(728A# D7'(A0A$'D$C(a# 0A$'D$C(a# 98BCd'8&C8A$5# BCD'(7C# $7'# )$&D5CH# (G&1$70(B# %(CF((7# $A2B2$7# D72E(AB2C2(B## $7'#6$38A# 8AC1# )6(A2&$7# 27BC2CDC287B#8)#1201(A#('D&$C287c# ## :'"$6-+*-(1#$(-"$+-*().;"/$.)$,'"$<+00+=.)*$<."0/#$4$ 8&2$5#B&2(7&(Ba#1D6$72C2(Ba#5$Fa#%DB27(BB#$'6272BCA$C287a#6('2&27(a#($AC1#B&2(7&(B#$7'# (7027((A270c# ## 8AC1#)6(A2&$7#27BC2CDC287B#27&5D'(#C1(#)8558F270#b# ## )6(A2&$7# 72E(AB2CHa#Y(8A0(#"$B1270C87# 72E(AB2CHa#8AC1(A7#)A2I87$# 72E(AB2CHa#1(# &$52)8A72$# C$C(# 72E(AB2CH# HBC(6a# 72E(AB2CH# 8)# _(7E(Aa# 72E(AB2CH# 8)# &877(&C2&DCa# (58A2'$# 7C(A7$C287$5# 72E(AB2CHa# 72E(AB2CH# 8)# 2$62$a# 72E(AB2CH# 8)# 8DC1# (58A2'$a# 72E(AB2CH# 8)# 552782B# $C# &12&$08a# 72E(AB2CH# 8)# Z(55$A627(a# 8D2B2$7$# D72E(AB2C2(B# $7'# &855(0(B#$))252$C('#F2C1#&_(a#[$AE$A'# 72E(AB2CH#q875H#)8A#C1(#6('2&$5#(G&1$70(ra# (F# (G2&8# C$C(# 72E(AB2CHa# C1(# &$69DB(B# 8)# &2CH# 72E(AB2CH# 8)# (F# #8A4a# C1(# &$69DB(B#8)#C$C(# 72E(AB2CH#8)#(F##8A4a#$71$CC$7#&855(0(a#$&(# 72E(AB2CHa#)5%(AC# '27BC(27# &855(0(# 8)# #(B12E$# 72E(AB2CH# q875H# )8A# C1(# 6('2&$5# (G&1$70(ra# DC0(AB# 72E(AB2CHa#Z$5'F27#"$55$&(#&855(0(a# 72E(AB2CH#8)#(77BH5E$72$#q875H#)8A#C1(#6('2&$5# (G&1$70(ra#!$7'(A%25C# 72E(AB2CH#q875H#)8A#C1(#5(&CDA(A#98B2C287ra# 72E(AB2CH#8)#(G$B#$C# )DBC27a# $A5(C87# 72E(AB2CHa# $AH# "$B1270C87# 72E(AB2CHa# 72E(AB2CH# 8)# 2&1687'a# 72E(AB2CH#8)#"2B&87B27#$C#25F$D4((a#$7'# 72E(AB2CH#8)#"2B&87B27#$C#$'2B87#q875H# )8A#C1(#5(&CDA(A#98B2C287rc # 72E(AB2CH#8)#"$C(A588a# 72E(AB2CH#8)#(F#ZAD7BF2&4#q875H#)8A#C1(#5(&CDA(A#98B2C287ra# Y5(7'87#&855(0(#q#8A4# 72E(AB2CHr#q875H#)8A#C1(#5(&CDA(A#98B2C287rc# #
'G&1$70(B# 5$BC# )8A# 87(# H($A# 8A# 87(# B(6(BC(Ac# # (A28'B# 8)# CF8# C8# )8DA# 687C1B# $A(# $AA$70('#27#B9(&2)2&#)2(5'B#BD&1#$B#6('2&27(c #
&6*/%2%/# *5/0"(1*#6+'1+"$& #
6+'1+"$#83,(.*+1+".,")*#"(.#1+".,")*#*5/0"(1*&# # # 5"&.6-+&.,>$()/$70"8.9.0.,>$ $ CD'(7CB#$A(#(G&1$70('#87#$#87(dC8d87(#%$B2Bc##(((B#$7'#CD2C287#$A(#9$2'#C8#C1(#186(# D72E(AB2CH# $7'# 78C# C8# C1(# 18BC# 27BC2CDC287c# # (&29A8&2CH# 2B# $# 4(H# A(@D2A(6(7C# )8A# C1(# BD&&(BB#8)#C1(B(#(G&1$70(Bc##CD'(7CB#$A(#(G9(&C('#C8#%(#27#088'#BC$7'270#27#C1(2A#186(# D72E(AB2C2(B# $7'# C8# 98BB(BB# $'(@D$C(# 5$70D$0(# 9A8)2&2(7&Hc# # )B# BCD'(7CB# 8)# %8C1# &8D7CA2(B#$A(#787d'(0A((#&$7'2'$C(Ba#C1(H#B18D5'#BCD'H#$%A8$'#)8A#C1(#&8695(C287#8)# C1(2A#186(#'(0A((#A(@D2A(6(7CBc# ## (5(G2%252CH# $558FB# )8A# 68%252CH# 8)# BCD'(7CB# 27# $# F2'(# A$70(# 8)# BD%3(&CB# $7'# 5(E(5Bc ?"$@2"$0($AB?C7D$(66+-,"$(28$%,2/.(),#$)+-/E(1%-.&(.)#$4$ # $ (# 98C(7C2(5# 'f(7B(207(6(7C# (C# '(# A(&1(A&1(# A(9ASB(7CS# 9$A# ux# SC$%52BB(6(7CB# 'f(7B(207(6(7C#BD9SA2(DA#'(#$A2B#(C#B$#AS0287c# # 8DA#&1$@D(#9$AC2&29$7Ca#5(#&182G#'fD7#9A80A$66(#'fSCD'(B#27'2E2'D$52BS(B#SC$%52#$E(&# 5f$2'(#'(#5$#&'()a#'(B#6(6%A(B#'(B#D72E(AB2CSB#9$A2B2(77(B#(C#'(#5(DAB#(AE2&(#'(B# (5$C287B#7C(A7$C287$5(Bc##(B#'2B&29527(B#(C#5(B#&182G#'(B#&8DAB#7(#B87C#5262CSB#72#P#D7(# D72E(AB2CS# 6(6%A(# '(# 5$# &'()a# 72# P# D7# 'S9$AC(6(7Cc# # )27B2# 5(B# SCD'2$7CB# 9(DE(7C# %S7S)2&2(A# 'fD7# 5$A0(# SE(7C$25# 'f(7B(207(6(7CB# $'$9CSB# P# 5(DA# 6$UCA2B(# '(# 5$# 5$70D(# )A$7Q$2B(a#5(DA#72E($D#(C#5(DA#'86$27(#'(#B9S&2$52B$C287c## # 7# BC$0(# '(# CA82B# B(6$27(B# '(# &8DAB# 27C(7B2)B# '(# )A$7Q$2B# (BC# 8))(AC# $DG# SCD'2$7CB# $6SA2&$27B# 98DA# )$&252C(A# 5(DA# $'$9C$C287# $E$7C# 5(# 'S%DC# '(# 5f$77S(# D72E(AB2C$2A(c## (7'$7C#5f$77S(##'fSCD'(Ba#'(B#&8DAB#1(%'86$'$2A(B#'(#)A$7Q$2B#98DA#SCA$70(AB#B87C# '2B9(7BSB#9$A#5(B#(7B(207$7CB#'(#5$#&'()c# # 8DC#SCD'2$7C#'fS&1$70(#(BC#AS0D52RA(6(7C#27B&A2C#(C#38D2C#95(27(6(7C#'(B#'A82CB#(C#'(# 5f$&&RB#P#C8DB#5(B#B(AE2&(B#D72E(AB2C$2A(Bc# # 7(# $2'(# (BC# $998ACS(# P# 5fSCD'2$7C# 98DA# 5f8%C(7C287# 'fD7# 580(6(7Ca# (7# ASB2'(7&(# D72E(AB2C$2A(a# &1(I# '(B# 9$AC2&D52(ABa# 8D# $D# 9$2Ac# # )# B$# '(6$7'(a# D7# 1S%(A0(6(7C# C(698A$2A(#(BC#'2B9872%5(#9(7'$7C#5$#9SA28'(#'f8A2(7C$C287c# # _(# 95DBa# B87C# 9A898BS(B# '(B# $&C2E2CSB# B8&2$5(Ba# '(B# A(7&87CA(B# $E(&# '(B# SCD'2$7CB# )A$7Q$2B#(C#'(B#E2B2C(B#&D5CDA(55(Bc# # _(B# $CC(BC$C287B# '(# ASBD5C$CB# SC$%52B# P# 9$AC2A# '(B# SE$5D$C287B# '(B# (7B(207(6(7CBa# 'D# 786%A(#'f1(DA(B#(C#'D#&87C(7D#'(B#&8DABa#B87C#)8DA72(B#$E(&#D7(#78C$C287#&87E(AC2(# $DG#78A6(B#$6SA2&$27(B#'(6$7'(A87C#SE(7CD(55(6(7C#5f$99D2#BD995S6(7C$2A(#'(#5(DA# 9A89A(#&87B(255(A#8D#'2A(&C(DA#ASB2'(7Cc##&(#'(A72(A#9(DC#TCA(#7866S#'$7B#5(#&$'A(#'(B# S&1$70(B#(7B(207(6(7CB#qE82A#9A80A$66(#xrc# # ?"