Estudo Zooarqueológico Da Malacofauna Das Ruínas Da Igreja Medieval De Santa Maria Do Castelo (Torres Novas, Portugal)

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Estudo Zooarqueológico Da Malacofauna Das Ruínas Da Igreja Medieval De Santa Maria Do Castelo (Torres Novas, Portugal) Estudo zooarqueológico da malacofauna das ruínas da igreja medieval de Santa Maria do Castelo (Torres Novas, Portugal) Pedro M. Callapez1, Ricardo J. Pimentel2, Solange Silva3, Paulo Legoinha4 & Miguel de Carvalho5 1 Universidade de Coimbra, CITEUC - Centro de Investigação da Terra e do Espaço da Universidade de Coimbra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Ciências da Terra, Polo II, Rua Sílvio Lima, P-3030 790 Coimbra, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Agrupamento de Escolas de Guia, Rua dos Fundadores do Colégio, P-3105 075 Guia, Pombal, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Ciências da Terra, Mestrado de Paleontologia, Quinta da Torre, P-2829 516 Caparica, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, GEOBIOTEC - GeoBiociências, Geotecnologias e Geoengenharias, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Ciências da Terra, Campus da Caparica, P-2829 516 Caparica, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] 5 Livraria Miguel de Carvalho, Rua de O Figueirense, 10-14, P-3080 059 Figueira da Foz, Portugal Resumo: A intervenção arqueológica realizada no terreiro da antiga igreja medieval de Santa Maria do Castelo, em Torres Novas, permitiu a recolha de um acervo malacológico composto por oito espécies de moluscos marinhos, terrestres e dulçaquícolas, representativas de um mínimo de 27 indivíduos. A amostra compreende os bivalves Ostrea edulis Linnaeus, 1758, Crassostrea angulata (Lamarck, 1819), Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus, 1758) e Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758) e os gastrópodes Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758), Tritia nitida (Jeffreys, 1867), Testacella maugei (Férussac, 1831) e Ferussacia folliculum (Schröter, 1784). A presença de moluscos marinhos sugere uma deposição secundária como materiais dispersos de lixeira, em conjunto com gastrópodes continentais autóctones. As espécies de bivalves comestíveis sugerem práticas de consumo alimentar relacionadas com recolha de marisco em áreas estuarinas. Dada a sua relativa proximidade, assume-se que estas Abrantes, I., Callapez, P. M., Correia, G. P., Gomes, E., Lopes, B., Lopes, F. C., Pires, E., & Rola, A. (Eds.), Uma visão holística da Terra e do Espaço nas suas vertentes naturais e humanas. Homenagem à Professora Celeste Romualdo Gomes. Coimbra: CITEUC. © CITEUC, 2020 DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4409295 Pedro M. Callapez, Ricardo Pimentel, Solange Silva, Paulo Legoinha & Miguel Carvalho se situassem no amplo espaço estuarino do Rio Tejo, de onde os moluscos comestíveis seriam objeto de transporte regular para zonas do interior. Palavras-chave: Idade Média, Moderno, Mollusca, Santa Maria do Castelo (Torres Novas), Zooarqueologia. Abstract: The archaeological intervention carried out in the ruins of the ancient church of Santa Maria do Castelo (Torres Novas, West Central Portugal) allowed the collection of a zooarchaeological sample with eight species of marine, terrestrial and freshwater molluscs, representing a minimum of 27 specimens. This collection includes the bivalves Ostrea edulis Linnaeus, 1758, Crassostrea angulata (Lamarck, 1819), Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus, 1758) and Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758) and the gastropods Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758), Tritia nitida (Jeffreys, 1867), Testacella maugei (Férussac, 1831) and Ferussacia folliculum (Schröter, 1784). The presence of marine molluscs suggests a secondary deposition as scattered materials from garbage dumps, together with local terrestrial and freshwater gastropods. The edible bivalve species also indicate consumption practices associated with shellfish gathering in estuarine areas. By its relative proximity, it is likely that these source areas were located in the wide estuarine range of Tagus River, from where the edible molluscs were regularly transported to hinterland areas. Keywords: Middle Age, Modern Age, Mollusca, Santa Maria do Castelo (Torres Novas, Portugal), Zooarchaeology. Introdução As ruínas da igreja Medieval de Santa Maria do Castelo, edificada em meados do séc. XIV e demolida cerca de 1973, encontram-se implantadas num dos locais mais emblemáticos do centro histórico de Torres Novas, dentro do espaço da antiga cerca do castelo medieval desta pequena cidade da Região Centro de Portugal, fronteira ao vale do Tejo e às serranias calcárias da Estremadura (Fig. 1). Este contexto medievo foi objeto de várias campanhas de escavação arqueológica, realizadas entre 2004 e 2011, com orientação de Mário e Rosa Varela Gomes da Faculdade Ciências Sociais da Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. Após