ArchaeologiaEarly Mediaeval Bulgarica Finds from Veliko XII Gradište and2008 the Appearance 1 of Late Avar 87-96 Belt ElementsSofia ...

EARLY MEDIAEVAL FINDS FROM VELIKO GRADIŠTE AND THE APPEARANCE OF LATE AVAR BELT ELEMENTS ALONG THE SOUTHERN BANK OF THE MIDDLE

IVAN BUGARSKI

In 1960, the National Museum of Požarevac by J. Zábojník, more precisely his late SS III purchased several dozen artifacts originating (750-780) phase (Zábojník 1991, 239-241, 248, from Veliko Gradište for its antique collection. Taf. 24/113). Among the objects which are mostly from the The second find is similar. Its dimensions Roman period, several finds dating from a later are 2.7 cm x 1.3 cm. One half of a double– period stand out. Two of them are Late Avar plated small strap-end with a tendril decoration small strap-ends and there is also a belt fitting is preserved (fig. 3) which corresponds to the which can be determined as Hungarian1 . 97 type series, the SS III phase (Zábojník 1991, Veliko Gradište was formed in the location 239-241, 248, Taf. 22/97). Both the finds have of the Roman Pincum at the confluence of the analogous objects in the most representative Pek River with the Danube. Pincum was one and best researched Late Avar cemeteries such of the Roman strongholds on the limes which as Tiszafüred, where they are also dated to the also included a fortification on the other side of second half of the 8th century (Garam 1995, the river at Pojejena de sus. The fortification, 248, 254, Abb. 96/57, 58), and Leobersdorf along which a small settlement was gradually where they are included in the late material of etablished, was probably held in Roman times the SPA IIIa group, dated up to the year 800 by the legio VII Claudia. Historical sources (Daim 1987, 159, Abb. 28). have not confirmed that Pincum was a town; it Similar accidental Late Avar finds from the was probably the centre of the mining area in Serbian part of the Danube river valley origi- the Pek river valley, and was destroyed by the nate from Brestovik – the Jalija and Podunavlje Huns during the Migration Period. It is last men- sites – and from (figs. 4, 5) (Dimit- tioned by Procopius as one of the fortifications rijeviæ et al. 1962, 119, 121)2 . They can be in the Danube river valley which was rebuilt by linked to Zábojník’s types 113, 132, 176 and 251 Emperor Justinian (Mirkoviæ 1968, 101-103). and, accordingly, dated to the end of the SS III The Early Mediaeval finds this paper deals phase or early SS IV phase (780-800/825) (Zá- with testify in a way to the strategic importance bojník 1991, 239-241, 248, Taf. 24/113, 27/132, of Pincum. We shall first mention the finds 33/176, 40/251). The 1.6 cm x 1.2 cm mount from the Late Avar period – two small strap- for the pendant strap of cast bronze, which ends, both of which are of cast bronze. originates from one of the Brestovik sites along One of the small strap-ends is fully pre- the southern bank of the Danube, belongs to Zá- served, double-plated; its dimensions are 3.2 cm bojník’s type 170, i.e. to his SS III phase (750- x 1.5 cm. It is decorated with a tendril motive 780). This finding (fig. 4e) has already been (fig. 2). This finding corresponds to the type listed in a catalogue, without an illustration 113 of the seriation of belt elements provided (£àíêîâèž 1990, 79)3. Corresponding pieces

