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Wind Loading of Structures Also available from Taylor & Francis Structures Jennings Hb: ISBN 0–415–26842–7 Pb: ISBN 0–415–26843–5 Buckling of Thin Metal Shells J.G.Teng et al. Hb: ISBN 0–419–24190–6 Ductility of Seismic-Resistant Steel Structures F.Mazzolani et al. Hb: ISBN 0–419–22550–1 Moment-Resistant Connections of Steel Frames in Seismic Areas F.Mazzolani Hb: ISBN 0–415–23577–4 Dynamic Loading and Design of Structures A.Kappos Hb: ISBN 0–419–22930–2 Programming the Dynamic Analysis of Structures P.Bhatt Hb: ISBN 0–419–15610–0 Monitoring and Assessment of Structures G.Armer Hb: ISBN 0–419–23770–4 Wind Loading of Structures Second Edition John D.Holmes LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2001 by Taylor & Francis Second edition published 2007 by Taylor & Francis 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Taylor & Francis 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2001, 2007 John D.Holmes All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any efforts or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Holmes, John D., 1942– Wind loading of structures/John D.Holmes.—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-415-40946-2 (hardback: alk. paper) 1. Wind-pressure. 2. Structural dynamics. 3. Buildings—Aerodynamics. I. Title. TA654.5.H65 2007 624.1′75—dc22 2006014139 ISBN 0-203-96428-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-40946-2 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-203-96428-4 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-40946-9 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-96428-6 (ebk) Table of contents Preface to the second edition vii Preface to the first edition viii 1. The nature of wind storms and wind-induced damage 1 2. Prediction of design wind speeds and structural safety 30 3. Strong wind characteristics and turbulence 55 4. Basic bluff-body aerodynamics 82 5. Resonant dynamic response and effective static load distributions 114 6. Internal pressures 152 7. Laboratory simulation of strong winds and wind loads 164 8. Low-rise buildings 195 9. Tall buildings 221 10. Large roofs and sports stadiums 254 11. Towers, chimneys and masts 269 12. Bridges 290 13. Transmission lines 311 14. Other structures 321 15. Wind loading codes and standards 345 Appendix A: Terminology 366 Appendix B: List of symbols 369 Appendix C: Probability distributions relevant to wind engineering 380 Appendix D: Extreme wind climates—a world survey 390 Appendix E: Some approximate formulas for natural structural frequencies 411 Appendix F: Application of the effective static load method to a simple structure 414 Index 421 Preface to the second edition More than 5 years have elapsed since the first edition of Wind Loading of Structures was published. In that time, the need for good design of structures against the effects of wind has become even more obvious, with the great increase in destructive wind storms that have affected many parts of the world. In particular, this was emphasized by the unprecedented two successive hurricane seasons of 2004 and 2005 on the southern coastline of the United States. Although the original chapter topics of the first edition of the book have remained unchanged, there have been changes to nearly every chapter and appendix. The importance of strong winds generated by thunderstorms has become more recognized by wind engineering researchers in the last 5 years, and Chapters 1 and 3 have been expanded with new material on the structure of tornadoes and downbursts. Chapter 5 also includes a new section on the transient dynamic response to winds of this type. In Chapter 7, the laboratory simulation of tornadoes is discussed; although pioneer work in this area was carried out in the 1960s and 1970s, this was not included in the first edition. Chapter 7 has also been expanded with a new section on the simulation of internal pressures in a wind tunnel. There are changes and additions to Chapters 8, 9, 11, 12 and 14, but none in Chapters 10 and 13. However, Chapter 15 on ‘Wind loading codes and standards’ has been completely re-written. This has been necessary because four out of the six major codes and standards reviewed in the first edition have been revised extensively during the last 5 years (twice in the case of ASCE-7!). However, clearly this chapter will become out of date again quite quickly. Appendix D has also been greatly extended, with basic extreme wind information given for an additional 16 countries or regions. I would like to thank the many people who have provided me with additional information for that part of the book. I would also like to thank the many people who have provided useful comments on the first edition of the book, the several University staff who have adopted the book for teaching post-graduate courses, Dr M.Matsui (Tokyo Polytechnic University) for providing Figure 11.6 and my daughters Lucy and Julia Holmes for the drafting of most of the new figures in the second edition, and assisting with the indexing. I am grateful for the efficient editing and typesetting carried out by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Finally, thanks are due to Taylor & Francis for supporting this book into a second edition, and acceding to most of my requests. Preface to the first edition The wind loading of structures has had significant research effort in many countries during the last 30–35 years. Several thousand research papers have been published in journals and conference proceedings in all aspects of the subject. In many countries, wind loading governs the design of many structures; yet, even there, a good knowledge and understanding of wind loading amongst practising engineers is not widespread, despite the wealth of material available. Why is this the case? There are probably several reasons. The multi-disciplinary nature of the subject—involving probability and statistics, meteorology, the fluid mechanics of bluff bodies and structural dynamics—undoubtedly is a deterrent to structural engineers whose expertise is in the analysis and design of structures under nominally static loads. The subject is usually not taught in University and College courses, except as final year undergraduate electives, or at post-graduate level, although exposure to wind loading codes of practice or standards often occurs in design courses. Like many subjects, the jargon used by specialists and researchers in wind loading can be a deterrent to many non-specialists. This book has been written with the practising structural engineer in mind, based on many years of experience working with clients in this profession. I hope it may also find use in advanced University courses. Although there are several other books on the subject, in this one I have attempted to fill gaps in a number of areas: • An overview of wind loading on structures of all types is given (not just buildings). • The method of effective static wind load distributions is covered in some detail (mainly in Chapter 5). I have found this approach to fluctuating and dynamic wind loading to have good acceptance amongst structural engineers, raised on a diet of static load analysis. • Internal pressures are discussed in some detail (Chapter 6). • An attempt has been made (Appendix D) to give an overview of extreme and design wind speeds for the whole world. This is probably a first anywhere, but it is an important step, and one that needs to be expanded in the future, as design projects are now routinely carried out by structural engineers in countries other than their own. The need for such information will become more important in the future as the expansion in world trade (including engineering services) continues. I have tried to minimize the amount of mathematics, and concentrate on the physical principles involved. In some chapters (e.g. Chapter 5), I have found it necessary to include a significant amount of mathematics, but, hopefully, not at the expense of the physical principles. These sections could be omitted in a first reading. I have been influenced by the work of many outstanding researchers and colleagues in this field over a period of 30 years. They are too many to list but most of their names will be found in the reference lists attached to each chapter. However, a number of people have assisted with the production of this book: Professor K.C.S.Kwok for contributing most of Section 15.9; Dr John Ginger, Michael Syme, Dr Ignatius Calderone and Dr Jannette Frandsen for reading parts of the manuscript; Heather Fordham, Paul Bowditch, Maryjeanne Watt and Harry Fricke for the drafting of figures; Shob Narayan for typing permission letters; and Elizabeth Gray for assisting with indexing. I am most grateful for their assistance. I would also like to thank the staff of E.F.

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