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Sharp-Tail Mola ( Masturus Lanceolatus, Molidae)

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Marine Biodiversity Records, page 1 of 7. # Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2010 doi:10.1017/S1755267210000771; Vol. 3; e104; 2010 Published online First records of golden trevally (Gnathodon speciosus, Carangidae), sharp-tail mola (Masturus lanceolatus, Molidae) and evidence for white shark (Carcharodon carcharias, Lamnidae) in the Gala´pagos Islands, Ecuador v.l.g. todd1,2 and j.s. grove3,4 1Ocean Science Consulting Ltd, Ocean House, 4 Brewery Lane, Belhaven, Dunbar, East Lothian, EH42 1PD, Scotland, UK, 2Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, S017 1BJ, UK, 3Section of Fishes, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA, 4Zegrahm Expeditions, 192 Nickerson St #200 Seattle, WA 98109, USA In 1995, a complete survey of the fish collection in the Charles Darwin Research Station (CDRS) Museum (Gala´pagos Islands, Ecuador) was undertaken. Five specimens represented possible new records to the archipelago, but insufficient material was available at CDRS to confirm identification. On 5 November 2007, the specimens were removed from the CDRS fish collection under licence from the Parque Nacional Gala´pagos (PNG) on loan to the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History (LACM). Identification of all species was confirmed using comparative LACM voucher specimens, including X-rays, scientific keys and other resources, which were, at the time, unavailable to scientists at the CDRS. Four of the five specimens were incor- rectly identified in 1995, the fifth, the golden trevally, Gnathodon speciosus, is the first confirmed record of this species for the Gala´pagos. One of the originally mis-identified specimens, the longnose anchovy (Anchoa nasus), proved to be A. ischana (sharpnose anchovy), and A. nasus can now be eliminated as a verified record from the islands. The first confirmed record of the sharp-tail mola, Masturus lanceolatus, for the archipelago is also presented based on photographic and video evidence. The first physical evidence of the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, in the Gala´pagos Archipelago based on discovery of a tooth and C14 analysis, is presented. Keywords: golden trevally, sharp-tail mola, white shark, Gala´pagos Islands, Ecuador Submitted 19 April 2010; accepted 14 June 2010 INTRODUCTION the shallower ichthyofauna in the Gala´pagos Islands comprises a mosaic of elements from the Panamic, Chilean, western The World Heritage listed the Gala´pagos Islands as an isolated Pacific and Atlantic faunas (McCosker & Rosenblatt, 1984; archipelago within one of the four provinces distributed in the Robertson & Cramer, 2009). McCosker (1998) updated the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) biogeographic region described list of 444 species described by Grove & Lavenberg (1997), by Hastings (2000). In the Gala´pagos Islands, the indigenous to include 526 species, 73 of which are endemic and 13 exclu- shallower ichthyofauna was isolated from mainland tropical sively found at the Gala´pagos, Cocos and/or Malpelo Islands. fauna by the thermal gradients to the north and south, the This paper confirmed two new fish records for the wide expanse East Pacific Barrier (EPB) to the west and by Gala´pagos Archipelago. In addition, physical evidence of a the central American landmass to the east. Thus, the new shark record to the islands was also detailed. Gala´pagos Archipelago is a conservation hotspot of fish biodi- versity and one of the world’s top-ranked areas based on the percentage of endemism (Allen, 2008). The ichthyofauna MATERIALS AND METHODS was found to be more diverse in the Gala´pagos Islands than in other ETP islands such as Cocos and Isla Malpelo The existing fish collections made from 1962 to 1995 and held (Grove & Lavenberg, 1997). In fact, if endemics are excluded, at the Charles Darwin Research Station (CDRS) Museum were examined by