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Kepadatan, Keaneragaman Dominansi Dan Kesamaan Jenis Biota Intertidal Di Pulau Ternate Dan Pulau Woda

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Kepadatan, Keaneragaman Dominansi Dan Kesamaan Jenis Biota Intertidal Di Pulau Ternate Dan Pulau Woda Hemyscyllium Vol. 1 no 2 : 1-12 Publised online: 1 April 2021 Kepadatan, Keaneragaman Dominansi dan Kesamaan Jenis Biota Intertidal di Pulau Ternate dan Pulau Woda Farida Basahona, Irmalita Tahir, Nebuchadnezzar Akbar Program Studi Ilmu Kelautan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan, Universitas Khairun Ternate. Indonesia Email: [email protected] ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli – Oktober 2020 di perairan pulau Ternate dan Pulau Woda Kota Tidore Kepulauan. Tujuan dari penelitian menganalisis kepadatan, keanekaragaman, dan kesamaan jenis biota intertidal makrozoobentos di Perairan Pulau Ternate dan Pulau Woda. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode blok area, yaitu panjang 50 meter sejajar garis pantai dan lebar tegak lurus garis pantai menyesuaikan lebar daerah antara pasang tertinggi dan surut terendah setiap lokasi penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa Species makrozoobenthos pada Zona Intertidal Pulau Ternate terdiri 5 Class yaitu Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea dan Malacostraca, Pulau Woda terdiri dari 5 Class yaitu Gastropoda, Malacostraca, Scacophoda, Asteroidea, dan Bivalvia. Kepadatan makrozoobenthos tertinggi Pulau Woda Plot 3 (Barat Daya Pulau), Indeks Keanekaragaman Kategori sedang, tidak ada species yang mendominasi, Keseragaman species menunjukkan bahwa species yang ditemukan lebih merata.tidak terdapatnya kesamaan komposisi species makrozoobenthos antar masing-masing lokasi Kata Kunci : Zona intertidal, kepadatan dan kesamaan jenis, makrozobentos daerah yang banyak dihuni organisme dan 1. Pendahuluan tumbuhan sehingga memiliki keanekaragaman Zona intertidal (pasang surut) merupakan tinggi. daerah tersempit dari semua daerah yang Salah satu organisme yang hidup di zona terdapat di samudera dunia, yang hanya intertidal ladalah makrozoobenthos. beberapa meter terletak di antara air pasang Makrozoobenthos merupakan organisme yang dan surut. Daerah ini terdapat beragam hidup melata, menempel, memendam dan kehidupan yang lebih besar daripada yang meliang baik di dasar perairan maupun di terdapat di daerah subtidal yang lebih luas permukaan dasar perairan. Makrozoobenthos (Nybakken, 1992). Luas zona intertidal sangat kebanyakan hidup pada substrat keras sampai terbatas, akan tetapi memiliki faktor lingkungan lumpur, merupakan invertebrata yang dapat yang sangat bervariasi, oleh karena itu zona dilihat dengan mata telanjang dan hidup intertidal memiliki tingkat keanekaragaman didalam dan sekitar bebatuan di dasar organisme yang tinggi. Zona intertidal umumnya perairan.Menurut Fikri (2014) makrozoobentos dibedakan menjadi tiga tipe pantai, yaitu pantai juga di definisikan sebagai hewan yang hidup berkarang, pantai berpasir dan pantai didalam atau pada sedimen atau substrat berlumpur.Tipe pantai berkarang merupakan 1 Hemyscyllium Vol. 1 no 2 : 1-12 Publised online: 1 April 2021 lain,seperti siput, kepiting, tiram, kerang- Penelitian biota intertidal makrozoobentos di kerangan dan termasuk larva