$@2"$0($AB?C7D$(,,")/$/"$#"#$6(-,")(.-"#$)+-/E(1%-.&(.)#$ $ 7(# $2'(# B2625$2A(# (7# 6$C2RA(# 'f8A2(7C$C287# (C# '(# BD2E2# D72E(AB2C$2A(# (C# B8&2$5# p# (C# '(# CA$7B)(AC# '(B# &AS'2CB# (7# )27# '(# BS38DA# 'fSCD'(Bd# E2B$7C# P# 5f27CS0A$C287# '(B# SCD'2$7CB# SCA$70(ABa#&87)8A6S6(7C#$D#9A27&29(#'(#AS&29A8&2CSc# #
6+'1+"$$*#=3!*&#:/0"(1*&#.;:),.%"()&#*(#$:.*/%(*# !! 7I(# )$&D5CSB# '(# S'(&27(a# '(DG# )$&D5CSB# '(# 1$A6$&2(# (C# '(DG# S&85(B# _(7C$2A(B# 9$AC2&29(7C#P#&(#9A80A$66(c# # !82A#)2&1(#&2d3827C(c# F'(,$AB?C7D$6-+3./"#$<+-$.,#$G+-,'$D1"-.&()$#,2/"),#$4$ $ 1(#&86%27('#&8DAB(#$7'#A(B($A&1#98C(7C2$5#8)#ux#$A2B#$7'#$A2B#A(0287#27BC2CDC287B#8)# 1201(A#5($A7270c# # (8A# ($&1# (G&1$70(# BCD'(7Ca# B(5(&CB# $7# 27'2E2'D$52I('# BCD'H# 9A80A$6# F2C1# C1(# &8D7B(5270# 8)#&'()fB# $7'# $A2B2$7# )$&D5CH# 6(6%(AB# $B# F(55# $B# C1(# 8))2&(B# 8)# 7C(A7$C287$5#A80A$6B#8)#($&1#9$AC2&29$C270#$A2B# 72E(AB2CHc##_2B&29527(B#$7'#&8DAB(# B(5(&C287# $A(# 78C# 5262C('# C8# 87(# 9$AC2&D5$A# 9$AC2&29$C270# D72E(AB2CH# 8A# '(9$AC6(7Cc## 1DB#BCD'(7CB#%(7()2C#)A86#$#%A8$'#A$70(#8)#&8DAB(B#C$258A('#C8#C1(2A#5(E(5#$7'#6$BC(AH# 8)#C1(#(A(7&1#5$70D$0(#$7'#C1(2A#6$38A#)2(5'Bc# # )#C1A((dF((4#8A2(7C$C287#$7'#27C(7B2E(#(A(7&1#5$70D$0(#&8DAB(#2B#8))(A('#C8#C1(#8AC1# )6(A2&$7# BCD'(7CBa# '(B207('# C8# 6$4(# $'$9C$C287# ($B2(A# %()8A(# C1(# H($A# 8A# B(6(BC(A# %(027Bc##_DA270#C1(#$&$'(62&#H($Aa#&8DAB(B#27#(A(7&1#$B#$#B(&87'#5$70D$0(#$A(#8))(A('## 87#$#F((45H#%$B2B#%H#B9(&2$55H#B(5(&C('#&'()#9A8)(BB8ABc# ## (02BCA$C287# $558FB# (G&1$70(# BCD'(7CB# C8# 1$E(# )D55# 9A2E25(0(B# $7'# $&&(BB# C8# $55# D72E(AB2CH#)$&252C2(Bc# ## [(59#2B#9A8E2'('#27#)27'270#$&&8668'$C287#$C#87(#8)#C1(#$A2B#&2CSB# 72E(AB2C$2A(B#8A#27# 9A2E$C(#A886Ba#$9$AC6(7CBa#8A#C1A8D01#$Dd9$2A#38%Bc##(698A$AH#$&&8668'$C287B#)8A# C1(#8A2(7C$C287#9(A28'#$A(##$E$25$%5(#D987#A(@D(BCc## # 9C287$5# B8&2$5# (E(7CBa# 6((C270B# F2C1# (A(7&1# (G&1$70(# &$7'2'$C(Ba# E2B2CBa# $7'# B18AC# CA29B#C8#95$&(B#8)#27C(A(BC#$A(#8A0$72I('c# ## A$7B&A29CB#%$B('#87#(E$5D$C287B#%H#9A8)(BB8ABa#7D6%(A#8)#&87C$&C#18DAB#$7'#&8DAB(# &87C(7Ca# $A(# BD%62CC('# F2C1# 0A$'(B# CA$7B5$C('# 27C8# 8AC1# )6(A2&$7# C(A6Ba# C1DB# $558F270# )8A# CA$7B)(A# 8)# &A('2CB# ($A7('# $%A8$'c# # $AC2&29$C270# 8AC1# )6(A2&$7# 27BC2CDC287B# 6$H# F$7C# C1(# $''2C287$5# 0D2'$7&(# 8)# C1(2A# 8F7# &8D7B(58A# 8A# (B2'(7C# _2A(&C8Ac# # (B2'(7C# _2A(&C8AB# &$7# %(# $99827C('# F2C127# C1(# )A$6(F8A4# 8)# ($&D5CH# 'G&1$70(B#qB((#A80A$6#xrc# ## F'(,$AB?C7D$"86"&,#$<-+1$.,#$G+-,'$D1"-.&()$6(-,)"-#$4$ $$ 2625$A# 1(59# 27# 8A2(7C$C287a# 0D2'$7&(a# &8D7B(5270a# $7'# 0(7(A$55H# 27# C1(# 27C(0A$C287# 8)# E2B2C270#BCD'(7CB#$&$'(62&$55H#$7'#B8&2$55Ha#$&&8A'270#C8#C1(#0D2'(527(B#8)#A(&29A8&2CHc# ! # 6+'1+"$#=3#$*.%/"!>#60"+$"/4>#"(.#.*()"!#$*.%/%(*#&),.*()#*5/0"(1*# # '5(E(7#('2&$5#&1885Ba#CF8#&1885B#8)#1$A6$&Ha#$7'#CF8#_(7C$5#&1885B#9$AC2&29$C(# 27#C12B#9A80A$6c### # 5($B(#B((#$CC$&16(7Cc# # 6+'1+"$$*#?3!*&#:/0"(1*&#.*#6'&)*&#.;"&&%&)"()&#*)#.*#!*/)*,+&# # &1$@D(#$77S(a#(7CA(#CA(7C(#(C#@D$A$7C(d&27@#SCD'2$7CB#78A'd$6SA2&$27B#8&&D9(7C#'(B# 98BC(B#'f$BB2BC$7CB#'$7B#'(B#SC$%52BB(6(7CB#'f(7B(207(6(7C#B(&87'$2A(#8D#BD9SA2(DAc## $A# $255(DABa# 5(B# D72E(AB2CSB# 78A'd$6SA2&$27(B# 9A898B(7C# $DG# SCD'2$7CB# )A$7Q$2B# D7# &(AC$27#786%A(#'(#98BC(B#'(#5(&C(DAB#(7#D72E(AB2CS#(C#5(#&(7CA(#7C(A7$C287$5#'f'CD'(B# S'$0802@D(B# B(# 9A898B(# 'f$2'(A# '(B# SCD'2$7CB# )A$7&252(7B# P# 8&&D9(A# '(B# 98BC(B# B2625$2A(B#'$7B#'(B#SC$%52BB(6(7CB#'f(7B(207(6(7C#B(&87'$2A(#(7#)6SA2@D(#'D#8A'c# # 6+'1+"$$*#@3#!*&#:/0"(1*&#.;*(&*%1("()&# # _(B# (7B(207$7CB# 78A'd$6SA2&$27B# 9(DE(7C# TCA(# 7866SB# '$7B# D7(# '(B# D72E(AB2CSB# )A$7&252(77(B# 6(6%A(B# '(# 5$# &'()a# BDA# 5$# %$B(# 'fD7# S&1$70(# AS&29A8@D(c# # (i5$# &855R0D(# $6SA2&$27q(r# 9A(7'# $58AB# 5(# 98BC(# q(C# '$7B# &(AC$27B# &$B# 5(# B$5$2A(# '(# B87# 1868580D(# )A$7Q$2Br# (C# 27E(AB(6(7Cc# # $# 'DAS(# '(# 5fS&1$70(# (BC# 'fD7(# $77S(# D72E(AB2C$2A(#q'(DG#B(6(BCA(Brc # #
