Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA/TX-10/0-5974-1 Accession No. 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Estimating Texas Motor Vehicle Operating Costs October 2009 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Dana Welter, Murat Ates, Lisa Loftus-Otway, Ron Matthews 0-5974-1 and Robert Harrison 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Center for Transportation Research 11. Contract or Grant No. The University of Texas at Austin 0-5974 3208 Red River, Suite 200 Austin, TX 78705-2650 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Texas Department of Transportation Technical Report Research and Technology Implementation Office September 2007– August 2009 P.O. Box 5080 Austin, TX 78763-5080 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes Project performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. 16. Abstract A specific Vcost model was developed for Texas conditions based on a sophisticated fuel model for light duty vehicles, several excellent sources of secondary vehicle cost data, and the ability to measure heavy truck fuel consumption through both experimental and survey work. The basic model was designed to address the relatively narrow range of pavement roughness found on the Texas highway network and is free-flow, and does not accurately measure congestion effects. The team developed a vehicle classification scheme that was suitable for TxDOT planning and revenue forecasting. These resources led to the adoption of eight categories of light-duty vehicles and two heavy truck types. The current Texas fleet composition was determined from 2007 VTR data and was made a default for model use. Each cost item associated with the representative vehicle was calculated for each year of operation up to 20 years. Six main cost categories are included in the Vcost model: depreciation, financing, insurance, other fixed costs, repair and maintenance, and fuel. These costs fall into two categories: fixed and variable costs. The Vcost model can provide operating cost estimates for each specific representative vehicles as well as fleets of vehicles. The model allows the user to change key parameters so that the cost calculation is specific to any particular situation, and can be updated as the economic or technological landscape changes. The model was designed to provide the user with a program that looked, felt, and operated in a similar fashion to most Windows programs and would be intuitive for the typical TxDOT user. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Vehicle operating costs, Texas, light duty vehicles, fuel No restrictions. This document is available to the experiments, fuel consumption model, rolling resistance, public through the National Technical Information Texas vehicle composition Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161; www.ntis.gov. 19. Security Classif. (of report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 230 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized Estimating Texas Motor Vehicle Operating Costs Dana Welter Murat Ates Lisa Loftus-Otway Ron Matthews Robert Harrison CTR Technical Report: 0-5974-1 Report Date: October 2009 Project: 0-5974 Project Title: Estimating Texas Motor Vehicle Operating Costs Sponsoring Agency: Texas Department of Transportation Performing Agency: Center for Transportation Research at The University of Texas at Austin Project performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. Center for Transportation Research The University of Texas at Austin 3208 Red River Austin, TX 78705 www.utexas.edu/research/ctr Copyright (c) 2009 Center for Transportation Research The University of Texas at Austin All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Disclaimers Author's Disclaimer: The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official view or policies of the Federal Highway Administration or the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Patent Disclaimer: There was no invention or discovery conceived or first actually reduced to practice in the course of or under this contract, including any art, method, process, machine manufacture, design or composition of matter, or any new useful improvement thereof, or any variety of plant, which is or may be patentable under the patent laws of the United States of America or any foreign country. Engineering Disclaimer NOT INTENDED FOR CONSTRUCTION, BIDDING, OR PERMIT PURPOSES. Project Engineer: Dr. Ronald Matthews Professional Engineer License State and Number: 52561 v Acknowledgments The team wishes to acknowledge and thank the consistent leadership and support provided by the Project Director Don Lewis (GSD) and Dr. Duncan Stewart (RTI), ably supported by the project advisors Janie Temple (TPP), Jackie Ploch (ENV) , Jo Woten (GSD), Paul Campbell (FIN), and Peggy Thurin P.E. (TPP). The experimental work relied on the assistance of many GSD staff who are thanked as a group. Finally, the rolling resistance experiments for heavy trucks could not have been completed without the commitment of both Bruce Merrill, P.E. (AUS), who reserved the highway for the test and the trucks, and the fleet manager and drivers from HEB who worked over a test weekend. The HEB effort was led by Kenneth Allen, V.P Supply Chain and Logistics and Mike Moynahan, Fleet Manager, and was crucial in determining future heavy truck technologies, the impact of extra-wide tires, and the rolling resistance tests. Technical assistance was also provided by David Higbie, Ram Chandrasekaran, and Mohamed Gouda (AVL); Stephen Allen and Steve Stillman (Antx); Herman Masse, Roger Van Elslander and Mike Bartkowiak (Dearborn Group Technology); Vitaliy Maksimov and Mike McBeath (ScanTool.net); Lee Butler (Greatwide); Lance Shillingburg and Les Findeisen (TMTA); Dennis Beale (FedEx Freight); and Brad Bryant (Wal-Mart); and Bob Davie (Vanguard Trucks). Finally, David Schwarz (Consultant) and Emre Meric (Microsoft) assisted on software issues. Our thanks are extended to all these individuals and companies that helped frame the study and address key issues. vi Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background and Introduction ................................................................................................1 1.2 Study Design ..........................................................................................................................2 1.3 Report Outline ........................................................................................................................3 Chapter 2. Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Brief History of Vehicle Operating Cost Research ...............................................................5 2.2 Current Research and Literature on Vehicle Operating Costs ...............................................6 2.3 Literature Review Sources for Fuel Estimation ...................................................................11 2.4 Survey Work ........................................................................................................................13 2.5 Summary ..............................................................................................................................15 Chapter 3. Legislative and Policy Developments ..................................................................... 17 3.1 Background ..........................................................................................................................17 3.2 Fuel Economy Standards Overview ....................................................................................18 3.3 Air Quality and Emissions ...................................................................................................30 3.4 Alternative Fuels ..................................................................................................................37 3.5 The California Effect ...........................................................................................................38 3.6 Greenhouse Gas Legislation ................................................................................................39 3.7 Hours of Service Rules ........................................................................................................44 3.8 Idling Reduction ..................................................................................................................44 3.9 Summary ..............................................................................................................................45 Chapter 4. Representative Vehicle Types ................................................................................. 47 4.1 Overview of Representative Vehicles and Fleets ................................................................47 4.2 Methodology for Determining Representative Vehicles .....................................................48 4.3 Representative Vehicles .......................................................................................................52