1 I would like to express my thanks to my colleagues Dragana Spasiæ-Ðuriæ and Teodora Brankoviæ who made it possible for me to view the antique collection of the National Museum of Požarevac. The Late Avar small strap-ends bear the mark CR741 and CR761, while the later dated belt fitting is marked CR764. 2 From the Podunavlje site in Brestovik come accidental finds of Late Avar buckles and a belt fitting, which are housed in the National museum in (Áà¼àëîâèž - ÕàŸè-Ïåøèž 1977, 77) and not accessible at present. 3 I would like to thank Milica Jankoviæ, M.A. and colleagues from the Museum of the City of Belgrade, who enabled me to see, photograph and publish this find. 87 Ivan Bugarski in the Tiszafüred cemetery are similarly dated, ings and the final toppling of the Avar state in overall even a little later, up to the 9th century the 796 and 803 campaigns (Êîâà÷åâèž 1977, (Garam 1995, Abb. 254). 87-89, 95, 97). In view of that, it does not All of them are recognizable as Late Avar seem probable that so much attention was paid finds which have numerous analogous speci- to the southern border that the Avars estab- mens in Pannonia and thanks to which their dat- lished strongholds on the other bank of the Dan- ing is narrowed down and very reliable. How- ube, or even more to the south if we take the ever, the context of this group of findings is Æuprija find into account. Furthermore, a con- very interesting because of the fact that they clusion to that effect is not based on a single originate from the Serbian part of the Danube firm piece of archaeological evidence. river valley, i.e. south of the big rivers (fig. 1). It also seems unlikely that we are witness- One more accidental finding from this area ing here a sheer fashion influence of the Avars needs to be mentioned - a find from Æuprija. It on the non-Avar population across the Danube, is a fragmented belt-mount of cast bronze, with since the Avar society in that period was with- a missing larger part of the element which car- drawing rather than expanding, so that artifacts ried the griffin decoration, while the belt-mount from their authentic material culture, moreover pendant has been preserved (fig. 6). Even made in series and out of modest materials, al- though at publication it was dated to the late 8th most certainly did not represent prestigious and early 9th centuries (£àíêîâèž 1990, 115- goods outside of the Khaganate. The entire 116) when it is compared to numerous analo- problem is further compounded by the scant his- gous finds its primary dating should be estab- torical accounts. lished in 720-750 (Zábojník 1991, 238, Taf. 39/ Therefore it is necessary to first broach the 11-13; Garam 1995, 248, Abb. 98/1, 3, 6, 7). issue of the existence of an Early Mediaeval J. Kovaèeviæ supposed that the Brestovik settlement in Veliko Gradište. The problem of and Ritopek finds originate from the Avars who the origin of the Mediaeval settlement has not advanced their strongholds to the right bank of been resolved in the case of a much better the Danube as part of the defense of their known town in the vicinity, the town of Brani- southern border (Kovaèeviæ 1966, 68; Kovaèe- èevo, heir to the tradition of the Roman Vimi- viæ 1973, 51, 54-55; Kîâà÷åâèž 1977, 138)4. nacium, which was possibly the seat of a bishop According to a somewhat different opinion, as early as the 9th century. Based on this the these finds, along with those from Batajnica, assumption was made that a Slav town was Zemun and Zemun polje, testify to the fact that formed no later than the mid 9th century (Ïî- the Avars surrounded Belgrade in a wide cir- ïîâèž/ Èâàíèøåâèž 1988, 166). If we were cle, cutting off routes towards Sirmium and to extend this assumption to a wider area of the Viminacium as well as navigation on the Dan- Serbian part of the Danube river basin it is pos- ube and Sava rivers (Áà¼àëîâèž-ÕàŸè-Ïå- sible to imagine that Slav settlements existed in øèž 1977, 23). that period, and perhaps even a little earlier, It is nevertheless difficult to believe that this also in Veliko Gradište, as well as in Ritopek group of finds could be proof of the Avar de- and Brestovik or in Æuprija, i.e. in the places ployment across the Danube because it is obvi- which were settled also in Roman times. If this ous that their power was weakening in that pe- was so, finds of Late Avar belt elements could riod (roughly the last third of the 8th century). be attributed to a local Slav population which This was the time of unsuccessful Avar incur- was or had been in contact with the Avars. sions to the West against Francia and Charle- Another explanation for the appearance of a magne’s conquest of the entire area up to the group of Late Avar belt elements south of the Raba river, a time of subjugation and conver- Danube could be that after the breakup of their sion of the Avar tuduns, stifling of Avar upris- Khaganate part of the Avars joined Bulgarian

4 J. Kovaèeviæ (Êîâà÷åâèž 1977, 138) finally claims that these finds originate from cemeteries (sic!), even though in previ- ously quoted publications it is stated that they are accidental finds. 88 Early Mediaeval Finds from Veliko Gradište and the Appearance of Late Avar Belt Elements ...

