DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effects of Non-Surgical Interventions on Osteoarthritis-Like Changes in the Mouse Knee" (2008)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effects of Non-Surgical Interventions on Osteoarthritis-Like Changes in the Mouse Knee University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 3-31-2008 The ffecE ts of Non-Surgical Interventions on Osteoarthritis-Like Changes in the Mouse Knee Wendy K. Anemaet University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Anemaet, Wendy K., "The Effects of Non-Surgical Interventions on Osteoarthritis-Like Changes in the Mouse Knee" (2008). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/121 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Effects of Non-Surgical Interventions on Osteoarthritis-Like Changes in the Mouse Knee by Wendy K. Anemaet A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Aging Studies College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Co-Major Professor: Anna Plaas, Ph.D. Co-Major Professor: William Haley, Ph.D. Katalin Mikecz, Ph.D. Keiba Shaw, Ed.D. Brent Small, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 31, 2008 Keywords: cartilage, degradation, exercise, hyaluronan, transforming growth factor-beta, treadmill © Copyright 2008, Wendy K. Anemaet Dedication I dedicate this to my daughter, Aviendha, who has been right there every step of the way. You have experienced and endured more than most 10 year olds in this process. My hope is that it inspires (not disheartens) you to continually ask questions and seek answers. You are a truly special person and a great gift from God. Thanks for your patience, flexibility, encouragement, fun- loving personality, smiles, and hugs. I couldn’t ask for a better daughter. I hope that this research leads to more research and many more answers, so that one day your generation will not experience the debilitation that can come with osteoarthritis. And, above all else, I dedicate this to God who provides strength beyond measure and encouragement at just the right time. I have clung to Joshua 1:9 over the past years. Every day it is more apparent to me that we truly are fearfully and wonderfully made. What a great blessing it is to “discover” parts of Your marvelous creation. The more I learn, the more I am humbled by Your greatness. Wendy Acknowledgments This research would not have been possible without the support of numerous people at both the University of South Florida School of Aging Studies and Rush University Medical Center Departments of Biochemistry and Rheumatology. Most notably, Dr. Cathy McEvoy (Director, School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida) and Dr. William Haley (School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida); Dr. Ted Oegema (Chairman, Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center) and Dr. Joel Block (Director, Section of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center) for provision of laboratory space and access to shared equipment; Dr. Anna Plaas and Dr. John Sandy (Rush University Medical Center) for sharing their expertise and insights in osteoarthritis research, thought provoking discussions, poster and thesis editing, and their help in procuring financial support from the Arthritis Foundation (National Office and Florida Chapter) and Seikagaku Corporation, and the provision of the ADAMTS5-/- KO mouse strain through Pfizer Incorporated; Dr. Katalin Mikecz and Dr. Tibor Glant (Rush University Medical Center) for advice on mouse breeding, intra-articular injections, mouse handling, and use of the Kodak Whole Body Imager; Dr. Carol Muehleman (Rush University Medical Center) for use of dissecting microscope and camera; Dr. Eugene Thonar and Mary Ellen Lenz (Rush University Medical Center) for assistance with HA ELISA technique; Barbara Osborn, Mike Diaz, and Dr. Jun Li for biochemical and histological assays; Dr. Tannin Schmidt and Dr. John Sandy for help with cartilage grading; the Staff of the Comparative Research Centers at the University of South Florida and Rush University Medical Center, especially Dr. Marge Piel and Anthony Davis (Rush University Medical Center) for help in animal care and husbandry. Table of Contents List of Tables iv List of Figures v List of Appendices viii Abstract ix Chapter One: Background and Literature Review 1 Overview of Osteoarthritis 1 Definition 1 Incidence and Prevalence 2 Etiology of Osteoarthritis 3 Genetics 3 Injury 3 Obesity 4 Aging 5 Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis 6 The Human Knee Joint 8 The Synovium 11 Bone 14 Articular Cartilage 18 Assessment of Cartilage Degeneration 22 Histological Grading of Cartilage in Human OA and in Animal Models 23 Clinical Treatment for Osteoarthritis 24 Psychosocial Interventions 25 Pharmacological Interventions 28 Oral Medications 28 Injectable Agents 29 Physical Therapy Interventions 33 Orthotics and Bracing 33 Modalities 34 Exercise 