DOCSLIB.ORG

Changes in the Morphology of Mouse Vertebrae Exhibit Specific Patterns Over Limited Numbers of Vertebral Levels

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Changes in the Morphology of Mouse Vertebrae Exhibit Specific Patterns Over Limited Numbers of Vertebral Levels Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 76(1): 17-32, May, 1999 The Mouse Vertebrae: Changes in the Morphology of Mouse Vertebrae Exhibit Specific Patterns Over Limited Numbers of Vertebral Levels By Harumichi SHINOHARA Division of Human Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan -Received for Publication, December 16, 1998- Key Words: Vertebral column, Metameric body pattern, Genes, Gross anatomy Summary: The mouse vertebrae from the cervix to the tip of the tail were characterized and anatomical features that have been lacking were added to the classical description. The vertebrae consist of six long-range and fourteen short- range substructures, with the foveal process being a newly identified substructure. The caudal transverse process, cranial hemal process and hemal ridge are substructures that are clearly defined in the mouse. Each long-range and short-range substructure has several specific morphological features such as length, width, area, shape and angle. These features exibit a crescendo, plateau or decrescendo pattern over a limited number of vertebral segments that ranges from just a few to twenty. The variety of substructural combinations and the constant changes in the morpho- logical features lead to the fact that no single vertebra has the same morphology as any other. An analysis of the patterns of changes in morphology provides some insight into the genetic plan for the metameric body axis. The vertebral column of the mouse has been morphological features of the coccygeal vertebrae studied for almost half a century (Gruneberg, 1950; are described for the first time in detail. The verte- Searle, 1954; Green, 1962). The cited early studies brae of the mouse were found to be composed were focussed on genetic variations into emphasis of a combination of substructures, such as the on changes of the number of vertebrae and in some body, arch and several additional processes. The osteological characteristics, such as the anterior tu- length, shape and other morphological features of bercles of the cervial vertebrae and the lumber rib. the substructures changed with crescendo, plateau In terms of anatomy, such observations were quite and decrescendo patterns. Some of these patterns limited. In more recent decades, systematic de- can be interpreted in the context of molecular scriptions of the vertebral column of the mouse development. were published (Cook, 1965; Hummel et al. , 1966; Cook, 1983). Furthermore, several very recent at- tempts were made to quantitate the morphological Materials and Methods changes in the vertebrae along the antero-posterior axis and some subtle but important features of the Eight C57BL/6 mice, four males and four fe- vertebral column were characterized (Johnson and males, of 15-25 weeks of age were used for the O'Higgins, 1994; O'Higgins et al., 1997). However, present study. They were euthanized with ether and such quantitation is not yet sufficient to define the skinned. The head, anterior and posterior limbs, morphology of the vertebrae from the cervix to the thoracic and abdominal viscera were removed, and tail. the trunk musculature was removed with the costae The primary purpose of the present study was as far as possible. A straight copper wire of 0.2 mm to characterize the entire vertebral column of the in diameter was inserted into the vertebral foramen mouse and to supplement previous incomplete an- of the first cervical vertebra, passed through the atomical descriptions. Moreover, in this report, the vertebral canal and pulled outfrom the interverte- Part of this work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research no. 0167-0010 from the Ministry of Education, Japan. 17 18 H. Shinohara brat space between the sixth lumbar and first sacral lumbar, sacral and proximal three coccygeal verte- vertebrae. The tail was fastened to a straight cop- brae. The vertebral body, the arch and the seven per wire of 0.8 mm in diameter. These wires pre- specific processes were defined as long-range sub- vented the vertebrae from disorganized and kept structures that were present at more than 30 verte- the vertebral column straight during subsequent brae, that is to say, in more than half of the total treatments. The vertebral column was fixed in 10% vertebrae. There were also short-range substruc- formalin for several days and rinsed in tap water. tures that were present at fewer than 30 vertebral Then soft tissues were carefully and thoroughly re- levels (Table 1). The vertebrae at all levels con- moved under a dissecting microscope. The verte- sisted of combinations of these long-range and bral column was kept in distilled water and stained short-range substructures. For example, the ninth