Fig. 1. Late Avar belt findings in Croatia and , south of the Danube river (no scale) forces. This first took place in the context of pus of samples from the cemeteries, refers Khan Krum’s preparations for the defense from mainly to the region of Pannonia and does not Byzantium. Krum’s Avar mercenaries who we- necessarily apply to all cases. re mentioned in a letter by an anonymous writer Among the archaeological documents testi- from the 9th century (Gjuselev 1966, 21) prob- fying to the disappearance of the Avar cultural ably came from the central areas of the Khaga- identity the example of the mentioned Tisza- nate, where neither the Bulgarian nor the Frank füred cemetery in the Tisza river valley (Garam influence was yet predominant. Along with them 1995) stands out, in which around 100 graves it is also believed that Avar vassals from the east- contain characteristic Late Avar material as late ern part of the Khaganate which was conquered as the 9th century. At the same time, in the cem- by the Bulgarians (Êîâà÷åâèž 1977, 90, 92, eteries east of the Danube one can notice the 98) were present too, but the notion of that con- influence of south Russian steppes and the quest, which belongs to a traditional historical Saltovo-Majaki culture, and in cemeteries interpretation (Èðå÷åê 1978, 159-160, #15), has west of the Danube there is an appearance of been disputed quite convincingly. On the con- elements of costumes and weapons of Frank trary, the appearance of Avar mercenaries in origin (Pohl 1988, 325-326). An interesting Krum’s army serves as an argument that the document of these processes can also be found Bulgarians did not conquer the Avars (Ñüîêå in the latest group of graves of the Zalakomár 1989, 107-111; Szõke 1991, 147-148). cemetery, in which a large number of belt sets The dates primarily attributed to the listed were found whose parts had been either men- finds do not seem to fit into this pattern. It is, ded or replaced. This is accounted for on the however, necessary to note that the dating of one hand by the fact that their production had these objects, even though it is fully reliable and stopped and on the other by non-acceptance of deduced on the basis of an extremely large cor- new forms which had already entered into cus- 89 Ivan Bugarski tomary use in Carolingian Hungary. This exam- latest Avar material. This particularly refers to ple, however telling, should nevertheless be re- the belt-mount from Æuprija. garded locally, because it seems that different It is clear that the small group of accidental Avar communities were assimilated for differ- finds from the Serbian Danube region cannot ent reasons and at a varying pace (Daim 2003, be the basis on which to draw major conclu- 514). The Zalakomár cemetery is actually taken sions, but the analysis presented brings us as a model of a site which shows that disap- closer to the stand that they do not reflect the pearance of a material culture does not have to presence of Khaganate military forces south of mean the disappearance of an ethnic group the Danube in the second half of the 8th cen- (Szõke 1991, 153-154). The production of the tury, and also that compared to the habitual dat- Avar belts itself ended with the downfall of their ing of finds from Pannonia, in this case they state, since that type of representation was sim- might have been in extended use. The two pro- ply no longer appropriate under the new cir- posed interpretations of the finds are based on cumstances (Daim 2001, 151). both historical and archaeological knowledge It could be presumed from the details listed we have so far. above that the group of Late Avar objects found If we were to explore consistently the sec- in the mentioned sites on the right bank of the ond possibility offered, the question arises how Danube are in fact material evidence of the far it would be possible to follow the tracks of Avars having been in Bulgarian service and can, the movement of Bulgarian forces to the West. in view of the historical context, be dated to the In other words, interpreting some similar finds early 9th century, therefore later than would be in the territory of present-day Croatia could be usual in Pannonian cemeteries. The Bulgarians called for. This brief review does not purport to advanced towards the northwest from the early resolve the extremely complex issue of the in- 9th century, reaching the Srem region and the teraction of various populations in this territory rivers Tisza and Drava, where they clashed at the end of the 8th and the first part of the 9th with the Franks in 827. With these advances century, but it is worth mentioning that the avail- they also imposed themselves on the Slav tribes able interpretations of the sites in that area around the Morava and Danube rivers and the where Late Avar material appears are not fully population around the Timok River (Èðå÷åê satisfactory. 1978, 162; Žèðêîâèž 1981, 146-147). Judging For example the Slavonska Požega area, by this model, the Avars in Bulgarian service where a cemetery was excavated in Brodski used their authentic warrior marks5. Their ex- Drenovac, is said to be an area which “could tended use of belt sets could be explained by have been outside the direct reach of the Bul- the fact that they did not have new ones with garians” and the cemetery has therefore been which to replace the old, but it is necessary to attributed to the Slavs of Pannonian Croatia note that the pieces which were found, although from the first half of the 9th century (Vinski- they are from a late period, do not represent the Gasparini/Ercegoviæ 1958, 154). In later stud-