35 Aerobic Exercise 36 Range of Motion/Flexibility Exercise 38 Resistance Exercise 38 Water-Based Exercise 41 Functional Exercise 41 Mode of Action of Exercise 42 i Cell Based Therapies 45 Surgical Interventions 45 Animal Model Research 47 Overview of Animal Models 47 Murine Models 48 Spontaneous OA 48 Surgically-Induced OA 50 Manipulation of Cartilage Specific Genes 52 Chemical 54 Animal Models and Therapeutic Hyaluronan Injections 56 Animal Models and Treadmill Exercise 56 Chapter Two: Specific Aims and Research Hypotheses 60 Research Hypotheses 61 Specific Aims 61 Chapter Three: Development of Mouse Model of Knee OA 63 Research Design 63 Materials 67 Methods 68 Mouse Breeding and Husbandry 68 Intra-articular TGF-β1 Injections 69 Blood Collection and Plasma Preparation 71 TGF-β1 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbance Assay (ELISA) 71 Mechanical Overuse Through High Intensity Treadmill Running 74 Tissue Harvesting 77 Radiography 77 India Ink Cartilage Surface Evaluation 77 Hematoxylin/Eosin Histopathology 82 Fluorophore-Assisted Carbohydrate Electrophoresis (FACE) Analyses 83 Data Evaluation: Statistical Parameters 84 Results and Analyses 85 Effect of TGF-β1 Injection and Mechanical Overuse on Bone Structure 85 Anabolic Stimulation of Joint Tissues by Intra-Articular Injection of TGF-β1 87 Synovial Lining Fibrosis and Cartilage Degeneration at Two Weeks Post TGF-β1 Injection 89 India Ink Scoring of Cartilage Surfaces 91 FACE Analysis of Cartilage Chondroitin Sulfate Content 99 ii Effect of TGF-β1 Injections and Mechanical Overuse on ADAMTS-5 KO Mice 101 Treadmill Performance 101 Discussion and Conclusions 104 Chapter Four: Intra-Articular HA Injection Intervention 110 Research Design 110 Materials 112 Methods 112 Animal Husbandry 112 Intra-Articular HA Injections 113 Tissue Harvesting 113 Determination of Clearance Time of HA from the Knee Joint Space 113 Blood Collection and Plasma Preparation 116 Determination of Plasma HA Concentration by HA ELISA 116 Data Evaluation: Statistical Parameters 119 Results and Analyses 119 Clearance Time of HA from the Knee Joint Space 119 HA Concentration in Plasma Following Intra-Articular Injections of HA 124 Effect of Intra-Articular HA on Joint Pathology 127 Discussion and Conclusions 131 Chapter Five: Aerobic Exercise Intervention 134 Research Design 134 Methods 136 Aerobic Exercise via Alternate Day, Low Intensity Treadmill Running 136 Data Evaluation: Statistical Parameters 137 Results and Analyses 139 Effect of Exercise Intervention on Joint Pathology 139 Treadmill Performance 142 Discussion and Conclusions 144 Chapter Six: Summary and Conclusions 147 Significance and Implications 147 Limitations 149 Future Directions 150 References 153 Bibliography 186 Appendices 191 About the Author End Page iii List of Tables Table 1 Studies investigating the effects of aerobic exercise in mice 59 Table 2 Mouse utilization for the induction of OA-like changes 66 Table 3 Mean cartilage scores for right femurs by quadrant 92 Table 4 Mean cartilage scores for right tibias by quadrant 93 iv List of Figures Figure 1. Representation of complex relationship between environmental and endogenous risk factors for joint damage, osteoarthritis, and joint pain and their consequences 7 Figure 2. Schematic of the knee joint 9 Figure 3. Location of the synovium and synovial fluid in the knee joint 13 Figure 4 Structure of bone 15 Figure 5 Bone cell associations 16 Figure 6 Zones of articular cartilage 21 Figure 7 Sequential pyramidal approach to OA management 26 Figure 8 Research design for the development of a non-surgical mouse model of OA 64 Figure 9 Site of needle entry for intra-articular injection of the knee 70 Figure 10 Endogenous (mouse) TGF- β1 concentrations for mice injected with human TGF-β1 and mice injected with BSA 73 Figure 11 Mechanical overuse through high intensity treadmill running 75 Figure 12 Example grading of femoral and tibial cartilage surfaces after India ink staining 80 Figure 13 Cartilage surfaces were divided into four quadrants 81 Figure 14 Anterior/posterior and medial/lateral radiographs of right knees at day 18 86 Figure 15 Histopathological evaluation of right knee medial compartments and synovial lining for C57Bl/10 mice day 5 following H/E staining 88 v Figure 16 Histopathological evaluation of right knee medial compartments and synovial lining for C57Bl/10 mice day 18 following H/E staining 90 Figure 17 Mean cartilage scores for right femurs by quadrant 94 Figure 18 Mean cartilage scores for right tibias
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sesamoid Bone in the Tendon of the Supinator Muscle of Dogs: Incidence and Comparison of Radiographic and Computed Tomographic Features
