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Maria Helena De Sousa Guedes Round the Kitchen Table

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Maria Helena De Sousa Guedes Round the Kitchen Table Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Línguas e Culturas 2013 MARIA HELENA ROUND THE KITCHEN TABLE DE SOUSA The poetic work of Joy Harjo GUEDES À MESA DA COZINHA O trabalho poético de Joy Harjo Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Línguas e Culturas 2013 MARIA HELENA ROUND THE KITCHEN TABLE DE SOUSA The poetic work of Joy Harjo GUEDES À MESA DA COZINHA O trabalho poético de Joy Harjo Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Línguas, Literaturas e Culturas, realizada sob a orientação científica do Dr. David Callahan, Professor Associado do Departamento de Línguas e Culturas da Universidade de Aveiro. Ao Espírito do Vento, Criador da Respiração, com gratidão pelo dom da Vida, pelo amor da Poesia. Hesaketvmese, mvto, vnokeckv. To the Wind Spirit, Maker of Breath, in gratitude for the gift of Life, for the love of Poetry. o júri presidente Profª. Doutora Maria Aline Salgueiro de Seabra Ferreira Professora Associada da Universidade de Aveiro vogais Prof. Doutor Kenneth David Callahan Professor Associado da Universidade de Aveiro (orientador) Prof. Doutor Joaquim João Cunha Braamcamp de Mancelos Professor Auxiliar Convidado do Departamento de Comunicação e Artes da Universidade da Beira Interior - Covilhã (arguente) agradecimentos O presente trabalho foi uma feliz viagem pelas terras mátrias de povos que julgamos serem personagens de histórias e lendas, mas estão vivos e sonham revelar o seu património cultural multifacetado e valorizar o mundo. Agradeço a todas as pessoas que me acompanharam nesta expedição. Ao Professor Dr. David Callahan, meu orientador, de incansável paciência e disponibilidade, pela sua constante confiança em mim que muito me encorajou e inspirou para ir mais além do que julgava ser capaz, acompanhando sempre com muita generosidade, cuidadosa atenção, sábias sugestões, um trabalho árduo o seu, pelo qual sinto muita gratidão, proporcionando-me um melhor conhecimento dos mundos das culturas e literatura das nações Índias Americanas, uma mundividência de valor não-consumista para o mundo que todos habitamos; às minhas irmãs e irmãos consanguíneos e do coração, seres humanos, uns com nome (Malicinha, Marta, Joana, Margarida, Nonó, Paulinha, Filipa, Fátinha, bebé Letícia, Eugénia, Maria da Luz, Joaquim Manuel, Cristo, Hugo, Pedro, Zé Joaquim, Carlos Miguel, Paulo, …), outros ainda em busca de reconhecimento (refugiados e sem-abrigo, desempregados e os esquecidos nos hospitais, prisões e nas suas próprias casas, sozinhos) e, também, aos meus alunos e colegas professores, todos sonhando com caminhos de felicidade para a jornada da Vida; à tia Nazarette pelas histórias, canções, mimos e orações que me fortaleceram a mente e me revitalizaram o espírito; às senhoras e senhores que atendem na Biblioteca da Universidade de Aveiro, na Reprografia e nos Serviços Administrativos, Reitoria e Secretaria do DLC, pela sempre boa e atenta colaboração; à minha mãe e a meu pai, honrando a sua memória sempre presente e alavanca da coragem e perseverança. palavras-chave Joy Harjo, Americana Nativa, Índia Americana, fronteira, cultura, diversidade, responsabilidade ética, património, identidade, relação intercultural, literatura, poesia, responsabilidade política, espiritualidade. resumo O presente trabalho propõe-se aprofundar o conhecimento do património humano e cultural das comunidades Indígenas Norte- Americanas, por intermédio do exemplo da poesia de Joy Harjo, para melhor compreender e respeitar a diversidade da vida gerada pela Mãe em comum, a Terra. Ao procurar refletir sobre uma visão pluridimensional do mundo, será desenvolvida uma abordagem no contexto de expressão cultural Índia Americana, ou Ameríndia, particularmente a poesia contemporânea de Joy Harjo. A poetisa de ascendência Muskogee-Creek sugere que, pela dialética de espiritualidade, os seres humanos encontrem caminhos para resolver questões e dilemas das comunidades Índias Americanas e da comunidade humana multicultural global. Seguindo este processo, vai dar relevância à dinâmica das interrelações que inclui intervenção pessoal e coletiva. Na partilha de ideias e, também, de atitudes, as pessoas podem conhecer como cultivar e educar uma consciência de responsabilidade pela dignificação e valorização da diversidade. Finalmente, concordando que a literatura tem um papel crucial no desenvolvimento de interrelações humanas com menos tensão e menos conflitos sociais, pondo em prática a cultura dialética de espiritualidade exposta por Joy Harjo, a humanidade pode viver em comum com harmonia e justiça, em equilíbrio com todos os outros elementos e seres vivos que existem à nossa volta. Esta dissertação é composta por