serangga Pulau Ternate dan Pulau Woda belum pernah berukuran besar. dilakukan, untuk itu penelitianbiota di zona Perairan pesisir Pulau Ternate seperti Pantai intertidal di pulau Ternate dan Gugus Pulau Tobololo, Pantai Kalumata dan pantai Kastela Woda dilakukan dengan melihat kesamaan jenis merupakan daerah intertidal,yang diduga dari kedua lokasi penelitian. terdapat biota intertidal yaitu makrozoobentos.Namun pertumbuhan dan 2. Bahan dan Metode populasi penduduk yang tinggi berdampak pada 2.1. Waktu dan Lokasi tingginya aktivitas manusia di kawasan ini.Pantai Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli – Tobololo dan Pantai Kastela menjadi tempat Oktober 2020 di perairan pulau Ternate dan tujuan wisata pantai masyarakat Kota Ternate, Pulau Woda Kota Tidore Kepulauan (Gambar 3). sedangkan Pantai Kalumata sebagian telah Kegiatan ini meliputi persiapan, survey lokasi direklamasi, memungkinkan terjadinya penelitian, pengambilan data lapangan dan degradasi lingkungan pesisir yang berdampak analisis data. pada berkurangnya keanekaragaman makrozoobentos di kawasan ini. Pulau Woda merupakan salah satu pulau dalam gugusan Pulau Woda, terletak di selat Gita, Kecamatan Oba Utara Kota Tidore Kepulauan memiliki zona intertidal. Pulau ini tak berpenghuni, memiliki susunan ekosistem yang masih lengkap yaitu ekosistem hutan mangrove, ekosistem padang lamun, dan eksosistem terumbu karang. Pemanfaatan pulau ini sebagai Gambar 3. Peta lokasi Penelitian tempat wsisata pada waktu-waktu tertentu 2.2. Alat dan Bahan seperti saat menjelang bulan ramadhan dan Hari Tabel 1. Alat dan Bahan yang digunakan selama Raya Idul Fitri, tempat kegiatan kemah bagi penelitian pelajar, dan tempat tambatan kapal dan perahu nelayan. Keberadaan ekosistem di pulau ini No Alat Kegunaan memberikan gambaran keberadaan 1 Kamera Dokumentasi makrozoobentos. Beberapa penelitian Alat Tulis makrozoobentos yang dilakukan Hedriansyah 2 Menulis Pencatatan Data (2017), bahwa terdapat Class Holothuroidea 3 GPS Penentuan titik koordinat yang tergolong 6 jenis ke dalam 2 genus di Membuat Transek dan perairan pantai Iboih Kota Sabang. Penelitian 4 Meteran roll memblok area pengamatan Muhaimin (2013), menemukan 37 jenis makrozoobenthos, 14 jenis dari Class 5 Model Pipa T Menjelajah Area Sarung Gastropoda dan 23 jenis dari Class Bivalvia. 6 Tangan Mengambil Sampel 2 Hemyscyllium Vol. 1 no 2 : 1-12 Publised online: 1 April 2021 7 Kertas Sampel Menyimpan Sampel Stasiun II Pulau Woda (Kota Tidore Kepulauan) terdiri atas 3 plot pengamatan yaitu 8 Soil Tester Mengukur pH tanah bagian Timur, Selatan dan Barat Daya. 9 pH Meter Mengukur pH air Posisi pengambilan data di pulau Woda Hand disesuaikan dengan zona intertidalnya. 10 Refraktometer Mengukur salinitas Pada setiap plot pengamatan pada zona 11 Termometer Mengukur suhu air intertidal dibuat blok area dengan panjang 50 Bahan Kegunaan meter (horizontal garis pantai) dan lebar 1 Tissu membersihkan alat (vertikal garis pantai) menyesuaikan dengan 2 Spidol menandai sampel lebar zona intertidal, dan proses pengambilan sampel makrozoobentos dilakukan pada saat air 2.3. Prosedur Penelitian surut dan menentukan titik koordinat lokasi Prosedur yang dilakukan selama penelitian menggunakan GPS (Global Positioning penelitian antara lain : System). Tahap Persiapan Biota yang ada pada zona intertidal diambil Ada beberapa