    Sesamoid bone in the tendon of the supinator muscle of dogs: incidence and comparison of radiographic and computed tomographic features Word count: 8473 Manon Dorny Student number: 01609678 Supervisor: Dr. Ingrid Gielen Supervisor: Prof. dr. Wim Van Den Broeck Supervisor: Dr. Aquilino Villamonte Chevalier A dissertation submitted to Ghent University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Medicine Academic year: 2018 - 2019 Ghent University, its employees and/or students, give no warranty that the information provided in this thesis is accurate or exhaustive, nor that the content of this thesis will not constitute or result in any infringement of third-party rights. Ghent University, its employees and/or students do not accept any liability or responsibility for any use which may be made of the content or information given in the thesis, nor for any reliance which may be placed on any advice or information provided in this thesis. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the people that helped me accomplish this thesis and helped me achieve my degree in veterinary science. First of all I would like to thank Dr. Ingrid Gielen, Dr. Aquilino Villamonte Chevalier and Prof. Dr. Wim Van Den Broeck. I thank them all for their time spend in helping me with my research, their useful advice and their endless patience. Without their help, I wouldn’t have been able to accomplish this thesis. Next I would like to thank my family and friends for their continuing support and motivation during the last years of vet school. My parents and partner especially, for all the mental breakdowns they had to endure in periods of exams and deadlines.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Development of Sesamoid Bones
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/316901; this version posted May 8, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. On the Development of Sesamoid Bones Shai Eyal1*, Sarah Rubin1, Sharon Krief1, Lihi Levin1 and Elazar Zelzer1 1 Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel * Current address: University of California at San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Corresponding author: [email protected] Keywords: Sesamoid bone, Patella, Fabella, Digits, Sox9, Scleraxis, Tgfβ, Bmp2, Bmp4, Joint, Mouse bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/316901; this version posted May 8, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. ABSTRACT Sesamoid bones are a special group of small auxiliary bones that form in proximity to joints and contribute to their stability and function. Sesamoid bones display high degree of variability in size, location, penetrance and anatomical connection to the main skeleton across vertebrate species. Therefore, providing a comprehensive developmental model or classification system for sesamoid bones is challenging. Here, we examine the developmental mechanisms of three anatomically different sesamoid bones, namely patella, lateral fabella and digit sesamoids. Through a comprehensive comparative analysis at the cellular, molecular and mechanical levels, we demonstrate that all three types of sesamoid bones originated from Sox9+/Scx+ progenitors under the regulation of TGFβ and independent of mechanical stimuli from muscles.
    [Show full text]
  • Sesamoid Bone of the Medial Collateral Ligament of the Knee Joint
    CASE REPORT Eur. J. Anat. 21 (4): 309-313 (2017) Sesamoid bone of the medial collateral ligament of the knee joint Omar M. Albtoush, Konstantin Nikolaou, Mike Notohamiprodjo Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Karls Eberhard Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany SUMMARY tomical relations and the exclusion of other possi- bilities. The variable occurrence of the sesamoid bones This article supports the theory stating that the supports the theory stating that the development development and evolution of the sesamoid bones and evolution of these bones are controlled are controlled through the interaction between in- through the interaction between intrinsic genetic trinsic genetic factors and extrinsic epigenetic stim- factors and extrinsic stimuli. In the present article uli, which can explain their variable occurrence. we report a sesamoid bone at the medial collateral ligament of the knee joint, a newly discovered find- CASE REPORT ing in human and veterinary medicine. We present a case of a 51-year-old female pa- Key words: Sesamoid – MCL – Knee – Fabella – tient, who presented with mild pain at the medial Cyamella aspect of the left knee. No trauma has been re- ported. An unenhanced spiral CT-Scan was per- INTRODUCTION formed with 2 mm thickness, 120 kvp and 100 mAs, which showed preserved articulation of the New structural anatomical discoveries are not so knee joint with neither joint effusion, nor narrowing often encountered. However, their potential occur- of the joint space nor articulating cortical irregulari- rence should be kept in mind, which can eventually ties (Fig. 1). Mild subchondral sclerosis was de- help in a better understanding of patients’ symp- picted at the medial tibial plateau as a sign of early toms and subsequently improve the management osteoarthritis.