esse período, as ruínas integraram um processo de possível reabilitação urbana, como parte de um espaço arquitetónico mais extenso. O espólio arqueológico recolhido durante a intervenção arqueológica, compreendendo o espaço do antigo templo e seu terreiro envolvente, tem vindo a ser objeto de estudos multidisciplinares, com destaque para o de Ferreira et al. (2016), no qual se procedeu à caracterização espectroscópica de pastas cerâmicas datadas dos séculos XIV a XVI. Entre outros materiais de índole diversa, foi também possível proceder à recolha e inventariação de um acervo zooarqueológico, composto por restos de conchas de moluscos terrestres e aquáticos, sugerindo o registo de um contexto de mistura de materiais de lixeira com elementos da fauna malacológica natural do local. Embora relativamente escasso quando comparado com outros sítios de ocupação medievais portugueses, este conjunto revelou-se suficiente para que se complementassem os dados da componente arqueológica, com outros suscetíveis de contribuírem para a contextualização das envolventes antrópica e ecológica do sítio, durante as épocas Medieval e Moderna. Estudo zooarqueológico da malacofauna das ruínas da igreja medieval de Santa Maria do Castelo (Torres Novas, Portugal) Figura 1 - Figuração e local de implantação da Igreja de Santa Maria do Castelo, no centro histórico da cidade de Torres Novas (Portugal). A, B. Panorâmicas do monumento, hoje demolido, e do Terreiro de Santa Maria [Fonte: adaptado de postais ilustrados da década de 1960; coleção P. Callapez]. C. Panorâmica do centro histórico, entre o castelo e a Praça 5 de Outubro, com o Terreiro de Santa Maria delimitado por círculo vermelho [Fonte: adaptado de Google Earth, acedido a 12 de março de 2020]. Por conseguinte, o estudo de caso ora apresentado insere-se dentro do tipo análises interdisciplinares que a presença de restos de natureza biológica em contextos arqueológicos permite efetuar, no sentido de recriar hábitos, vivências e aspetos da economia e do consumo alimentar de comunidades humanas, a par da reconstituição da sua envolvente ambiental (Callapez et al., 2016). A Pedro M. Callapez, Ricardo Pimentel, Solange Silva, Paulo Legoinha & Miguel Carvalho presença de restos de invertebrados, muitos deles conchas de moluscos aquáticos e terrestres, é por demais recorrente em sítios arqueológicos, registando uma diversidade de aspetos que complementam dados inferidos a partir de artefactos e sua estratigrafia, tornando transversal a sua interpretação e contextualização (Callapez, 2014). Neste sentido é seguida uma marcha metodológica que compreende a classificação taxonómica e ordenamento sistemático da amostragem de moluscos, em conjunto com a sua quantificação quanto à diversidade, abundância relativa e repartição por quadrículas escavadas. Seguidamente, são tidos em conta dados da tafonomia dos restos esqueléticos e da ecologia das espécies presentes, por comparação com a de populações atuais, no sentido de reconstituir aspetos da economia alimentar e do ambiente natural local, ao tempo da deposição. Após o seu estudo, a coleção classificada foi entregue ao cuidado dos arqueólogos responsáveis, encontrando-se disponível para análises futuras. Composição taxonómica A diversidade dos moluscos recolhidos no terreiro de Santa Maria do Castelo ascende a oito espécies de bivalves e de gastrópodes, todas elas representativas da malacofauna moderna de Portugal (Fig. 2). A sua identificação taxonómica, assim como aspetos da sua repartição biogeográfica e significado ecológico, fundamentam-se nos trabalhos de Nobre (1940), Rolán (1984), Rolán et al. (1989), Poppe & Goto (1991, 1993) e Saldanha (1997) para faunas marinhas, e de Nobre (1941), Kerney & Cameron (1979), Callapez (1992, 2002, 2014) e Albuquerque de Matos (1993, 1994, 2004) para gastrópodes terrestres e dulçaquícolas. O ordenamento sistemático para as categorias superiores à da espécie seguiu, por sua vez, os contributos de Bieler et al. (2010, 2014) e Lemer et al. (2019) para os Bivalvia e Bouchet et al. (2017) para os Gastropoda. O elenco taxonómico estudado é o seguinte: Classe Bivalvia Linnaeus, 1758 Subclasse Pteriomorphia Beurlen, 1944 Ordem Ostreida Férussac, 1822 Superfamília Ostreoidea Rafinesque, 1815 Família Ostreidae Rafinesque, 1815 Subfamília Ostreinae Rafinesque, 1815 Género Ostrea Linnaeus, 1758 Ostrea edulis Linnaeus, 1758 Subfamília Crassostreinae Scarlato & Starobogatov, 1979 Género Crassostrea Sacco, 1897 Crassostrea angulata (Lamarck, 1819) Subclasse Heterodonta Neumayr, 1884 Superordem Imparidentia Bieler et al., 2014 Estudo zooarqueológico da malacofauna das ruínas da igreja medieval de Santa Maria do Castelo (Torres Novas, Portugal) Ordem Cardiida Férussac, 1822 Superfamília Cardioidea Lamarck, 1809 Família Cardiidae Lamarck, 1809 Subfamília Lymnocardiinae Stoliczka, 1870 Género Cerastoderma Poli, 1795 Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus, 1758)
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