with alizarin red (several drops of a 0.1 % solution thoracic vertebra consisted of a body; an arch, of alizarin red in 100 ml of distilled water). Four which was studded with the seven processes; and a specimens were dehydrated in a graded ethanol se- pair of short-range substructures, namely, the fo- ries, cleared in xylene and examined for continuous veal processes. The morphology of the individual changes in vertebral substructures and in their substructures was, however, unstable and there morphological features (Figs. 1, 2 and 3). The ap- were both gradual and sudden changes. For exam- proximate sizes of intervertebral foramina were ple, visual estimation of the craniocaudal length of measured with a micrometer under a dissecting mi- the coccygeal body (Fig. 1) revealed an increase in croscope. In the case of the remaining four speci- the proximal part of the tail and a gradual decrease mens, the individual vertebrae were separated, in the distal part (see also Fig. 5). This change in cleaned and air-dried. The craniocaudal length of length can be described as a crescendo-decrescendo each vertebra was measured with a micrometer pattern. Meticulous observations of the vertebral under a dissecting microscope. The cranial surface column revealed that the vertebrae were composed of each vertebra was photographed (Fig. 4) and the of long-range and short-range substructures whose area of the vertebral foramen was calculated with a morphological features changed from one segment computerized image analyzer (CIA 102; Olympus, to the next, with combinations of crescendo, Japan). plateau and decrescendo patterns. Thus, no single vertebra was morphologically identical to any other. Results General features Table 1. The long-rangeand short-rangesubstructures that The vertebral column (Figures 1, 2 and 3) con- formthe vertebraeof the mouse sisted of 59 to 61 vertebrae. There were seven cer- vical vertebrae (C1—C7),thirteen thoracic verte- brae (T1—T13),six lumbar vertebrae (L1—L6),four sacral vertebrae (S1—S4)and from 29 to 31 coccy- geal vertebrae (Col—Co31). The vertebral column had two curvatures; lordosis at the cervico-thoracic border and kyphosis at the thoraco-lumbar border. For convenience, the number of coccygeal verte- brae was taken as 29 because five out of eight mice (more than 60%) had 29 such vertebrae. The actual number of coccygeal vertebrae seemed to depend on the extent of ossification of a few segments at the tip of the tail. Thus, older mice tended to have a larger number of coccygeal vertebrae. However, no analysis of differences between young and old or male and female mice was performed in the present study. Each vertebra consisted of a body and an arch (Fig. 4). Seven processes, namely, a pair of trans- verse processes, a pair of cranial articular proc- esses, a pair of caudal articular processes and an unpaired spinous process, extended from the body and arch and were found in the cervical, thoracic, Morphology of Mouse Vertebrae 19 Fig. 5. The pattern of changes in craniocaudal length of the vertebral body. A crescendo-decrescendopattern with a clear maximum (arrow) is present for the cervical, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions, respectively.The thoracic region exhibits a crescendo- plateau-crescendo pattern. The lengths at Cl and C2 are exceptional due to the absence of the vertebral body at Cl and the presence of the dens axis at C2. N: Number of specimensexamined. Long-range substructures midsagittal line to form the vertebral foramen. The 1. The vertebral body area of the vertebral foramen (Fig. 6) exhibited a The vertebral body was one of the most consis- decrescendo pattern from Cl to T6, with small tent substructures. It was found in all vertebrae fluctuations at C5, C6 and C7. Then it exhibited a with the exception of C1 (atlas). The morphological crescendo-decrescendo pattern from 17 to Co4, features of the vertebral body included the cranio- with a peak at Ll. There was no vertebral foramen caudal length, the shapes and the depth. The mean at Co4 and Co5 (Figs. 1 and 4) as a result of the craniocaudal lengths of the vertebral bodies are abscence of curved laminae (spina bifida). Spina shown in Figure 5. The length exhibited a crescendo- bifida occurs normally at Co4 or CoS; spina bifida is decrescendo pattern in the cervical, lumbar, sacral anomalous only if it occurs at additional cranial and coccygeal regions, respectively (arrows in levels. Fig. 5). The thoracic region exhibited a cresendo- plateau-crescendo pattern. The shape of the cranial 3. The transverse process surface of the body also changed with vertebral The representative bone extension to the lateral levels: it was oval from C3 to T2, bell-shaped from side was designated the transverse process. In a T3 to T10, trapezoid from T12 to L2 and triangular series of thoracic vertebrae, the transverse process from L6 to S3 (Fig. 4). The depth of the vertebral was replaced by three bony extensions. These ex- body was reported by O'Higgins et al. (1997). tensions, namely, the foveal process, cranial tuber- cle and caudal tubercle, were independent sub- 2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sesamoid Bone in the Tendon of the Supinator Muscle of Dogs: Incidence and Comparison of Radiographic and Computed Tomographic Features