    [Show full text]
  • View of Long Bone Structural Features
    APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN BONE MATERIALS AND SYNTHESIZED BIOMATERIALS FOR BONE-RELATED TISSUE ENGINEERING A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment Of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Qing Yu December, 2016 APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN BONE MATERIALS AND SYNTHESIZED BIOMATERIALS FOR BONE-RELATED TISSUE ENGINEERING Qing Yu Dissertation Approved: Accepted: ______________________________ ______________________________ Advisor Department Chair Dr. William J. Landis Dr. Coleen Pugh ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the College Dr. Nita Sahai Dr. Eric J. Amis ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Coleen Pugh Dr. Chand Midha ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Date Dr. Marnie Saunders ______________________________ Committee Member Dr. Ge Zhang ii ABSTRACT Engineered bone grafting has been considered as one of the alternative methods for bone regeneration in both fundamental research and clinical applications to address bone disorders. Bone graft materials, autologous bone, allogeneic bone and synthetic polymer scaffolds have been commonly utilized surgically as substrates for bone grafting. In this dissertation, periosteum, a thin membrane in which progenitor cells can develop into osteoblasts to regenerate bone tissue, has been applied in three different studies to determine its capability to induce new bone formation. In the first study, human periosteum-wrapped bone allografts were implanted subcutaneously in athymic mice followed by sample harvest and gene expression analysis and histological assessment. The second study developed a tissue-engineering approach to generate a functional tendon-to-bone enthesis. In this instance, the constructs were fabricated from human periosteum-wrapped allograft bone and tenocyte- and chondrocyte-seeded biomaterials.
    [Show full text]
  • Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology
    Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology 1 Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification • Long Bones • Short Bones • Flat Bones • Irregular Bones • Sesamoid (Round) Bones 2 Parts of a Long Bone • epiphysis • distal • proximal • diaphysis • compact bone • spongy bone • articular cartilage • periosteum • endosteum • medullary cavity • trabeculae • marrow • red • yellow 3 Compact and Spongy Bone 4 Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone • osteon • central canal • perforating canal • osteocyte • lacuna • bone matrix • canaliculus 5 Bone Development Intramembranous Ossification • bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues • broad, flat bones • skull bones (except mandible) • intramembranous bones Endochondral Ossification • bones begin as hyaline cartilage • form models for future bones • most bones of the skeleton • endochondral bones 6 Endochondral Ossification • hyaline cartilage model • epiphyseal plate • primary ossification center • osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts • secondary ossification centers 7 Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate First layer of cells • closest to the end of epiphysis • resting cells • anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis Second layer of cells • many rows of young cells • undergoing mitosis 8 Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate Third layer of cells • older cells • left behind when new cells appear • cells enlarging and becoming calcified Fourth layer of cells • thin • dead cells • calcified extracellular matrix 9 Homeostasis of Bone Tissue •Bone Resorption – action of osteoclasts and parathyroid hormone •Bone Deposition
    [Show full text]
  • Sesamoid Disorders of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint
    1 2 Sesamoid Disorders 3 4 of the First 5 6 Metatarsophalangeal 7 8 Joint 9 10 11 Allan Boike, DPM, Molly Schnirring-Judge, DPM*, 12 Sean McMillin, DPM Q2 Q3 13 Q4 Q5 14 15 KEYWORDS 16 Sesamoids Feet First metatarsophalangeal joint 17 Disorders Q6 18 19 20 21 The sesamoids of the feet were named by Galen circa 180 CE because of their resem- 22 blance to sesame seeds. These tiny bones were believed by the ancient Hebrews to 23 be indestructible and therefore the housing for the soul after death, which would 1 24 ultimately be resurrected on the Day of Judgment. However, the sesamoid complex, 25 which transmits 50% of body weight and more than 300% during push-off, is not 2,3 26 invincible and is susceptible to numerous pathologies. These pathologies include 27 sesamoiditis, stress fracture, avascular necrosis, osteochondral fractures, and 28 chondromalacia, and are secondary to these large weight-bearing loads. This article 29 discusses sesamoid conditions and their relationship with hallux limitus, and reviews 30 the conditions that predispose the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) to osteoar- 31 thritic changes. 32 There is much debate regarding the causes of hallux limitus and rigidus and the role 33 of the sesamoids in precipitating the decreased range of motion of the first MPJ has 34 been considered in some detail. Typically, little is done to the sesamoids at the time of 35 surgical treatment of the hallux limitus deformity. This article reviews the recent 36 literature of sesamoid disorders and, more specifically, their role in hallux limitus.