# # # # ## ## # 6+'1+"$#?3#)*"/0%(1#"(.#+*&*"+/0#"&&%&)"()&#A#B#"&&%&)"()&#"(.#!*/)*,+&#C# *5/0"(1*# # 'E(AH# H($Aa# wt# C8# yt# 8AC1# )6(A2&$7# BCD'(7CB# $A(# 95$&('# $B# C($&1270# $BB2BC$7CB# 27# $A2Ba#&ASC(25#$7'#!(AB$255(B#B(&87'$AH#B&1885B#8A#$B#g#5(&C(DAB#h#27#$A2B#D72E(AB2C2(Bc### 86(#8AC1#)6(A2&$7#D72E(AB2C2(B#8))(A#(A(7&1#BCD'(7CB#$#&(AC$27#7D6%(A#8)#($&1270# 8A# (B($A&1# )BB2BC$7C# 98B2C287B# 27# C1(2A# (A(7&1# _(9$AC6(7CBc# # 1A8D01# C1(# &'# q&(7CA(#7C(A7$C287$5#'f(CD'(B#9S'$0802@D(Bra#(A(7&1#&'()#BCD'(7CB#F255#%(#95$&('# $B#C($&1270#$BB2BC$7CB#27#B(&87'$AH#B&1885B#27#C1(# 72C('#C$C(Bc# # 6+'1+"$#@3#2"/,!)4#*5/0"(1*# 8AC1#)6(A2&$7#)$&D5CH#6(6%(AB#6$H#%(#$99827C('#C8#9$AC2&29$C270#D72E(AB2C2(B#27# $A2Ba#$7'#(A(7&1#87(B#C8#8AC1#)6(A2&$7#D72E(AB2C2(Bc##8AC1#)6(A2&$7#(G&1$70(# 9A8)(BB8AB#F255#A(&(2E(#C1(#&8AA(B987'270#(A(7&1#B$5$AHa#$7'#E2&(dE(AB$#)8A#(A(7&1# 9A8)(BB8AB#C($&1270#27#C1(# 72C('#C$C(B#8A#&$7$'$c##'G&1$70(B#$A(#)8A#$7#$&$'(62&# H($A#8A#CF8#B(6(BC(ABc## !"#$%&'()*(#%++%,'*((#%++'-../'
,DEFGHIEJK#6LHEI#8#6LDJMKND3!L#&NHONDDG# ,DEFGHIEJK#6LHEI#8W#'PGIJ#(LDJGHHG#!L#.KXGDIG# uva#5$&(#'D#$7C1S87# yvwu#$A2B#&('(G#ty# vtta#$E(7D(#'(#5$#S9D%52@D(# (5c#b#ww#u#xx#t### vttu#$7C(AA(#&('(G# ($G#b#ww#u#xx#t### (5c#b#ww#u#xt##u## 1CC9biiFFFcD72Ed9$A2Buc)A# ($G#b#ww#u#xt##u#ux# 1CC9biiFFFc#Dd9$A2Butc)A# ,DEFGHIEJK#6LHEI#?#&NHONDDG#(NPFGQQG## ,DEFGHIEJK#6LHEI#88#&PS# uwa#AD(#$7C(D25# yvwu#$A2B#&('(G#ty# # (5c#b#ww#u#xy##x#yyi#tu# uxty#AB$H#&('(Ga#(A$7&(# ($G#b#ww#u#xy##x#tu# (5c#b#ww#u##wy##wwiwx# 1CC9biiFFFcD72Ed9$A2Bwc)A# ($G#b#ww#u##xu#w#y# 1CC9biiFFFcDd9BD'c)A# ,DEFGHIEJK#6LHEI#@#&NHONDDG# ,DEFGHIEJK#6LHEI#8?#(NHS# ua#AD(#!2&C8A#&8DB27# yvwt#$A2B#&('(G#ty# a#$E(7D(#($7#Z$9C2BC(#&5S6(7C# (5c#b#ww#u#xt#x#ww## (#wxwt#!255(C$7(DB(# ($G#b#ww#u#xt#x#ww## (5c#b#ww#u#x#xt#wt#tt# 1CC9biiFFFc9$A2BdB8A%877(c)A# ($G#b#ww#u#x#xt#w#vv# 1CC9biiFFFcD72Ed9$A2Buwc)A# ,DEFGHIEJK#6LHEI#R#6EGHHG#GJ#$LHEG#/PHEG# ,DEFGHIEJK#6LHEI#*IJ#/HKJGEQ#-LQ#SG#$LHDG# 8DA#&(7CA$5(dxa#95$&(#DBB2(D# yvyv#$A2B#&('(G#ty# ua#$E(7D(#'D#YS7SA$5#'(#Y$D55(# (5c b#ww#u#xx#v#w#x xtut#&ASC(25#&('(G# ($G#b#ww#u#xx#v#x#x# (5c#b#ww#u#v##x#y## 1CC9biiFFFc#D96&c)A# ($G#b#ww#u#v##x#t# 1CC9biiFFFcDd9(&c)A# ,DEFGHIEJK#SG#6LHEI3.ESGHNJ# ,DEFGHIEJK#SG#6LHEI#*IJ#$LHDG#QL#-LQQKG# y#AD(#186$Bd#$7# ytuw#$A2B##(CA8#DBB2(D# &2CS#_(B&$AC(B#ya#%'#_(B&$AC(B# (5c#b#ww#u#y#v#y#v# &1$69B#BDA#$A7(# 1CC9biiFFFc#D72Ed9$A2Bd'2'(A8Cc)A# xyx#&('(G#v#$A7(#$#!$55S(# (5c#b#w 3 1 60 95 70 25 # ,DEFGHIEJK#6LHEI#T#-EDUGDDGI#&LEDJ#.GDEI# ($G#b# 33 1 60 95 70 90 # va#AD(#'(#5$#2%(ACS# 1CC9biiFFFcD72Ed65Ec)A# wyv#$27Cd_(72B#&('(G# ,DEFGHIEJK#SG#-GHILEQQGI#&LEDJ#7PGDJED3GD3 (5c#b#ww#u#x#xt#t#i#ww#u#x#xt#x#uv## ($G#b#ww#u#x#xt#y#u# 4FGQEDGI# 1CC9biiFFFcD72Ed9$A2Bc)A# yya#$E(7D(#'(#$A2B## twy#!(AB$255(B#&('(G# %DIJEJPJ#/LJMNQEVPG#SG#6LHEI# (5c#b#ww#u#w#vy##tt# vua#AD(#'f)BB$B# ($G#b#ww#u#w#vy##tu# ytt#$A2B 1CC9biiFFFcDEB@c)A# (5c#b#ww#u#xx#w#x#w# ($G#b#ww#u#xx#w#yv#t# ,DEFGHIEJK#S;*FHY#-LQ#S;*IINDDG# '6$25#b#27C(A7$C287$5s2&9c)A# Z8D5(E$A'#(c#2CC(A$7'# 1CC9biiFFFc2&9c)A# utvy#'EAHd(A$7&(# # (5c#b#ww#u##x#u## ($G#b#ww#u##x#t#yv# 1CC9biiFFFcD72Ed(EAHc)A# #
# UNIVERSITe PARIS 1 pantheon-sorbonne
!"#$%&'#()*+,&#'*-*+,"(.)/"*0* 1/&2/""%* IP!0&!! 4!(3$9)(!! USPQI!1%2!7! !7!HS! 9&CB!QQ!I!RR!HU!UT!UV! @7B!QQ!I!RR!HU!UT!UT! 666C4(%5D01%2IC"1! !