    Sesamoid bone in the tendon of the supinator muscle of dogs: incidence and comparison of radiographic and computed tomographic features Word count: 8473 Manon Dorny Student number: 01609678 Supervisor: Dr. Ingrid Gielen Supervisor: Prof. dr. Wim Van Den Broeck Supervisor: Dr. Aquilino Villamonte Chevalier A dissertation submitted to Ghent University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Medicine Academic year: 2018 - 2019 Ghent University, its employees and/or students, give no warranty that the information provided in this thesis is accurate or exhaustive, nor that the content of this thesis will not constitute or result in any infringement of third-party rights. Ghent University, its employees and/or students do not accept any liability or responsibility for any use which may be made of the content or information given in the thesis, nor for any reliance which may be placed on any advice or information provided in this thesis. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the people that helped me accomplish this thesis and helped me achieve my degree in veterinary science. First of all I would like to thank Dr. Ingrid Gielen, Dr. Aquilino Villamonte Chevalier and Prof. Dr. Wim Van Den Broeck. I thank them all for their time spend in helping me with my research, their useful advice and their endless patience. Without their help, I wouldn’t have been able to accomplish this thesis. Next I would like to thank my family and friends for their continuing support and motivation during the last years of vet school. My parents and partner especially, for all the mental breakdowns they had to endure in periods of exams and deadlines.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Development of Sesamoid Bones
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/316901; this version posted May 8, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. On the Development of Sesamoid Bones Shai Eyal1*, Sarah Rubin1, Sharon Krief1, Lihi Levin1 and Elazar Zelzer1 1 Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel * Current address: University of California at San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Corresponding author: [email protected] Keywords: Sesamoid bone, Patella, Fabella, Digits, Sox9, Scleraxis, Tgfβ, Bmp2, Bmp4, Joint, Mouse bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/316901; this version posted May 8, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. ABSTRACT Sesamoid bones are a special group of small auxiliary bones that form in proximity to joints and contribute to their stability and function. Sesamoid bones display high degree of variability in size, location, penetrance and anatomical connection to the main skeleton across vertebrate species. Therefore, providing a comprehensive developmental model or classification system for sesamoid bones is challenging. Here, we examine the developmental mechanisms of three anatomically different sesamoid bones, namely patella, lateral fabella and digit sesamoids. Through a comprehensive comparative analysis at the cellular, molecular and mechanical levels, we demonstrate that all three types of sesamoid bones originated from Sox9+/Scx+ progenitors under the regulation of TGFβ and independent of mechanical stimuli from muscles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Non-Surgical Interventions on Osteoarthritis-Like Changes in the Mouse Knee" (2008)
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 3-31-2008 The ffecE ts of Non-Surgical Interventions on Osteoarthritis-Like Changes in the Mouse Knee Wendy K. Anemaet University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Anemaet, Wendy K., "The Effects of Non-Surgical Interventions on Osteoarthritis-Like Changes in the Mouse Knee" (2008). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/121 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Effects of Non-Surgical Interventions on Osteoarthritis-Like Changes in the Mouse Knee by Wendy K. Anemaet A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Aging Studies College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Co-Major Professor: Anna Plaas, Ph.D. Co-Major Professor: William Haley, Ph.D. Katalin Mikecz, Ph.D. Keiba Shaw, Ed.D. Brent Small, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 31, 2008 Keywords: cartilage, degradation, exercise, hyaluronan, transforming growth factor-beta, treadmill © Copyright 2008, Wendy K. Anemaet Dedication I dedicate this to my daughter, Aviendha, who has been right there every step of the way. You have experienced and endured more than most 10 year olds in this process. My hope is that it inspires (not disheartens) you to continually ask questions and seek answers.