5 It is necessary to note that in this paper the Avars and the Bulgarians are viewed in a wider, cultural and political and not strictly ethnic sense, because of the complex ethnogenesis and multiethnicity of their tribal alliances, which is very well illustrated by W. Pohl who noticed that the finds of Avar belts and weapons in some grave, especially on the outskirts of the Khaganate, could have belonged just as well to a person who spoke a Slavic language and considered himself to be a Bulgarian (Pohl 1998, 42). In line with this the Avars can be considered as a “political ethnos” (Pohl 1988, 329). 6 In this context, useful information comes from an official letter addressed by Dr. S. Živanoviæ, a biophysical anthropologist, to the National Museum in Zemun, in which he says, when describing a skull from a horseman’s grave #14 from the cemetery:”Judging by the look of the skull and the skull’s index values it gives the impression of a mongoloid racial type”. I obtained a copy of this note through the late Danica Dimitrijeviæ. As to the so-called Pannonian Croats, it is of utmost importance to note that the results of the new anthropological analyses point to different populations being buried in Dal- matia, e.g. in Nin (”a site representing the nucleus of the early Mediaeval Croat state”) and in the north of the continental part of present-day Croatia, in Privlaka and in Stari Jankovci, which belong to ”the cluster of Avaroslav sites west of the Danube” (Šlaus et al. 2004, 438, 441). 90 Early Mediaeval Finds from Veliko Gradište and the Appearance of Late Avar Belt Elements ...

Fig. 2. The Veliko Gradište Late Avar small Fig. 7. The Veliko Gradište Hungarian belt strap-end (drawing N. Lazareviæ, scale 1:1) fitting (drawing N. Lazareviæ, scale 1:1)

Fig. 3. The Veliko Gradište Late Avar small strap-end (drawing N. Lazareviæ, scale 1:1)

Fig. 4. The Brestovik Late Avar findings (a-d: after Dimitrijeviæ et al. 1962,119, Figs. 1-4e: photo B. Jovanoviæ, scale 1:1)

Fig. 5. The Ritopek Late Avar small strap-end (after Dimitrijeviæ et al. 1962,121, fig. 1, scale 1:1)

Fig. 6. The Ãuprija Late Avar belt-mount pendant (after Jàíêîâèž 1990,116, 108/2, scale 1:1?)