    [Show full text]
  • 2015 AACA Annual Meeting Program
    June 9 – 12, 2015 | Henderson, Nevada President’s Report June 9-12, 2015 Green Valley Ranch Resort & Casino Henderson, NV Another year has quickly passed and I have been asked to summarize achievements/threats to the Association for our meeting program booklet. Much of this will be recanted in my introductory message on the opening day of the meeting in Henderson. As President, I am representing Council in recognizing the work of those individuals not already recognized in our standing committee reports that you will find in this program. One of our most active ad hoc committees has been the one looking into creating an endowment for the association through member and vendor sponsorships. Our past president, Anne Agur, has chaired this committee and deserves accolades for having the committee work hard and produce the materials you have either already seen, or will be introduced to in Henderson. The format was based on that used by many clinical organizations. It allows support at many different levels, the financial income from which is being invested for student awards and travel stipends. Our ambitious 5 year goal is $100,000. I hope that you will join me in thinking seriously about supporting this initiative - at whichever level you feel comfortable with. Every dollar goes to the endowment. In October, Council ratified the creation of our new standing committee - Brand Promotion and Outreach. This committee was formed by fusing the two ad hoc committees struck by Anne Agur when she was President. Last year our new branding was highly visible in Orlando and we want to use this momentum to continue raising the profile of the Association at many different types of events within and outside North America.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthopaedics 1
    LEARNING PLATFORM- Terminology Orthopaedics 1 1. Read the text1 and underline the keywords that describe the human musculoskeletal system. Make sure you know how to say these terms in all your working languages. Modern orthopaedics is concerned with the diagnosis and management of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, that is the skeleton and the soft tissues associated with it. The skeletal system forms the rigid internal framework of the body and consists of the bones, cartilages, ligaments and tendons. Bones support the weight of the body, allow for body movements and protect internal organs. Cartilage provides flexible strength and support for body structures such as the thoracic cage, the external ear, and the trachea and larynx. At joints of the body, cartilage can also unite adjacent bones or provide cushioning between them. Ligaments are the strong connective tissue bands that hold the bones at a moveable joint together and serve to prevent excessive movements of the joint that would result in injury. Providing movement of the skeleton are the muscles of the body, which are firmly attached to the skeleton via connective tissue structures called tendons. As muscles contract, they pull on the bones to produce movements of the body. As each bone of the body serves a particular function, bones vary in size, shape and strength, based on their function. For example, the bones of the lower back and lower limb are thick and strong to support our body weight. Similarly, the size of a bony landmark that serves as a muscle attachment site on an individual bone is related to the strength of this muscle (bony landmarks are areas on a bone to which something attaches – another bone, a muscle, blood vessels and nerves).