uma contextualização teórica do tema e introdução, a Parte I, um estudo interpretativo da poesia de Joy Harjo, a Parte II, e pela conclusão, a Parte III. keywords Joy Harjo, Native American, American Indian, border, culture, diversity, ethical care, heritage, identity, intercultural relationship, literature, poetry, political responsibility, spirituality. abstract This dissertation aims to explore the human and cultural heritage of North American Indigenous communities, through the example of the poetry of Joy Harjo, in order to increase understanding and respect for the diversity of life supported by the sharing Mother, the Earth. In the attempt to ponder a pluri-dimensional viewing of the world, an approach will be developed in the context of American Indian cultural expression, particularly the contemporary poetry of Joy Harjo, of Muskogee-Creek descent, who suggests a dialectics of spirituality to help human beings in the search for responses to issues and dilemmas both of American Indians and the global multicultural human community. In this process, she focuses on the dynamics of interrelationships combined with personal and collective activism. By sharing ideas and attitudes as well, everyone can learn how to cultivate and educate an awareness of responsibility towards dignifying and valuing diversity. To sum up, in accordance with the crucial role of literature in the evolution of human interrelationships with less social tension and fewer conflicts, by cultivating the dialectics of spirituality articulated by Harjo, human beings can share life in harmony and justice at the same time as we maintain a balanced coexistence with other elements and beings. This dissertation is composed of an introduction and theoretical contextualization of the theme in Part I, an interpretative study of Joy Harjo’s poetry in Part II, and the conclusion in Part III. CONTENTS ÍNDICE / CONTENTS Páginas / pages PART I – INTRODUCTION 3 5 - A journey across identities 11 - How the concept Identity begins to emerge - Identity grounded in tribal ancestry 13 - Threats to American Indian heritage or tales of the dysfunctions of colonization 16 - How survival triggers a new language 22 - From American Indian woe’sàsesitivityà 28 - The power of words for an interconnected multi-valued world 42 PART II FOLLOWING THE WIND FOR TRUTH, – 47 BLOWING THE SOUNDS FOR JUSTICE, BREATHING FOR THE POWER OF LANGUAGE 49 - Making choices and taking decisions 53 - Spiritual word webs - Diversity sharing claims respect 60 - Ethical care against tension 69 - Poetry, a major guardian of human beings’àseseàofàself 74 - Streams of energy in praise of memory 91 - In the aftermath of a kitchen table made of language 100 - Chants for the strength of spirit 106 - How being became human through the power of 112 memory - Earth, Home, Being, three words in a name: Centre of the World 119 - Contributions towards puzzling a paradox out 121 - Intercultural worlds teamed up in counterpoint 132 PART III – CONCLUSION 143 BIBLIOGRAPHY 151 FILMOGRAPHY 162 The oerie poer of laguage i Natie Aeria oral traditions – that aility to rig ito eig ad thus radically enter into reality – intersects with what has ee alled the deelopet of histori osiousess as a result of ritte laguage. Louis Owens, Other Destinies, 9 1 2 PART I Introduction 3 4 A journey across identities We appear to live in a world without many frontiers – trade and business without frontiers, racially discriminating aggressive attitudes and power without frontiers, lack of ethics and human social values without frontiers, a boundless lack of awareness concerning the environment, the place where we live, the air we breathe, the water we drink without frontiers, the globalized world we have all heard of. At the same time, within this world, there are many peoples for whom borders remain crucial, as we can see in conflicts in most continents. North America seems to be one continent that is free of conflict, and yet within North America there are peoples who have lost the right to borders, Indigenous peoples who remain colonized. That is to say that many human communities have been prevented from the right to sovereignty on behalf of invaders who left behind their European homeland to pursue their dreams, while appearing to be possessively blind to embracing different worldviews. I asked the oldest of my old ones what his opinions were of the hiteà a’sà supetehology:à hisà flightà toà theà oo,à hisà atoià weapons, his present status in the Middle East. He stared into the fire for a moment, then looked up at me with a faint smile and said: Weà lookà upoà theà hiteà a’sà oldà ofà odes as trivia – and short-lived’. Louis Littlecoon, The Horned Snake (quoted by Joy Harjo, Soul Talk, Song Language, 92) In this process, three particular dates 1494, 1529 and 1550 relate to a crucial
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