91 Ivan Bugarski ies the date of the cemetery has been limited to sites: “At that time, that is after the fall of the the early 9th century (Tomièiæ 2002, 136) with a Avar predominance, there is an indisputable note that “Pannonian Croats equipped in the appearance of already explicitly Slav cemeter- Avar way were buried in this cemetery, together ies in rows in the area between the Drava, with a few Avar graves” (Beloševiæ 2001, 83)6. Danube and Sava rivers, with more or less no- Part of the graves from the Bijelo Brdo I cem- ticeable remnants of the Avar presence…” etery (Vinski 1958, 16-17), which is older as a (Vinski 1971, 67). The views more recently ex- whole, is dated to the early 9th century, while pressed by J. Beloševiæ (2001) are in the same the Otok cemetery near Vinkovci “gives pre- spirit, with the distinction that Z. Vinski (1987, cious information on the Slav-Avar symbiosis in 205) is skeptical about putting an equation mark the course of the 8th century” (Tomièiæ 2002, between the Pannonian Slavs and the Panno- 133, 141). The nearby cemetery in the village nian Croats. With a justified partial lowering of Privlaka is viewed in the same context, except the chronology and non-insistence on the Slav that J. Beloševiæ (2001, 83) dated the two sites (Croat) attribution, the group of finds from near Vinkovci up to the early 9th century. The northern Croatia are nevertheless not more Otok cemetery was initially dated alike, to the concretely determined in the second later pa- end of the 8th and the beginning of the 9th cen- per (Tomièiæ 2002). tury (Dimitrijeviæ 1957, 30). J. Kovaèeviæ, however, in line with his The Visoki Brijeg cemetery in Velika Gorica above-mentioned concept, considers part of is considered to be a Slav cemetery formed these sites to be Avar border cemeteries, and around 800 (Simoni 1981, 160), or a site which dates them to the 8th century, while singling out along with the other cemeteries from the west- the cemetery in Velika Gorica because it is on ern part of the area bordered by the Drava, the Balkan side of the Sava River (Kovaèeviæ Danube and Sava rivers (Prelog-Cirkovljan, 1966, 68; Êîâà÷åâèž 1977, 138-139). Reser- Zagreb-Kruge, Zagreb-Novo Èiæe) represents vations expressed about this interpretation have a relic “from the period of the conflict between already been presented here. Finally, an as- the Frank kingdom with the nomadic (sic!) state sumption could be made that the Late Avar of the Avars” (Tomièiæ 2002, 141). Some of the material found in some of these sites contains graves containing finds of Carolingian weapons evidence of the Bulgarian advance to the West, are even considered to be graves of Croats, which should be taken quite hypothetically at “participants in the joint war with the Franks this level of research. The big cemeteries against the Avars” (Beloševiæ 2001, 83). Avar should certainly not be interpreted in this way graves from the Zagreb-Kruge site were ini- because they reflect long-lasting processes. tially dated to a period a little later than could One more find of a belt fitting from Veliko be concluded on the basis of the archaeological Gradište is very characteristic. On the basis of material alone, to the end of the 8th century clear analogies it can be dated to the 10th cen- (Simoni 1981, 157-160), but this was later cor- tury and ethnically, with a certain cautious re- rected to the second half of the same century serve, can be ascribed to the Hungarians. The (Tomièiæ 2002, 131). Ž. Tomièiæ dates the belt fitting is of cast bronze, heart-shaped, with a Prelog-Cirkovljan cemetery to the end of the pair of rivets used to fix it to the belt in the back. 8th and the beginning of the 9th century, and two Its dimensions are 3.0 cm x 1.7 cm (fig. 7). graves from the Zagreb-Novo Èiæe locality Here too it is unnecessary to list numerous around the year 800 (Tomièiæ 2002, 130, 132, analogies from corresponding temporal and eth- 141). nic contexts: we could only mention that very Z. Vinski summarizes the earlier line of similar finds originate from the cemeteries Ho- thinking about the ethnic interpretation of these mokmégy-Halom and Ladánybene-Benepuszta 7 A mediaeval jewellery hoard, dated to the end of the 10th and the beginning of the 11th century (Ìèíèž/ Òîìèž 1974), or to the 10th century in a second review (£àíêîâèž 1990, 81), also originates from the Grad locality in Veliko Gradište, which corresponds to the area of the Roman Pincum fortification. 92 Early Mediaeval Finds from Veliko Gradište and the Appearance of Late Avar Belt Elements ...

Fig. 8. The distribution map of the 10th century Hungarian findings (after Bálint 1991, Taf. XXXIV).

The Early Mediaeval finds from Veliko (The Ancient Hungarians, 312, fig. 1, 339, fig. Gradište, along with those from Ritopek, 6) and from the Gádoros cemetery (Bálint 1991, Brestovik and Æuprija, testify to the dynamic 38, Taf. V/2). processes which unfolded in the area of the It is possible to link this belt fitting with the Serbian part of the Danube river valley after artifacts housed in the National Museum in Bel- the fall of the Roman Empire, and before the grade and in the Museum of the City of Bel- Byzantine re-occupation of the Danube limes. grade, which were pointed out by Cs. Bálint. The big river - a mighty communication route There is a relatively large number of sites in as well as border - was to maintain this role which the author has recognized Hungarian th later in the Middle Ages and up to the modern material from the 10 century, with the reserve times. that some of the presented finds could also be interpreted differently. The finds from Vinèa, BIBLIOGRAPHY Ritopek, , Brestovik, Dubrovica and oth- Áà¼àëîâèž - ÕàŸè-Ïåøèž, Ì. 1977. Ñðåäœîâå- ers could be of Hungarian origin, or produced in êîâíîì Áåîãðàäó ó ïîõîäå. Áåîãðàä. the Bijelo Brdo context after the Hungarian Èðe÷åê, K. 1978. Èñòîðèÿ íà Áüëãàðèòå. Ñîôèÿ. £àíêîâèž, Ñëîâåíè ó £óãîñëîâåíñêîì model, but M. 1990. they certainly originate from the ïîäóíàâšó Áåîãðàä th . . southern Hungarian border in the 10 century Êîâà÷åâèž, £. 1977. Àâàðñêè êàãàíàò. Áåîãðàä. (fig. 8) (Bálint 1991, 105, Taf. XXXIII, Ìèíèž, Ä./Òîìèž, Ì. 1974. Îñòàâà ñðåäœîâå- 7 XXXIV) . êîâíîã íàêèòà èç Âåëèêîã Ãðàäèøòà. – Ñòàðèíàð 93 Ivan Bugarski