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• L)()'%2! ( ! (#!'!(3! FL)()'%2A! V42%(!22! (#!'!(3A! 3$!'3%2! ( ! 7)'043!1! %!(!G! %(! %3%)(!3) !3$!!)1)((!!W1 43!!$))&!)"!V42%(!22!FTPL! 1%2GC! • O4'(%3%!2!!FO%23)18A!W!)#10$8A!$%&)2)0$8A!P13!O%23)18! ( !P1$!)&)#8GC! • 6! ( ! )&%3%&! %!(!! FP '%(%2313%5!! ( ! 4&%! !3)1! 6A! V42%(!22! 6A! T(3!1(3%)(&! ( ! L41)0!(! 34 %!2A!)&%3%&!%!(!2!( !L)()'%2A!) 1!( !)%&! 6GC ! P3!3$!!!(3!1!)"!31 %3%)(!( !') !1(%38A!3$!!4(%5!12%38!)"!1%2!I! %2! 3! 3$!! ")1!"1)(3! )"! 1!2!1$! ( ! 3!$ %(#! %(! 3$!! "%!& 2! )"! L41)0!(! 34 %!2A! T(3!1(3%)(&! !&3%)(2A! (#!'!(3! ( ! 7)''4(%3%)(2C! UNIVERSITe sorbonne nouvelle
$!* )%7!34%5@* 0"* 3%4* S* G030))!*067!''!*84*"06) ! * %)* QYWQ* 4* )%7!34%5A*3%4*S*G*030))!* 0)!*0"*5$!*QS*6)%7!34%5%!4*3!5! *"5!3*5$!* %7%4%0)*0"*5$!*0' *030))!F* 067!''!* * 5!)4%!3* L5*$0454*QXCSPW*456 !)54C*UCPPP*0"*8$0(*3!*"03!%#)* 456 !)54* 8$%$* %4* QSC*36!*)5!6%'* 065* RW`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universite La sorbonne Paris 4
! "#$%&'($)*!+,'$(-./'0/##&! "#!$%&!'()*+$!,+%-(.! /0123!45$(-!)&6&7!30! 8&9:!!22!"!;3!;!22!"!;3!;
8D&!%.(E&$-(*F!+C!45$(-AG+$B+..&!(-#!B&)5%-&!+C!(*-!*&5)D(.H!5@@$+5)D#!*D&!6($&)*!D&($-!+C!*D&!+96!5.6!@$&-*(H& +%-! G+$B+..&!C+%.6&6!(.!"102:!!G(*%5*&6!(.!*D&!D&5$*!+C!*D&!-*%6&.*!5$&5#!*D&!I5*(.!J%5$*&$#!45$(-AG+$B+..&!(-!C%99!+C! D(-*+$F:! ! 8D+%HD!K$&&L#!I5*(.#!=$&.)D!I(*&$5*%$&#!M(-*+$F#!5.6!M(-*+$F!+C!N$*!5$&!(*-!*$56(*(+.59!@5*D-#!45$(-AG+$B+..&!D5-! .&E&$! D&-(*5*&6! *+! *%$.! *+?5$6-! O+6&$.(*F! 5.6! *+! 565@*! (*-&9C! *+! *D&! ?+$96! ?&! 9(E&! (.:! ! =+$&(H.! I(*&$5*%$&-#! I5.H%5H&-!5.6!,(E(9(P5*(+.-#!,+.*&O@+$5$F!M(-*+$F#!,+OO%.()5*(+.#!Q%-()+9+HF#!4D(9+-+@DF #! 5.6!K&+H$5@DF!5$&! 59-+!O5R+$!&9&O&.*-!+C!(*-!*&5)D(.H!)%$$()%95:! ! 8D&!*&5)D(.H!5*!45$(-AG+$B+..&!(-!*D&!$&-%9*!+C!*D&!D5$O+.(+%-!O(.H9(.H!+C!*D&!D(-*+$F!+C!$&9(H(+.-!5.6!C+$&(H.! 95.H%5H&-#! 5@@9(&6! +$! .+*#! -%)D! 5-! S.H9(-D#! T%*)D#! +$! G&$B+A,$+5*:! ! 8D&! U.(E&$-(*F! 59-+! @$+E(6&-! )+%$-&-! (.! O5*D&O5*()-!5.6!)+O@%*&$!-)(&.)&:! ! I5-*!B%*!.+*!9&5-*#!*D&!G+$B+..&!(-!59-+!5!9&56&$!(.!-)(&.*(C()!$&-&5$)D:!!8D5.L-!*+!(*-!$&-&5$)D&$-!5.6!@$+C&--+$-#! O+$&!*D5.!203!4DT!-*%6&.*-!+B*5(.!*D&($!6&H$&&-!&5)D!F&5$:!!8D(-!&.5B9&-!*D&!G+$B+..&!*+!5**$5)*!O5.F!C+ $&(H.! -*%6&.*-!5.6!*+!B&!5!D(HD9F!6&-($5B9&!@5$*.&$!C+$!O5.F!%.(E&$-(*(&-!*D$+%HD+%*!*D&!?+$96:! ! %$0#&'$(1!$#&&#!#(!"&$#!.)&$# universite PIERRE " (31&!)6 1E-&))1!IV! USPSP!1$2!" 7!HS! &D!C!QQ!I!RR!PU!UQ!RW! et marie curie -7!C!QQ!I!RR!PU!UR!VR! 666D40'D!1! ! !