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Versus Jargon in Anatomic Veterinary Nomenclature
    Journal of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science Volume 4, Issue 3, 2020, PP 16-20 ISSN 2637-5354 Technical Versus Jargon in Anatomic Veterinary Nomenclature Parés-Casanova* Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain *Corresponding Author:Parés-Casanova, Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain. ABSTRACT Being a type of scientific nomenclature, anatomy terms must be clear, precise, logical, coherent and accepted worldwide. Therefore, astandardized veterinary anatomical nomenclaturehasnot only recognised internationally but also came highly recommended and must bringto the attention of not only teachers, students and researchers, but also to clinicians, translators, editors and publishers for use throughout their activities. Although a standard veterinary anatomical nomenclature exists, e.g.NominaAnatomicaVeterinaria,it is not always followed or well known by everyone within the profession. Additionally, casual or jargon terms are commonly used, and that is in addition to differing languages being utilised. This manuscript discusses some of the examples derived from the mix of technical versus jargon anatomical veterinary words,makesrecommendations regardingthe use of jargon or technical words according each situation and highlights some of the complexities involved in structuring and maintaining anatomical nomenclature. Keywords: Anatomical nomenclature; Clinical anatomy; NominaAnatomicaVeterinaria INTRODUCTION American Heritage Dictionary defines jargon as, "the language,
    [Show full text]
  • Each Bone Is an Organ
    7 Chapter 7 Karen Webb Smith HOMUNCULUS Unit Two SOME AMAZING BONE FACTS *at birth humans have 300 bones; several fuse together = 206 in adults I. Introduction *half of your bones are in your hands and feet *one person in 20 has an extra rib; this is more common in males A. Bones are very physiologically active tissues. *older people often develop a slight curve in the spine, right-handed B. Each bone is made up of several types of tissues: people curve right, and left-handed people curve left bone tissue, cartilage, dense connective *each bone is beautifully fitted and shaped for its own particular place tissue, blood, & nervous tissue *the last bone to close is the collarbone, between the ages of 18 & 25 *bones carry on all life’s function, they do so more slowly *30% of bone is living tissue, cells, & blood vessels Each bone is an organ. *45% is mineral deposits, mostly calcium phosphate, forms layers of crystals on the surface of a bone & gives bone hardness *25% of bone is water II. Bone Structure A. Bone Classification *long bones – long longitudinal axes & expanded ends = forearm & thigh bones *short bones – cubelike = wrists & ankles *flat bones – broad surface = ribs, scapulae, skull bones *irregular bones – different shapes = vertebrae & facial bones *sesamoid bones – round, small, & nodular = tendons & joints; kneecap B. Parts of a Long Bone long bone example = femur *epiphysis – expanded portion of a long bone that forms a joint (articulation) with another bone *articular cartilage – area of hyaline cartilage that covers the articulating surface of the epiphysis *diaphysis – shaft of the bone located between the epiphyses *periosteum – tough, vascular covering of fibrous tissue that covers the length of the diaphysis; attaches to bones & is continuous with tendons & ligaments; also functions in the formation & repair of bone tissue *processes – bony projections provide sites for ligament & tendon attachments *grooves, openings & depressions – allow passageways for blood vessels, nerves and articulations with other bones (continued next slide) C.
    [Show full text]
  • FIPAT-TA2-Part-2.Pdf
    TERMINOLOGIA ANATOMICA Second Edition (2.06) International Anatomical Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TA2, PART II Contents: Systemata musculoskeletalia Musculoskeletal systems Caput II: Ossa Chapter 2: Bones Caput III: Juncturae Chapter 3: Joints Caput IV: Systema musculare Chapter 4: Muscular system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Anatomica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, 2019 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Anatomica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput II: OSSA Chapter 2: BONES Latin term Latin synonym UK English US English English synonym Other 351 Systemata Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal musculoskeletalia systems systems
    [Show full text]
  • Sesamoid Injuries in the Foot
    SESAMOID INJURIES IN THE FOOT What is a Sesamoid? absorbing the weight placed on the break, but usually does not affect sesamoid is a bone embedded ball of the foot when walking, the entire big toe joint. A in a tendon. Sesamoids are running, and jumping. A chronic fracture is a stress found in several joints in the body. Sesamoid injuries—which can fracture—a hairline break usually In the foot, the sesamoids are two involve the bones, tendons, and/or caused by repetitive stress or pea-shaped bones located in the ball surrounding tissue in the joint—are overuse. A chronic sesamoid of the foot, beneath the big toe joint. often associated with activities fracture produces longstanding requiring increased pressure on the pain in the ball of the foot ball of the foot, such as running, beneath the big toe joint. The basketball, football, golf, tennis, and pain, which tends to come and go, ballet. In addition, people with high generally is aggravated with Sesamoid arches are at risk for developing activity and relieved with rest. bones sesamoid problems. Frequently • Sesamoiditis. This is an overuse wearing high-heeled shoes can also injury involving chronic be a contributing factor. inflammation of the sesamoid bones and the tendons involved Types of Sesamoid with those bones. Sesamoiditis Injuries in the Foot is caused by increased pressure There are three types of sesamoid to the sesamoids. Often, injuries in the foot: sesamoiditis is associated with Sesamoid bones are located • Turf toe. This is an injury of the a dull, longstanding pain beneath the big toe joint.
    [Show full text]