    [Show full text]
  • Sesamoid Bone of the Medial Collateral Ligament of the Knee Joint
    CASE REPORT Eur. J. Anat. 21 (4): 309-313 (2017) Sesamoid bone of the medial collateral ligament of the knee joint Omar M. Albtoush, Konstantin Nikolaou, Mike Notohamiprodjo Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Karls Eberhard Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany SUMMARY tomical relations and the exclusion of other possi- bilities. The variable occurrence of the sesamoid bones This article supports the theory stating that the supports the theory stating that the development development and evolution of the sesamoid bones and evolution of these bones are controlled are controlled through the interaction between in- through the interaction between intrinsic genetic trinsic genetic factors and extrinsic epigenetic stim- factors and extrinsic stimuli. In the present article uli, which can explain their variable occurrence. we report a sesamoid bone at the medial collateral ligament of the knee joint, a newly discovered find- CASE REPORT ing in human and veterinary medicine. We present a case of a 51-year-old female pa- Key words: Sesamoid – MCL – Knee – Fabella – tient, who presented with mild pain at the medial Cyamella aspect of the left knee. No trauma has been re- ported. An unenhanced spiral CT-Scan was per- INTRODUCTION formed with 2 mm thickness, 120 kvp and 100 mAs, which showed preserved articulation of the New structural anatomical discoveries are not so knee joint with neither joint effusion, nor narrowing often encountered. However, their potential occur- of the joint space nor articulating cortical irregulari- rence should be kept in mind, which can eventually ties (Fig. 1). Mild subchondral sclerosis was de- help in a better understanding of patients’ symp- picted at the medial tibial plateau as a sign of early toms and subsequently improve the management osteoarthritis.
    [Show full text]
  • View of Long Bone Structural Features
    APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN BONE MATERIALS AND SYNTHESIZED BIOMATERIALS FOR BONE-RELATED TISSUE ENGINEERING A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment Of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Qing Yu December, 2016 APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN BONE MATERIALS AND SYNTHESIZED BIOMATERIALS FOR BONE-RELATED TISSUE ENGINEERING Qing Yu Dissertation Approved: Accepted: ______________________________ ______________________________ Advisor Department Chair Dr. William J. Landis Dr. Coleen Pugh ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the College Dr. Nita Sahai Dr. Eric J. Amis ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Coleen Pugh Dr. Chand Midha ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Date Dr. Marnie Saunders ______________________________ Committee Member Dr. Ge Zhang ii ABSTRACT Engineered bone grafting has been considered as one of the alternative methods for bone regeneration in both fundamental research and clinical applications to address bone disorders. Bone graft materials, autologous bone, allogeneic bone and synthetic polymer scaffolds have been commonly utilized surgically as substrates for bone grafting. In this dissertation, periosteum, a thin membrane in which progenitor cells can develop into osteoblasts to regenerate bone tissue, has been applied in three different studies to determine its capability to induce new bone formation. In the first study, human periosteum-wrapped bone allografts were implanted subcutaneously in athymic mice followed by sample harvest and gene expression analysis and histological assessment. The second study developed a tissue-engineering approach to generate a functional tendon-to-bone enthesis. In this instance, the constructs were fabricated from human periosteum-wrapped allograft bone and tenocyte- and chondrocyte-seeded biomaterials.