! 355!88.3! # !D(3 1(3$)(&!E!!$12!F !!!$ !)!!$ 11 !(! 1$ !"41$ !($5 12$38!F"G!$'2!3)! 5 &)0!(! 01)')3 ! 3# $1! $(3 1(3$)(&! 2313 "8! 8! 118$("! )43! 7#(" ! 01)"1'2! (! ))0 13$)(! "1 ' (32! )3#! $(! $&3 1&! 1 &3$)(2! (! $(3 1E4($5 12$38! 01)"1'! ( 36)1%2!1)4(!3# !6)1&D! ! # !!!$ !6 &)' 2!234 (32! (!1 2 1# 12B!$(!$3$)(!3)!# &0$("!3)!!$&&$33 ! 22! (! $(3 "13$)(! )(! 3# ! '$($2313$5 ! (! '$!& 5 &!2)!3#3!3# 8!1 !2241 !3)!#5 !3# ! 23!)($3$)(2!!)1!!24 22!4&! 70 1$ ( !3!1$2! TD! ! 9;3!=5!!5?!?3!85.3 ! E)1$("!3)!!20 $&!#)42$("!"1 ' (3! 36 (! 1$2!T!(!"$3@!($5 12$3$1 ! !1$2B!1))'2!(! !1 2 15 !)(! 13$(!)($3$)(2D!!! ! D(3 1' $3 ! )1! E5( ! -1 (#! ")412 2! 2! ! -)1 $"(!U("4" !'8! !)1"($9 ! $3# 1!3#1)4"#! $(3 (2$5 !2 22$)(2!)1!)(!!2 ' 23 1!2$2D! ! -$&$3$ 2! )(! 3# ! '042! $(&4 ! 3# ! $(3 1E 4($5 12$38! 2$ (3$!$! &$118B! ! (3 1! !)1! & $241 B! $(!)1'3$)(!(!4&341 B!4($5 12$38!1 2341(32!(! 20)132! !$&$3$ 2B! 2! 6 &&! 2! )5 1! SH! 234 (3! 22)$3$)(2D! ! ! 3?.55!5?!335.9!! 3# '3$2B!W("$( 1$("!$ ( 2! #82$2B!"# '$2318! W13#!2$ ( 2B!X$)&)"$&!(! $&!2$ ( 2! E5( !4( 1"143 2!(!"143 !234 (32!#5 ! 22!3)!233 !)!!3# !13!1 2 1#!$(!3# $1 !&)13)1$ 2! FISH!1 2 1#!&)13)1$ 2!22)$3 !6$3#!#$"#E& 5 &!(3$)(&!1 2 1#!)1"($93$)(2GD ! ?3;5?53!5?!;5?53!3 .95;3! 41!D(3 1(3$)(&!01)"1'2!01)5$ !!)1 $"(!234 (32!3# !)00)134($38!!)1!$1 3! (1)&& ' (3!$(!3# !($5 12$38!)!! $ 11 ! (! 1$ ! "41$ ! F1$2! TGB! 43! 234 (32! 6$&&! ( ! 3)! #5 ! )'0& 3 !3!& 23!36)!8 12!)!!4($5 12$38!234$ 2!(!#5 !01)!$$ (8!$(! -1 (#!3)!2348!$(!3#3!&("4" D!!-)1! $3# 1!!!4&&! '$! 8 1B! )1! ! 2$("& !2 ' 23 1!$(!()(E "1 !2 %$("!01)"1'2B!234 (32!'8! (1)&&!$(! # 4)A%78)9G#!7)8#8)$%759# UNIVERSITe PARIS f#@%#(53!8T!4# hfabd# G2#R#dd#b#fh#ch#fh#ch## DIDEROT BBBS@4)AT6!7)8T$)$%759S&7#
! !9# 9(%# (%!79# 5&# 9(%# '25"!2# 4%9B571# 5&# 145B2%$'%# !4$# )445A!9)54Q# 4)A%78)9G# !7)8# 8)$%759# )8# 97!4#%U8# 2%!$)4'# 3@29)$)8#)62)4!7D# @4)A%78)9DS## # )9(#!#7%#5'4)E%$#)49%74!9)54!2#89!4$)4'Q#!4$#!#897!9%')##6579&52)5#5&# 67)A)2%'%$# !#!$%3)## 6!794%78# 9(75@'(5@9# 9(%# B572$Q# )9# 5&& %78# )98# cgQaaa# 89@$%498# 89!9%T5&T9(%T!79# !4$# )445A!9)A%# #5@78%8# )4# 9(%# &5225B)4'# &)%2$8R# # !798Q# H@3!4)9)%8# !4$# !4'@!'%8# V# H@3!4Q# K#5453)##!4$#5#)!2##)%4#%8#V##)%4#%#!4$#%#(4525'D#V#%$)#)4%# !4$# 8%49)897DS# 9# !B!7$8# 5A%7# cif# $)&&%7%49# $)6253!8# &57# !# B) $%T 7!4'%#5&#&)%2$8#!9#9(%#@4$%7'7!$@!9%#!4$#'7!$@!9%#2%A%2S# # (%# %C#%22%4#%# 5&# )98# baaT853%# 2 !"57!957)%8# !4$# h# @4)A%78)9D# (586)9!28Q# !22# 9%!3%$# @6# B)9(# 97!4#%U8# 7%8%!7#(# !'%4#)%8# WVQ# KQ#VK!Q#!Q#489)9@9#!89%@7#!4$#8XQ#7!418#!7)8#8)$%759# K9#V!VR# !8#!#1%D#62!D%7#)4#)49%74!9)54!2#7%8%!7#(S# T#957#%8%!7#(#Wpddb#fh#ch#ff# # ecX# (%#@4)A%78)9D#(!8#7%#%492D#7%25#!9%$#) 98##!36@8#)4#!#"553)4'Q#4%B2D# 7%#(%7#(%`@4)AT6!7)8T 7%45A!9%$# $)897)#9# 5&# #%497!2# !7)8Q# !254'# 9(%# 7)A%7# %)4%Q# 4%!7# 9(%# $)$%759S&7# 97%4#(#!9)54!2#)"7!7DQ#!4$#62!D8#!4#!#9)A%#752%#)4#9(%#2)&%#5 (%#4%B# T#957#H8#Wpddb#fh#ch#ff#ecX# !7)8#)A%#Z!@#(%#W%&9#[!41X#!7%!S# T#957#85#957!2#89@$)%8#!4$# 75'7!33%8#Wpdd#b#fh#ch#fe#
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
3"4'5261!"#' ' • 789:: #'7!$@!9%8#6%7#D%!7# • ;89:: #$5#957!2##!4$)$!9%8# • 9<: #(88#'7!49%$#%A%7D#D%!7# • =: #7%8%!7#(#!##7%$)9!9)548#WH!")2)9!9)54#F#8)7)'%7##$%8# %#(%7#(%8#T#H8X#6%7#D%!7# UNIVERSITe PARIS 8 VINCENNES - sAINT-dENIS
"#$%&'&!(%!)! *+(,(-!#.!(%%#/)-(#%0!(%!-1'!2)3'!#.!-1'!'/'%-*!21(41! ;%(/',*(-\! <),(*! :! >(%4'%%'*! =@)(%-? #44$,'&!(%!5)6!789:0!-1'!;%(/',*(-6!<),(*!:!=!>(%4'%%'*!?!!@)(%-? A'%(* A'%(*!1)*0!.,#B!-1'!#$-*'-0!1)&!)!&$)C!B(**(#%! J0!,$'!&'!C)!](F',-\! ! 8KVJ9!@)(%-?A'%(*!S'&'^! ? <,#&$4-(#%! )%&! &(..$*(#%! #.! 3%#2C'&D'! .#4$*(%D! #%! -1'! P'C!T!KK!7!Q8!QL!ZL!9:!_KK!7!Q8!QL!9Q! 4#%-'B+#,),6!2#,C&! 7J! ? E&B(**(#%! #.! *-$ &'%-! F#&60! &(/',*(.('&! F6! )D'0! )4)&'B(4! ")^!T!`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
!"#$%&"'%()*+"
?!$,-." N1(*-#,6!#.!),-0!)'*-1'-(4*0!/(*$)C!),-*0!B$*(40! B$*(4#C#D60!4(%'B)0!+1#-#0!&)%4'0!+',.#,B(%D!),-*0! &(D(-)C!(B)D'*!)%&!/(,-$)C!,')C(-6O !