V.L.G.T. in 1995. The available material com- Corresponding authors: prised 55 families, 150 species and 296 specimens. The taxon- V.L.G. Todd and J.S. Grove omy was standardized by reference to Eschmeyer (1998) and Emails: [email protected]; [email protected] Nelson (1994). Results were compared with the available 1 2 v.l.g. todd and j.s. grove alongside a LACM 32911-1 voucher specimen of (about 3/4 to 2/3A eye diameter) narrow broadening silver atshort, stripe tail. along its flank, origincover; deeper below above posterior gill anal thirdreaching fin cover of onto dorsal canals fin3/4 sub-operculum, of eye base. but diameter; panamensis-type. maxillarather not moderate, Anal elongate, tip to narrowly semi-cylindrical; fin normal pointed, edge snout of (not moderate,(LACM gill about elongate) 32911-1) has indorsal 24 and the anal anal rays. spines CDRSmetrics absent; The anal pseudobranch specimen; and rays: is 22; LACM collection body dataanchovy). for The theanchovy), CDRS CDRS specimen isAnchoa was specimen: nasus compared actually The with CDRS a V-6 specimen (Table 1) identified in 1995 as presented. record wasthe confirmed, examination and carriedmentioned evidence out CDRS for inin specimens another 1995. 2008 were One was wasDetailed misidentified information further reported regarding during the fish specimens in re-identified Table 1.RESULTS Four of the above- waters off Espan photographed and filmed in 2008 inby Gardner J.S.G. Bay to in theGuayaquil, CDRS the collection. Ecuador. Thecolour specimens notes were ofNTB then the GmbH, returned Germany), Institutovoucher scientific Nacional material, keys de a andcarried Pesca digital unpublished out (INP), linearMuseum X-ray in of scanner the Natural (EZ320 Nacional History LACM Gala (LACM). by Identificationtransported was means byThus, of J.S.G. they comparative under werethought removed licence to from from the be1993; CDRS Allen new the & Museum recordsliterature Robertson, and Parque (e.g. 1994) Grove for and the five specimens Gala were shark specimens. In addition,and identified the by tooth direct wasments. comparison The with C tooth catalogued was brought white ment to of the seashells, LACM, sea photographed urchin spines and bleached coral frag- and returned to the PNG. Livermore National Laboratory,the Center University for of Accelerator Mass California Spectrometry at Lawrence (0 toral zone at Urvina Bay, on the west sideand of video Isabela footage. Island identification of this specimenvessel was MV based on ‘Nationalat photographs Geographic about Polaris’. 18 m Thus, depth species during a tour carried out by the 8 An X-ray of this specimen is presented in Figure 1 In addition, an unusual ocean sunfish specimen was Finally, a shark tooth was found in 1996 in the supralit- 17 ′ 50.51 A. ischana Anchoa ischana ′′ S91 ´ (Kner & Steindachner, 1867) (the longnose pagos (PNG) to the Los Angeles County ˜ ola Island (1 8 21 voucher specimen. Meristics, morpho- Family Order ′ 29.86 et al. (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) , 1984; Goodson, 1988; Humann, ′′ CLUPEIFORMES ENGRAULIDAE Anchoa ischana W), lying amongst an assort- 8 20 ′ 51.94 ′′ S89 ´ pagos Islands. Anchoa nasus 8 39 14 (sharpnose ′ 17.85 A. nasus dated at ′′ W) . Table 1. List of fish specimens identified in 1995 and 2008 with indication of CDRS and LACM code no., date, location and coordinates of finding. Family Genus and species N LT CDRS LACM Location Latitude/ Date Collector FB References (cm) No. No. longitude collected 1995 ID 2008 re-ID ′ ′′ ENGRAULIDAE Anchoa nasus Anchoa ischana 1 11.8 V-6 32911-1 Santa Cruz/ 0844 30 S 07/10/1972 Unknown 0.80–1.00 (Whitehead et al., 1988; Allen & Academy Bay 90818′15′′W Robertson, 1994, p. 62; Grove & Lavenberg, 1997, p. 183) ′ ′′ CARANGIDAE Gnathodon Gnathodon 1 19.7 V-777 – Santa Cruz/ 0845 30 S 03/06/1983 Pelo Fino 0.80–1.00 (Allen & Robertson, 1994, p. 127; speciosus speciosus Punta 90818′10′′W Grove & Lavenberg, 1997, p. 360; Estrada Robertson et al., 2004, table 6) SERRANIDAE Diplectrum Paralabrax 1 24.5 