    [Show full text]
  • Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology
    Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology 1 Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification • Long Bones • Short Bones • Flat Bones • Irregular Bones • Sesamoid (Round) Bones 2 Parts of a Long Bone • epiphysis • distal • proximal • diaphysis • compact bone • spongy bone • articular cartilage • periosteum • endosteum • medullary cavity • trabeculae • marrow • red • yellow 3 Compact and Spongy Bone 4 Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone • osteon • central canal • perforating canal • osteocyte • lacuna • bone matrix • canaliculus 5 Bone Development Intramembranous Ossification • bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues • broad, flat bones • skull bones (except mandible) • intramembranous bones Endochondral Ossification • bones begin as hyaline cartilage • form models for future bones • most bones of the skeleton • endochondral bones 6 Endochondral Ossification • hyaline cartilage model • epiphyseal plate • primary ossification center • osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts • secondary ossification centers 7 Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate First layer of cells • closest to the end of epiphysis • resting cells • anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis Second layer of cells • many rows of young cells • undergoing mitosis 8 Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate Third layer of cells • older cells • left behind when new cells appear • cells enlarging and becoming calcified Fourth layer of cells • thin • dead cells • calcified extracellular matrix 9 Homeostasis of Bone Tissue •Bone Resorption – action of osteoclasts and parathyroid hormone •Bone Deposition
    [Show full text]
  • Sesamoid Disorders of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint
    1 2 Sesamoid Disorders 3 4 of the First 5 6 Metatarsophalangeal 7 8 Joint 9 10 11 Allan Boike, DPM, Molly Schnirring-Judge, DPM*, 12 Sean McMillin, DPM Q2 Q3 13 Q4 Q5 14 15 KEYWORDS 16 Sesamoids Feet First metatarsophalangeal joint 17 Disorders Q6 18 19 20 21 The sesamoids of the feet were named by Galen circa 180 CE because of their resem- 22 blance to sesame seeds. These tiny bones were believed by the ancient Hebrews to 23 be indestructible and therefore the housing for the soul after death, which would 1 24 ultimately be resurrected on the Day of Judgment. However, the sesamoid complex, 25 which transmits 50% of body weight and more than 300% during push-off, is not 2,3 26 invincible and is susceptible to numerous pathologies. These pathologies include 27 sesamoiditis, stress fracture, avascular necrosis, osteochondral fractures, and 28 chondromalacia, and are secondary to these large weight-bearing loads. This article 29 discusses sesamoid conditions and their relationship with hallux limitus, and reviews 30 the conditions that predispose the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) to osteoar- 31 thritic changes. 32 There is much debate regarding the causes of hallux limitus and rigidus and the role 33 of the sesamoids in precipitating the decreased range of motion of the first MPJ has 34 been considered in some detail. Typically, little is done to the sesamoids at the time of 35 surgical treatment of the hallux limitus deformity. This article reviews the recent 36 literature of sesamoid disorders and, more specifically, their role in hallux limitus.
    [Show full text]
  • 2015 AACA Annual Meeting Program
    June 9 – 12, 2015 | Henderson, Nevada President’s Report June 9-12, 2015 Green Valley Ranch Resort & Casino Henderson, NV Another year has quickly passed and I have been asked to summarize achievements/threats to the Association for our meeting program booklet. Much of this will be recanted in my introductory message on the opening day of the meeting in Henderson. As President, I am representing Council in recognizing the work of those individuals not already recognized in our standing committee reports that you will find in this program. One of our most active ad hoc committees has been the one looking into creating an endowment for the association through member and vendor sponsorships. Our past president, Anne Agur, has chaired this committee and deserves accolades for having the committee work hard and produce the materials you have either already seen, or will be introduced to in Henderson. The format was based on that used by many clinical organizations. It allows support at many different levels, the financial income from which is being invested for student awards and travel stipends. Our ambitious 5 year goal is $100,000. I hope that you will join me in thinking seriously about supporting this initiative - at whichever level you feel comfortable with. Every dollar goes to the endowment. In October, Council ratified the creation of our new standing committee - Brand Promotion and Outreach. This committee was formed by fusing the two ad hoc committees struck by Anne Agur when she was President. Last year our new branding was highly visible in Orlando and we want to use this momentum to continue raising the profile of the Association at many different types of events within and outside North America.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthopaedics 1
    LEARNING PLATFORM- Terminology Orthopaedics 1 1. Read the text1 and underline the keywords that describe the human musculoskeletal system. Make sure you know how to say these terms in all your working languages. Modern orthopaedics is concerned with the diagnosis and management of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, that is the skeleton and the soft tissues associated with it. The skeletal system forms the rigid internal framework of the body and consists of the bones, cartilages, ligaments and tendons. Bones support the weight of the body, allow for body movements and protect internal organs. Cartilage provides flexible strength and support for body structures such as the thoracic cage, the external ear, and the trachea and larynx. At joints of the body, cartilage can also unite adjacent bones or provide cushioning between them. Ligaments are the strong connective tissue bands that hold the bones at a moveable joint together and serve to prevent excessive movements of the joint that would result in injury. Providing movement of the skeleton are the muscles of the body, which are firmly attached to the skeleton via connective tissue structures called tendons. As muscles contract, they pull on the bones to produce movements of the body. As each bone of the body serves a particular function, bones vary in size, shape and strength, based on their function. For example, the bones of the lower back and lower limb are thick and strong to support our body weight. Similarly, the size of a bony landmark that serves as a muscle attachment site on an individual bone is related to the strength of this muscle (bony landmarks are areas on a bone to which something attaches – another bone, a muscle, blood vessels and nerves).