?! /01-0,2" )%&! /34405678-635 ! NB'&()! *-$&('*0! &(D(-)C!B'&()0!&(D(-)C!4,')-(#%0!16+',B'&()O! !
?!)89 0! (7353467. !)%&! #858:2425- !
?! ;04856-62. ! )%&! )85:08:2. ! NC(-',)-$,' ! )%&! !"#"$"%&'"()*+,(-."/)+$&)/0&/.%*+'-&)%$&'"()*+$")/0"%'"!%1+ !
2+ !"#$% + &)3+ &'()$*+ &(),%(,- + 456"$(%(567*+ 6"%'(-7*+ 5($"'"!&$+%!".)!.*+/.)3.-+%'03".%*+%(!"($(/7*+80-(5.&)+ %'03".%*+ 9.3"'.--&).&)+ %'03".%*+ %(!"&$+ /.(/-&567*+ /.(5($"'"!%+ =+ !$")"!&$+ &)3+ %(!"&$+ 5%7!6($(/7*+ 5%7!6(&)&$7%"%*+#(!&'"()&$+&)3+'.&!6.-+'-&")")/1 !
2+ &(),%(, + &)3+ .,(/%'*'01 + 4!(:50'. -+ %'03".%*+ :&'6.:&'"!%*+'.!6)($(/71 ! universite Nanterre Paris ouest La défense
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`&'N,#2! R7,#$(H2! F Q!4&7,')N&#)!IG!C'&#;H!GI'!CI'&$J#! P),5$,#2! `'&&M! &);a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e PARIS sud-orsay
(%! 4)B%89)@E! !8)9! ccV! A$! )9! 9@)22! #259%! %45A'(! @5! !8)9! @ 5! !225C! 4)B%89)@H!!8)9!cc!X!A$! 9@A$%4@9!@5!%405E!@(%!#A2@A8!2!2)&%!5&!@(%!#)@E!C()2%!2)B)4'!!4$!9@A$E)4'!)4! ! !!62%!9!4@!'8%%4!%4B)8543%4@T! pcfbg!89!E!8%$%DR!;8!4#%! ! %2S!ee!c!hp!eg!hb!eeWef! ;!DS!ee!c!hp!!fc!pe!gp!! CCCTAV69A$T&8!
7!#"8!#" ;58!!##535$!@)54R! )49A8!4#%! !4$!2!4'A!'%!#5A89%9R!62%!9%! #54@!#@!@(%!a%8B)#%9!$%9! %2!@)549!N4@%84!@)54!2%9aT!
!"!#%"4"!!" 6#!" " 6V@5V$!@%! @%!#()4'! 8%7A)8%9! !! ()'(! 2%B%2! 5&! 8%9%!8#(! !#@)B )@ET!!4E!2!"58!@58)%9!5&! ! C582$VC)$%! 8%6A@!@)54! !8%! ! 25#!@%$! )49)$%! @(%! A4)B%89)@E! !"#$#')" !&"1%!"#&" 9A#(! !9! @(%! b9@85 6(E9)#!2! " N49@)@A@%R!E4#(85@54!! )@(!)@9! f!#(5529!!4$!e!N!YB5#!@)54!2!)49@)@A@%9`R!!8)9!A$!#5B%89!!! !$)!@)5!!"58!@58)%9R!8!4#%8! C)$%!B!8)%@E!5&!$)9#)62)4%9T! %!9%8#(! N49@)@A@%! !4$! )4! 4%!8"E! &!35A9! #(5529! !4$! V!(%!#(552!5&!#)%4#%!25#!@%$!!!@!89!E!)9!54!!!A4)7A%!#!36A9R! C)@(! 52E@%#( 4)#!N49@)@A@%9R!b@53)#! 358%!@(!4!dbbRbbb!3d!5&!C55$9!!4$!'!8$%49R!@8!)49!ceRbbb!9@A$%4@9!)4! %9%!8#(!8%4@%8R!8R! )@9!i!$%6!8@3%4@9S!!@(%3!@)#9R!8536A@%8!#)%4#%R!(E9)#9R!8(%3)9@8ER! !@)54!2!%!9%!8#(!N49@)@A@%9! U)525'ER!V!8@(!#)%4#%!!4$!658@9! !9!C%22T! V!(%!#(552!5&!%$)#)4%!!@!8%32)4!U )#I@8%!YeRdbb!9@A$%4@9`!)9!2)41%$!@5! f!6A"2)#!(596)@!29!)4#2A$)4'!!4!)3658@!4@!8!4#%8525'E!N49@)@A@%!Y[A9@!B%! 5A99E`! V!(%!#(552!5&!(!83!#E!!@!8(G@%4!EV!2!"8E!C)@(!)@9!eRbbb!9@A$%4@9!)9! @(%!2!8'%9@!(!83!#%A@)#!2!@%!#()4'!!4$!8%9%!8#(!8%4@%8!)4!;8!4#%! V!^%!4!544%@!#(552!!@!#%!AD!@8!)49!hRebb!9@A$%4@9!)4! !CR!V#5453)#9! !4$!!4!'%3%4@! V! (%! N49@)@A@%9! 5&! %#(4525'E! !8%! 96%#)!2)F%$! )4S! %#(!4)#!2! !4$! V2%#@854)#! V4')4%%8)4'! !@! 8!#(!4R! UA9)4%99! !4!'%3%4@! !@! #%!ADR! 8(%3)9@8ER!8536A@%8!#)%4#%!!4$!(E9)#!2!%!9A8%3%4@9!!@!89!E! ! N4! !$$)@)54! @5! @(%! "!9)#! #5A89%9! 5&! %!#(! #(552! 58! N49@)@A@%R! @(%8%! !8%! 3!4E! 96%#)!2)F%$! #5A89%9! !4$! '8!$A!@%! 685'8!39! )4! 359@! $) 9#)62)4%9! !4$!!295!953%!3A2@)$)9#)62)4!8E!685'8!39S!(E9)#9!!4$! %$)#)4% R! !C! !4$!#)%4#%R!!(!83!#E!!4$!8(%3)9@8E!58!U)525'ER!%@#U`T! UNIVERSITe PARIS- EST CRETEIL
-(),W/$(S&2!$#!59`56!"#$%&'($)R!+,'$(H-()!.'*)&$/!1,/!2&!3,'#&!!X"+-.Y!$(!,!L7/)$H2$(<$I/$#,'R!$#()$)7)$M#6! MJJ&'$#O!CCA!2$I/ML,!I'MO',L(6!B4!MJ!FS$ !"#$%&'"(&)** * ! K2L$#$()',)$M#6! N,F6! - E'&&! 3B('C&C! -'! ;"D6#! E'-%[email protected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email protected],F! G$@-.! ;4! ?! HB@C ! -.! B'&! BA! ,I&! %&@F! A&>! ,@(0F! 2(0,-C-.J-+0-'$@F! ('-%[email protected],-&.! -'! ! ,I&! \0&?C&?3@$'J&! $@&$9! X,! I$.! 2$'$O&C! ,B! JB(+0&! I-OI! ]($0-,F! $J$C&2-J! $'C! %BJ$,-B'$0! ,@$-'-'O! >-,I! -',&@'$,-B'$00F! $JY'B>0&CO&C! @&.&$@JI! +@BO@$2.9 ! F1!6 )&'5! ! B4999 ! AB@&-O'! .,(C&',. #! BA! "D! C-AA&@&',! '$,-B'$0-,-&.! !@7B !+B.,O@$C($,&!.,(C&',.! 