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Internet Filters a Public Policy Re P O R T MARJORIE HEINS, CHRISTINA CHO AND ARIEL FELDMAN Internet Filters A PUBLIC POLICY RE P O R T SECOND EDITION, FULLY REVISED AND UPDATED WITH A NEW INTRODUCTION The Brennan Center for Justice, founded in 1995, unites thinkers and advocates in pursuit of a vision of inclusive and effective democracy. The Free Expression Policy Project founded in 2000, provides research and advocacy on free speech, copyright, and media democracy issues. FEPP joined the Brennan Center in 2004. Michael Waldman Executive Director Deborah Goldberg Director Democracy Program Marjorie Heins Coordinator Free Expression Policy Project The Brennan Center is grateful to the Robert Sterling Clark Foundation, the Nathan Cummings Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts for support of the Free Expression Policy Project. Thanks to Kristin Glover, Judith Miller, Neema Trivedi, Samantha Frederickson, Jon Blitzer, and Rachel Nusbaum for research assistance. 2006. This work is covered by a Creative Commons “Attribution – No Derivatives – Noncommercial” License. It may be reproduced in its entirety as long as the Brennan Center for Justice, Free Expression Policy Project is credited, a link to the Project’s Web site is provided, and no charge is imposed. The report may not be reproduced in part or in altered form, or if a fee is charged, without our permission (except, of course, for “fair use”). Please let us know if you reprint. Cover illustration: © 2006 Lonni Sue Johnson Contents Executive Summary • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • i Introduction To The Second Edition The Origins of Internet Filtering • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 The “Children’s Internet Protection Act” (CIPA) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 Living with CIPA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 Filtering Studies During and After 2001• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 The Continuing Challenge • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8 I. The 2001 Research Scan Updated: Over- And Underblocking By Internet Filters America Online Parental Controls • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 Bess • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 ClickSafe • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14 Cyber Patrol • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14 Cyber Sentinel • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21 CYBERsitter • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 FamilyClick • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25 I-Gear • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 26 Internet Guard Dog • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 28 Net Nanny • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 Net Shepherd • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 30 Norton Internet Security • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31 SafeServer • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31 SafeSurf • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 32 SmartFilter • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 32 SurfWatch • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 35 We-Blocker • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 38 WebSENSE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 38 X-Stop • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 39 II. Research During and After 2001 Introduction: The Resnick Critique • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 45 Report for the Australian Broadcasting Authority • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 46 “Bess Won’t Go There” • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49 Report for the European Commission: Currently Available COTS Filtering Tools • • • 50 Report for the European Commission: Filtering Techniques and Approaches • • • • • • • 52 Reports From the CIPA Litigation • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 53 Two Reports by Peacefire More Sites Blocked by Cyber Patrol • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 60 WebSENSE Examined • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 61 Two Reports by Seth Finkelstein BESS vs. Image Search Engines • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 61 BESS’s Secret Loophole • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 61 The Kaiser Family Foundation: Blocking of Health Information • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 62 Two Studies From the Berkman Center for Internet and Society Web Sites Sharing IP Addresses • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 64 Empirical Analysis of Google SafeSearch • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 65 Electronic Frontier Foundation/Online Policy Group Study • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 66 American Rifleman • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 67 Colorado State Library • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 68 OpenNet Initiative • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 68 Rhode Island ACLU • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 69 Consumer Reports • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 69 Lynn Sutton PhD Dissertation: Experiences of High School Students Conducting Term Paper Research • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 70 Computing Which? Magazine • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 71 PamRotella.com: Experiences With iPrism • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 71 New York Times: SmartFilter Blocks Boing Boing • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 72 Conclusion and Recommendations • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 73 Bibliography • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 74 Executve Summary Every new technology brings with it both “tasteless/gross,” or “lifestyle”—their products excitement and anxiety. No sooner was the In- arbitrarily and irrationally blocked many Web ternet upon us in the 1990s than anxiety arose pages that had no relation to the disapproved over the ease of accessing pornography and content categories. For example: other controversial content. In response, en- • Net Nanny, SurfWatch, CYBERsitter, and trepreneurs soon developed filtering products. Bess blocked House Majority Leader Rich- By the end of the decade, a new industry had ard “Dick” Armey’s officialW eb site upon emerged to create and market Internet filters. detecting the word “dick.” These filters were highly imprecise. The • SmartFilter blocked the Declaration of problem was intrinsic to filtering technology. Independence, Shakespeare’s complete The sheer size of the Internet meant that iden- plays, Moby Dick, and Marijuana: Facts for tifying potentially offensive content had to be Teens, a brochure published by the National done mechanically, by matching “key” words Institute on Drug Abuse. and phrases; hence, the blocking of Web sites for “Middlesex County,” “Beaver College,” • SurfWatch blocked the human rights and “breast cancer”—just three of the bet- site Algeria Watch and the University of ter-known among thousands of examples of Kansas’s Archie R. Dykes Medical Library overly broad filtering. Internet filters were (upon detecting the word “dykes”). crude and error-prone because they catego- • CYBERsitter blocked a news item on the rized expression without regard to its context, Amnesty International site after detecting meaning, and value. the phrase “least 21.” (The offending sen- Some policymakers argued that these inac- tence described “at least 21” people
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