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Versus Jargon in Anatomic Veterinary Nomenclature
    Journal of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science Volume 4, Issue 3, 2020, PP 16-20 ISSN 2637-5354 Technical Versus Jargon in Anatomic Veterinary Nomenclature Parés-Casanova* Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain *Corresponding Author:Parés-Casanova, Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain. ABSTRACT Being a type of scientific nomenclature, anatomy terms must be clear, precise, logical, coherent and accepted worldwide. Therefore, astandardized veterinary anatomical nomenclaturehasnot only recognised internationally but also came highly recommended and must bringto the attention of not only teachers, students and researchers, but also to clinicians, translators, editors and publishers for use throughout their activities. Although a standard veterinary anatomical nomenclature exists, e.g.NominaAnatomicaVeterinaria,it is not always followed or well known by everyone within the profession. Additionally, casual or jargon terms are commonly used, and that is in addition to differing languages being utilised. This manuscript discusses some of the examples derived from the mix of technical versus jargon anatomical veterinary words,makesrecommendations regardingthe use of jargon or technical words according each situation and highlights some of the complexities involved in structuring and maintaining anatomical nomenclature. Keywords: Anatomical nomenclature; Clinical anatomy; NominaAnatomicaVeterinaria INTRODUCTION American Heritage Dictionary defines jargon as, "the language,
    [Show full text]
  • Each Bone Is an Organ
    7 Chapter 7 Karen Webb Smith HOMUNCULUS Unit Two SOME AMAZING BONE FACTS *at birth humans have 300 bones; several fuse together = 206 in adults I. Introduction *half of your bones are in your hands and feet *one person in 20 has an extra rib; this is more common in males A. Bones are very physiologically active tissues. *older people often develop a slight curve in the spine, right-handed B. Each bone is made up of several types of tissues: people curve right, and left-handed people curve left bone tissue, cartilage, dense connective *each bone is beautifully fitted and shaped for its own particular place tissue, blood, & nervous tissue *the last bone to close is the collarbone, between the ages of 18 & 25 *bones carry on all life’s function, they do so more slowly *30% of bone is living tissue, cells, & blood vessels Each bone is an organ. *45% is mineral deposits, mostly calcium phosphate, forms layers of crystals on the surface of a bone & gives bone hardness *25% of bone is water II. Bone Structure A. Bone Classification *long bones – long longitudinal axes & expanded ends = forearm & thigh bones *short bones – cubelike = wrists & ankles *flat bones – broad surface = ribs, scapulae, skull bones *irregular bones – different shapes = vertebrae & facial bones *sesamoid bones – round, small, & nodular = tendons & joints; kneecap B. Parts of a Long Bone long bone example = femur *epiphysis – expanded portion of a long bone that forms a joint (articulation) with another bone *articular cartilage – area of hyaline cartilage that covers the articulating surface of the epiphysis *diaphysis – shaft of the bone located between the epiphyses *periosteum – tough, vascular covering of fibrous tissue that covers the length of the diaphysis; attaches to bones & is continuous with tendons & ligaments; also functions in the formation & repair of bone tissue *processes – bony projections provide sites for ligament & tendon attachments *grooves, openings & depressions – allow passageways for blood vessels, nerves and articulations with other bones (continued next slide) C.
    [Show full text]
  • FIPAT-TA2-Part-2.Pdf
    TERMINOLOGIA ANATOMICA Second Edition (2.06) International Anatomical Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TA2, PART II Contents: Systemata musculoskeletalia Musculoskeletal systems Caput II: Ossa Chapter 2: Bones Caput III: Juncturae Chapter 3: Joints Caput IV: Systema musculare Chapter 4: Muscular system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Anatomica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, 2019 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Anatomica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput II: OSSA Chapter 2: BONES Latin term Latin synonym UK English US English English synonym Other 351 Systemata Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal musculoskeletalia systems systems
    [Show full text]