2B@&! ,I$'! @99! $O@&& 2&',.! >-,I! AB@&-O'! ('-%[email protected],-&.! !@B !-',&@'$,-B'$0!@&.&$@JI!+@BO@$2.! 2B@&! ,I$' ! A9 ! $O@&&2&',.! AB@! ^B-',?! .(+&@%-.-B'!BA!CBJ,B@$0!C&O@&&.9! ! 6 !'!$!()1!#! ? !$#!@"%)'! '&! ! ! 8I&! J$2+(. ! +@B%-C&.! -,.! 8I&! ('-%[email protected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dbWWc! 7(8! @3(A$78(9D! 9' 9! (8! 89$58! B D! %742! 9'$! 9(3! @ 79$7H! 9'$! $1Q!P!``!X!aa!`f!ea!c`! @C$2!4@7&! R 7#$38H! 3#! 9Q! R$72 (3R#$8R7F8Q! %! 234555( C C!P!``!X!aa!`f!bY!Wf! 6789:;764(<4355 ! 7$! =;7:>;?7=@;?AB !! BBBQ("5Q%7! "9! (8! ! '(&'1DR7$85$"9$#! 1$ 73(3&! "$397$! B(9'! 3! $25' 8(8! 43! (3#(A(#@ 1!&@(# 3"$! 3#!(39$73 9(43 1!24!(1(9DQ!! G 9'41("!3(A$78(9D!4%! 7(8!' 8!!@(19! 3 !(39$73 9(43 1!3$9B470! 4%!247$!9' 3!X`W!5 793$78!B(9'!8$1$"9$#!@3(A$78(9($8!4A$7!! 9'$! B471#Q! "9! B$1"42$8! 89@#$39! $C"' 3&$8! 3#! 4%%$78! 9 (147R2 #$! 574&7 28!94!(98!(39$73 9(43 1!5@!1("!(3!2 3D!#(8"(51(3$8Q! '(8! @3(A$78(9D! "4257(8$8! 4%! C2( :;7=7=:6D( ( E( F?G8A7= :64( <( 6H:G=?A=I:9(=;67=787:64(22(J>?98?7:(6GK@@A64( 3# (2(9@G7@>?A( 6GK@@A( B(9' ( C5( >:6:?>GK( G:;7>:6 ! 143&! B(9'! 9'$! !?7K@A=G( );=L:>6=7M(@F(1?>=6(.:N=;?>M H!B'("'!57$5 7$8!(98!8$2(3 78 !%47! 47#(3 9(43! 3#!57($89'44#Q!! .789:;7(.:>L=G:6( '$!"389(9@9$!4%!C7$3"'! 3&@ &$! 3#!G@19@7$!U034B3! 8!"GCV! 9@#$39S8!# (1D!1(A$8! 7$!% "(1(9 9$#!!DP!! 574A(#$8! ! @3(6@$! "411$&( 9$! ! "0#745! %47! 0>:;GK( A?;J8?J:( R! 6""4224# 9(43! %%("$P! 574A(#$8! A:?>;:>6 Q! 789:;76( " 3! "'448$! "4@78$8! 7 3&(3& ! %742! ! 8("! '4@8(3&! 3#!89@#$39!)4!!1(89(3&8I!! &7 22 7! 94! 85$"( 1(E$#! Z@8(3$88! C7$3"'H! G @19@7$H! 3#! R! $8(#$3"$! (8 ! %%("$P! 4!9 (3 8!! G(A(1(E 9(43Q! G$79 (3! "@19@7$! "4@78$8! 7$! $A$3! @FF:>:9( =;( #4"@2$39 9(43! 3#! 5$72(9! %47! 9'$! ,;JA=6K Q!! 89@#$39!94!89@#D!(3!C7 3"$I! R! 9'$! G %$9$7( ! (8! ! "'$$7D! 85 "$! '$! G 9'41("! 3(A$78(9D! 4%! 7(8! (8! ! 343R574%(9! 47& 3(E 9(43! 4%%$7(3&! ! B(#$! 7 3&$! 4%! '$ 19'D! ""47#(3&! 94! 9'$! C7$3"'! 1 B! 4%! Xf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e d’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• Z! )&.>I$#N! .#0! '&(&.'>I! 4#$)! 2H! H4#0.M&#)./! .#0! .QQ/$&0! (>$&#>&! ?&/6!@!AA!9!B8!CD!D9!DB! G$)I! 7.)I&M.)$>(O! [2MQ4)&'! R>$&#>&O! JI,($>(O! [I&M$()',! .#0! 5.E!@!AA!9!B8!CD!F:!<;! 3$2/2N,!0&Q.')M&#)(6! GGG64#$%6&%',6H'! • Z!4#$)!2H!R>$&#>&!.#0!?&>I#2/2N,!G$)I!+/&>)'$>./!+#N$#&&'$#N! .#0! ! X#04()'$./!\.).!J'2>&(($#NO!7&>I.#$>./ !+#N$#&&'$#NO!.#0!J'204>)$2#! +#N$#&&'$#N! • Z!4#$)!2H!K.G!.#0!+>2#2M$>(! •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e PARIS-EST MARNE-LA-VALLE 5'6Q-67!51#Q)Q))D#!@6!!5#7#"!81"#5!7&#!SP-P!`XXXT! ! 3)1H! '1! YggY P! 2%#7! @'7&! S)R!2)#! "#6! 2176! #7! 2&866D#6HT! 7&#! 1'9#56'7D!5'6!-67!51#Q)Q))D#! 81'9#56'7B!0(#6!83!!!#175#!2$!5#6#5!&!1"!2$!&'%!#"8!7'21!'1! 2'7D!3#6!57#6! @&'!&! 7&#! 3571#56! 6&5#! 7&#'5! "2!725)! 6!&22)6! 1"! ) 25725'#6! 6! cH! 28)#95"!3#6!57#6!2&036Q685Q @#))! 6! !#57'1! 67#5! "#%5##6 P! @2!7#"! Yc(0! #67! 2$! 5'6H! 7&#! 51#!! -@!'6!7!7&#!!#175#!2$!!!20081'!7'21!1#7@25(H! 0('1%! #6B! eebcb!51#Q@Q))D#!2#"#A!`! #A!&1%#6! 72! 5'6H! J51!#! 1"! -8523#P! &#! S2'7D! 3#6!57#6T! '6! 7&#! #)I!aa!Y!dX!gc!eX!`c!! '%%#67! 6'7#! 2$! 5#6#5!&! 1"! 75'1'1%! '1! #67#51! 5'6H! @'7&! Yf! JAI!aa!Y!dX!gc!eX!gX! '167'787'216! 2$! &'%! #"8!7'21! 1"! 5#6#5!&! '1! 727)P! Z))! 2$! 7#! @@@P81'9Q0)9P$5! 25%1'C7'216!5#!!20 '1#"!72%#7!@'7&'1!!38 )'!! '17#5#67! %5 283H! ! !))#"!7&#!2)B7#!&1'!80!2$!51#Q)Q))D#P! ! &'6! 08)7'Q"'6!'3)'15B! '167'787'21! @#)!20#6! 025#! 7&1! YYHXXX! 678"#176! 1"! 2$$#56! Yec! 352%506! )#"'1%! 72! ! 48)'$'!7'21! '1! Y`! !20321#176!Vc!P167'787#6H!e!5'1'1%!E!#6#5!&!1'76WP!! ! 22856#6! 5#! 25%1'C#"! !!25"'1%! 72! 