tahapan pengambilan dengan cara jelajah menggunakan model Pipa T. sampel penelitian yaitu sebagai berikut: Biota yang ditemukan dicatat dan dimasukan Pencarian literatur berfungsi untuk pada kertas sampel. Saat pengambilan sampel menambah informasi tentang juga dilakukan pengambilan data parameter penelitian yang akan dilakukan. lingkungan. Persiapan alat dan bahan. Darat Pengambilan data lapangan dan analisis data 50 m 2.4. Teknik Pengambilan Sampel Pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode blok area, yaitu panjang 50 meter sejajar garis pantai (pada batas pasang tertinggi) dan lebar tegak lurus garis pantai menyesuaikan lebar daerah antara pasang tertinggi dan surut terendah setiap lokasi penelitian. Pada area Laut yang telah diblok ditempatkan kuadran menggunakan pipa T agar seluruh area yang ada Gambar 4 Ilustrasi Pengambilan Data di dalam kuadran tersebut terliput dengan baik, 2.5. Analisis Data pengambilan data dilakukan di dua stasiun Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan rumus pengamatan yaitu : indeks ekologi yang Stasiun I Pulau Ternate terdiri atas tiga 3 plot meliputiKepadatan,Keanekaragaman, pengamatan yaitu Pantai Tobolo, Keseragaman, Dominansi dan Similaritas, Pantai Kalumata, Pantai Kastela sebagai berikut: (Pulau Ternate) 3 Hemyscyllium Vol. 1 no 2 : 1-12 Publised online: 1 April 2021 Indeks Kepadatan Kepadatan dapat diartikan sebagai total individu per satuan luas atau per sataun volume, Dimana, sampel makrozoobentos yang telah H : Indeks Keanekaragaman diidentifikasi kemudian dapat dihitung S : Jumlah Species kepadatannya dengan menggunakan rumus E : Keseragaman (Fitriana,2016). Indeks Dominansi Indeks dominansi biota dengan menggunakan rumus Odum (1993) yaitu : Dimana: C = Di: Kepadatan makrozoobentos (individu/m²) Keterangan : Ni : Jumlah makrozoobentos yang ditemukan C : Indeks Dominansi (individu) ni : Jumlah Individu setiap jenis A : Luas kuadran (m²) N : Jumlah total individu Indeks Keanekaragaman Indeks Similaritas Indeks keanekragaman organisme di zona Indeks similaritas merupakan indeks intertidal dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus untuk mengetahui kesamaan jumlah species Shannon-Wiener (Odum, 1993) : yang sama dalam suatu perairan (Krebs. 1985) dengan menggunakan rumus sebagai berikut: Keterangan : H : Indeks Keanekaragaman ni : Jumlah individu jenis ke i Dimana : N : Jumlah total individu seluruh jenis a = Jumlah species pada lokasi a b = Jumlah species pada lokasi b Nilai indeks keanekaragaman Shannor-Wiener c = Jumlah species yang sama pada lokasi a dan b dikategorikan atas nilai-nilai sebagai berikut : H’ < 1 = Keanekaragaman rendah 3. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 1 < H’< 3 = Keanekaragaman sedang 3.1.Parameter Lingkungan H’ > 3 = Keanekaragaman tinggi Hasil pengukuran parameter lingkungan pada kedua Stasiun yaitu disajikan pada Indeks Keseragaman Tabel Keseragaman jenis dari makrozoobenthos menurut Ludwig dan Reynolds (1988) dapat dihitung dengan rumus sebagai berikut: 4 Hemyscyllium Vol. 1 no 2 : 1-12 Publised online: 1 April 2021 Tabel 2. Parameter Lingkungan pada Stasiun 1 Parameter Pantai Pantai No Lingkungan Tobololo Kalumata Pantai Kastela 1 Suhu Air 30⁰C 31⁰C 30 ⁰C 2 Salinitas 29‰ 30‰ 29‰ 3 pH Tanah 7,5 7,5 7,2 4 pH Air 7,1 7,1 7,9
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