V-1205 – Unknown/ Unknown 12/03/1983 J. Pesantes E (Bortone, 1977; Allen & Robertson, maximum albomaculatus Mangroves 1994, p. 108; Grove & Lavenberg, 1997, p. 326–328; Danulat & Edgar, 2002) SYNODONTIDAE Synodus Synodus 1 15.5 V-22 – Unknown Unknown 26/06/1973 Unknown 0.80–1.00 (Allen & Robertson, 1994, p. 72; evermanni scituliceps Grove & Lavenberg, 1997, p. 202) ′ ′′ ACHIRIDAE Achirus Trinectes 1 7.6 V-42 6777-6 Santa Cruz/ 0844 30 S Unknown G. Houvenaghel 0.80–1.00 (Allen & Robertson, 1994, p. 292; mazatlanus fonsecensis Academy Bay 90818′15′′W Grove & Lavenberg, 1997, p. 623) N, number of specimens; LT, length of specimen; FB, FishBase: likelihood of occurrence in Gala´pagos; E, endemic. new fish records gala’ pagos islands, ecuador 3 anal soft rays: 7. (LACM voucher specimen of D. maximum dorsal fin continuous; dorsal spines: X, dorsal soft rays 12). The CDRS specimen was further verified by the finely serrated pre-opercular margin and the third elongated spine on the dorsal fin. Colour: faded in alcohol, light brown on upper two-thirds, white below; seven large white spots on upper half of side, and smaller, irregular dark brown spots in sur- rounding areas, faint pale white line from upper corner of operculum to middle of base of tail fin; caudal fin white basally with dark brown bar across middle portion and broad yellowish rear margin. Order AULOPIFORMES Family SYNODONTIDAE Synodus scituliceps Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 The CDRS V-22 specimen (Table 1) identified in 1995 as Synodus evermanni Jordan & Bollman, 1890 (spotted lizardfish), is actually Synodus scituliceps (lance lizardfish). Meristics, morphometrics and collection data for the CDRS specimen: dorsal soft rays: 11; anal soft rays: 13; lateral-line scales: 61. Protrusion at tip of lower jaw (as in S. evermanni). The CDRS specimen was also compared with a LACM S. ever- manni voucher specimen. There are no blotches on the sides of the body and the lateral scale count is 57.
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  • Mesopelagic Sightings of Ocean Sunfishes (Molidae)

    Mesopelagic Sightings of Ocean Sunfishes (Molidae)

    BRIEF COMMUNICATION Seeking the sun in deep, dark places: mesopelagic sightings of ocean sunfishes (Molidae) N. D. Phillips*†, C. Harrod‡, A. R. Gates§, T. M. Thys‖ and J. D. R. Houghton*¶ *School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast MBC Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, U.K., ‡Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad de Antofagasta, Avenida Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile, §National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, U.K., ‖California Academy of Science, 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA, 94118 U.S.A. and ¶Institute of Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast 123 Stranmillis Road, County Antrim, Belfast, BT9 5AG, U.K. †Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: +44 28 9097 2620; email: [email protected] (Received 27 March 2015, Accepted 30 June 2015) Evidence is presented from publicly available remotely operated vehicle (ROV) footage that suggests deep-water ranging in ocean sunfishes (family Molidae) is more common than typically thought, including a new maximum depth recorded for the southern sunfish Mola ramsayi. Key words: diving behaviour; foraging; Mola mola; remotely operated vehicle; SERPENT Project. The family Molidae, or the ocean sunfishes, is currently believed to comprise four widely distributed species: the ocean sunfish Mola mola, (L. 1758), sharptail sunfish Masturus lanceolatus (Liénard 1840), southern sunfish Mola ramsayi (Giglioli 1883) and slender sunfish Ranzania laevis (Pennant 1776), although the taxonomy remains uncertain, with the possible existence of several currently undescribed species (Bass et al., 2005; Pope et al., 2010). Often seen basking at the surface, there was a long held perception that these species were rare, inactive drifters feeding solely on gelatinous zooplankton (Pope et al., 2010).