7&#! ! @3! -8523#1! B67#0! V@'!#16#H!67#5H!32!7257#WP! ! #! 5#! 025#! 7&1! bXX! 352$#66256! 1"! 81'9#56'7B! )#!785#56H! `cX! "0'1'6757'9#!67$$H!6!@#))!6!Ye!) 25725'#6P! !"#$%&'(!'&)*%+'' ! Q!@1%8%#6!1"!2'9')'C7'216! Q!Z576H!@'7#5785#6!1"!220081'!7'21! Q!-!2120'!6!1"!1%#0#17! Q!32576!!'#1!#6! Q!`801!E!2!')!!'#1!#6! Q!7�7'!6! ! ",-./,0-12,03'!2456' ! Q!Yc!'17#517'21)!"'3)20Q!285#6!3571#56! Q!`XX!'17#517'21)!3571#56!! Q!c!#A!&1%#!352%506! Q!`cX!287%2'1%!678"#176U!YcX!'1!20'1%! 678"#176! Q!Z!63#!')!678"#17!2$$'!#! Q!Z55'9)!66'671!#! Q!P1"'9'"8)!&#)3!$25!!!202"7'21! Q!P17#16'9#!J5#1!&!!2856#6!7!7&#! #%'11'1%! 2$!7&#!#A!&1%#! Q!J5##!J5#1!&!!2856#6!"85'1%!7&#!!"#0'!! B#5!! UNIVERSITe VERSAILLES SAINT- QUENTIN-EN-YVELINES <'&-)&+! $#! @AA@H! )I&! "#$%&'($)J! KG! ,&'(-$..&(! /-$#)012&#)$#0&# 0 ! 3%&.$#&(!4",/15!$(!&()-L.$(I&+!$#!M2.)$N.&!.KO-)$K#(!?! ,&'(-$..&(H!P&! "#$%&'($)*!+&!,&'(-$..&(!/-$#)012&#)$#0 >I&! "#$%&'($)J! OK#($()(! KG! %-'$K2(! G-O2.)$&(! -#+! $#()$)2)&(! 4/O$&#O&(H!P-D!-#+!7K.$)$O-.!/O$&#O&H![2M-#$)$&(H!/KO$-.!/O$&#O&(H! -#+! S&+$O$#&5H! -! "#$%&'($)J! >&OI#$O-.! <&#)'&! 4W'K2N$#W! -! "#$%&'($)J! >&OI#$O-.! U#()$)2)2)&! 0! U">0! -#+! '&(&-'OI! .-LK'-)K'$&(5H! -! /OIKK.! KG! 2+33"4(54604&3($)(5+,'$%(7"&'.-(( !"#$%&'(&)#(*+,'$%(-"&'.-("/%-&)0"1( ( ! H9"5$&!0@!"!3&"%&9!05!@B$)!'0&3%@!"@!&65"A"3!$"9&I!&4&9(&5$F! )0@! 796(9"4! '"$030A"A&@! A)&! &E$)"5(&! 6'! $"9&! "5%! $3050$"3! 6BA9&"$)! 05! B5%&9790C03&(&%I! #BA! 56A! 4&%0$"3! @AB%&5A@! 05! '0&3%@! 6'! @AB%F! @B$)! "@! SB5%&9@&9C&%T! $644B50A0&@P! AB%&5A@! D033! )"C&! "! B508B&! 5A&95"3!&%0$05&I!5$636(FI!&%0"A90$@I!B#30$! 67769AB50AF! A6! 6#@&9C&I! &E7369&! "5%! 7"9A0$07"A&! 05! C"906B@! <&"3A)I! 64&5R@!<&"3A)!"5%!?4&9(&5$F!@"9&I! "@7&$A@!6'!7B#30$!)&"3A)P!! &A$P! "9A0$07"5A@! "9&! "#3&! A6! 7B9@B&! #6A)! ! $3050$"3! "5%! 9&@&"9$)! 6#1&$A0C&@! "A! 65&! 6'! 6B9! 7"9A5&9! B50C&9@0AF! )6@70A"3@! D)03&! @"A0@'F05(! 5!9&@765@&!A6!"5!05$9&"@&%!05A&9&@A!05!B#30$!<&"3A)!"465(! @64&! 6'! A)&09! 96A"A065! 9&8B09&4&5A@! "A! A)&09! 4&%0$"3!@AB%&5A@I!@?HL!)"@!3"B5$)&%!"!@B44&9!796(9"4! )64&! 05@A0ABA065P! ! &@&9C&%! A6! &%0$"3! 6''&9&%!A6!@AB%&5A@!D0A)!"A!3&"@A!W!F&"9@!6'!B50C&9@0AF!H9&5$)P!! AB%&5A@!05!A)&09!A)09%!"5%!'6B9A)!F&"9@P!!! )0@! 796(9"4! D033! &5"#3&! A)&4! A6! $647"9&! "5%! $65A9"@A! 4&%0$"3!79"$A0$&@!05!H9"5$&!D0A)!A)6@&!05!A)&!50A&%!A"A&@P! L'A&9!"!65&QD&&2!690&5A"A065!796(9"4!U05$3B%05(!"!@&405"9! 05! H9&5$)! 05! $647"9"A0C&! 4&%0$"3! 79"$A0$&@I! )6@70A"3! C0@0A@! "5%! 3&$AB9&@VI! @AB%&5A@! D033! #&! 73"$&%! 05! 6#@&9C&9@)07@! 69! 96A"A065@!A6!4"A$)!A)&09!05A&9&@A@P!! 8+4(5&4$1$&)(!"#$%&'(9)$:"41$.;(5&4.)"41<( ( =(5&4$1(>? !H"$B3AG!%&!G%&$05&!0&99&!&A!"90&!@B90&! Q!5&4$1(>?? !T&50@!T0%&96A (( =(5&4$1(@? !H"$B3AG!%&!G%&$05&!"90@QB% ( =(5&4$1(@?? !H"$B3AG!%&!G%&$05&!"3!%&!"95&! ( =(5&4$1(@??? !H"$B3AG!%&!G%&$05&!V6#0(5F!"90@Q69%! =(>"41&$''"1(2&$).(A+").$)( H"$B3AG!%&!4G%&$05&!"90@! 3&Q%&QH9"5$&!B&@A ( 8+4(B64.-(C3"4$%&)(!"#$%&'(9)$:"41$.;(5&4.)"41<( • <"9C"9%!&%0$"3!$)663!U05$3B%05(!A)&! ( <"963%!?5(30@)!H&336D@))07!05!@"9%0636(FVI! • L3#&9A!?05@A&05!@633&(&!6'!&%0$05&I!V965E! V6@A65! • @63B4#0"!50C&9@0AF!&%0$"3!@&5A&9I!&D! • 50C&9@0AF!6'!330560@!@633&(&!6'!&%0$05&I! !692! @)0$"(6! • X&69(&! "@)05(A65!50C&9@0AF!$)663!6'! • 50C&9@0AF!6'!0"40!$)663!6'!&%0$05&I! &%0$05&!U05$3B%05(!)"94"$636(F!'69!'6B9A)! 0"40! F&"9!@AB%&5A@VI! "@)05(A65!TP@P! • 50C&9@0AF!6'!&55@F3C"50"!$)663!6'! &%0$05&I!)03"%&37)0"! ! !"#$%&#'%#()%*+%$,#-./#0)12%&34#56789#:)$;3#<#($)=1&#!"#$%& '%#()%*+%$,#-./#0)12%&34#56789#: )$;3#<#($)=1 & >?);@>?); @ A#;=B+C?;1&B)/+$, D&@D&@#A#EFF#8#97#68#5"#G"##A#EFF#8#97#68#5"#G"# ()H#A#EFF#8#99#75#8I#87#()H A#EFF#8#99#75#8I#87 JJJ/?;1&B)/+$, !