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äèùå, îò Áðåñòîâèê (ôèã. 4), Ðèòîïåê (ôèã. 5), è çà åòíè÷åñêî è õðîíîëîãè÷íî îïðåäåëÿíå íà ãðóïà ×óïðèÿ (ôèã. 6) – âñè÷êè íàìåðåíè íà äåñíèÿ áðÿã ñåëèùà è íåêðîïîëè â äíåøíà Ñåâåðíà Õúðâàòèÿ íà Äóíàâ. Òåçè ïðåäìåòè ñå äàòèðàò âúâ âòîðàòà (ôèã. 1), â êîèòî ñà îòêðèòè êúñíîàâàðñêè ïðåäìå- ïîëîâèíà íà V²²² âåê âúç îñíîâà íà äîáðå ïðîó÷å- òè. Ïðåç 827 ãîäèíà íàïðåäâàùèòå îò èçòîê ôðàí- íè ïîäîáèÿ îò Ïàíîíèÿ. Îáñúæäàíèòå òóê íàõîä- êè è ïðèäâèæâàùèòå ñå íà ñåâåðîçàïàä áúëãàðè ñå êè íå ñå òúëêóâàò êàòî äîêàçàòåëñòâî çà àâàðñêè ñáëúñêâàò íà ðåêà Äðàâà. Òàêà êúñíîàâàðñêèòå ïîõîä ïî äåñíèÿ äóíàâñêè áðÿã, íèòî êàòî òÿõíî íàõîäêè â íÿêîè õúðâàòñêè îáåêòè ìîæå äà ñà ñâè- ìîäíî âëèÿíèå âúðõó íàñåëåíèåòî þæíî îò Äóíàâ. äåòåëñòâî çà òîâà íàõëóâàíå íà áúëãàðñêè âîåííè Åäíî îáÿñíåíèå çà ïîÿâàòà íà òåçè ïðåäìåòè ìîãàò ÷àñòè, êîèòî â äîïúëíåíèå ìîãàò äà âêëþ÷âàò è äà áúäàò ñëàâÿíñêè ñåëèùà âúâ Âåëèêî Ãðàäèùå, àâàðñêè íàåìíèöè. Ðèòîïåê, Áðåñòîâèê è ×óïðèÿ, êîèòî âúçíèêâàò Óíãàðñêàòà êîëàííà àïëèêàöèÿ (ôèã. 7) îò Õ íàé-êúñíî â ïúðâàòà ïîëîâèíà íà ²Õ âåê. Òàêà òå- âåê, íàìåðåíà âúâ Âåëèêî Ãðàäèùå, îòðàçÿâà ñú- çè êîëàííè åëåìåíòè áèõà ïðèíàäëåæàëè íà ñëà- ùî äèíàìè÷íè ïðîöåñè íà Ñðåäåí Äóíàâ (ôèã. 8). âÿíè, áèëè â êîíòàêò ñ àâàðè èëè ïîääúðæàùè òà- Ðåêàòà áèëà è ìîùíî ñðåäñòâî çà êîìóíèêàöèÿ, è êúâ. Âòîðà âúçìîæíà èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ å, ÷å òåçè àð- ãðàíèöà ñëåä ïàäàíåòî íà Ðèìñêàòà èìïåðèÿ è òåôàêòè ïðèíàäëåæàëè íà àâàðè, âêëþ÷åíè êàòî ïðåäè âèçàíòèéñêàòà ðåîêóïàöèÿ. íàåìíèöè â áúëãàðñêàòà àðìèÿ ñëåä óíèùîæàâà- íåòî íà òåõíèÿ õàãàíàò ïî âðåìåòî íà áúëãàðñêèÿ Ivan Bugarski, MA õàí Êðóì. Ïðèíöèïíî ïî-ðàííàòà äàòèðîâêà íà Institute of Archaeology òàêèâà êúñíîàâàðñêè íàõîäêè îçíà÷àâà, ÷å îá- Knez Mihailova 35/IV ñúæäàíèòå áèëè óïîòðåáÿâàíè ïî-äúëãî âðåìå. SRB-11000 Belgrade Ñëåäâàéêè âòîðîòî îáÿñíåíèå ñòèãàìå äî òåçà [email protected]

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