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Fish Populations, Gill Net Catches and Gill Net Selectivity in the Zambezi and Chobe Rivers, Namibia, from 1997 to 2000

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Fish Populations, Gill Net Catches and Gill Net Selectivity in the Zambezi and Chobe Rivers, Namibia, from 1997 to 2000 Fish populations, gill net catches and gill net selectivity in the Zambezi and Chobe Rivers, Namibia, from 1997 to 2000 Clinton J. Hay*, Tor F. Næsje**, Servatius Kapirika*, Johan Koekemoer*, Rita Strand**, Eva B. Thorstad** and Karstein Hårsaker** * Directorate Resources Management Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Namibia Private Bag 13 355 Windhoek, Namibia **Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Tungasletta 2, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway nina Project Report 017 Hay, C. J., Næsje, T. F., Kapirika, S., Koekemoer, J. H., Strand, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) issue the following R., Thorstad, E. B. & Hårsaker, K. 2002. Fish populations, gill net publications: catches and gill net selectivity in the Zambezi and Chobe Rivers, Namibia, from 1997 to 2000. – NINA Project Report 17: 1-88. NINA Project Report Trondheim, August 2002 This series presents the results of the institutes' projects when the results are to be made available in English. The series may ISSN: 0807-3082 include reports on original research, literature reviews, analysis ISBN: 82-426-1290 of particular problems or subjects, etc. The number of copies printed will depend on demand. Management areas: Fish, sustainable utilisation In addition to this report series published in English, NINA publish the following series in Norwegian: Copyright ©: NINA•NIKU Foundation for Nature Research NINA Fagrapport (Scientific Reports) and Cultural Heritage Research This series present the results of NINAs own research work, overviews of problems, existing knowledge within a topic, lite- The report can be quoted with references to the source. rature reviews and material gathered from outside sources. The reports are issued as an alternative or a supplement to international publication when timing, the nature of the mate- rial or the sector targeted, call for it. NINA Oppdragsmelding (Assignment Report) This is the minimum report supplied by NINA when exter-nal research or investigative assignments have been com-pleted. Editor(s): The numbers of copies are limited. Tor F. Næsje Norwegian Institute for Nature Research NINA Temahefte (Topic) These series present special topics. They are targeted at the Design and layout: general public or specific groups in the community, e.g. the Kari Sivertsen agricultural sector, environmental departments, tourism and NINA•NIKUs Graphic Office outdoor recreation, organizations etc. It is therefore more popular in its presentation form, with more illustrations than Cover photo: the previously mentioned series. Tor F. Næsje Most of the publications mentioned above are in Norwegi-an, Prints: Norservice A/S but will also have an English abstracts and legends of figures and tables in English. Stock: 150 NINA NIKU Fact Sheet (Fakta-ark) Printed on environment paper These double-pages sheets give (in Norwegian) a popular sum- mary of other publications to make the results of NINAs and Address to contact: NIKUs work available to the general public (the media, societies NINA•NIKU and organizations, various levels of nature management, politi- Tungasletta 2 cians and interested individuals). NO-7485 Trondheim NORWAY In addition, NINA's and NIKU's staff publish their research results in international scientific journals, symposia proceedings, popu- Tel: +47 73 80 14 00 lar science journals, books, newspapers, and other relevant Fax +47 73 80 14 01 publications. NINA-NIKU also has a WWW home page: http://www.nina.no http://www.nina.no Accessibility: Open Contracting sponsor: Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) Project no.: 13530 Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources (MFMR) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Signature of responsible person: 2 nina Project Report 017 Preface (NINA). The work has received financial support from the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD), the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources and the The White Paper “Responsible Management of the Inland Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Fisheries of Namibia” was finalised in December 1995, and forms the basis for a new law and regulations concerning We would like to express our gratitude towards the fish resources management in the different freshwater sys- Director, Resource Management, Dr. B. Oelofsen and the tems in Namibia. Since all perennial rivers in Namibia border Deputy Director, Resource Management, Dr. H. Hamukuaya on neighbouring countries, management of the fish re- for their support and encouragement during the project. sources also depends on regional co-operation. It must also We are also thankful to Prof. Dr. P. Skelton and Mr. R. Bills be taken into consideration that the fish resources might be from South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB, exploited through subsistence, commercial and recreational formerly: J.L.B Smith Institute of Ichthyology), Grahamstown, fisheries. When implementing fisheries regulations for such South Africa, who verified the identification of some of the complex systems, information on the fish resources and fish species. their exploitation are needed. The Department of Water Affairs, Windhoek, provided the Based on a series of studies, recommendations will be given water level data of the Zambezi River. for management actions in the Zambezi and Chobe Rivers to involve local, national and international authorities and The following staff members from the Freshwater Fish stakeholders, and to secure a sustainable utilisation of the Institute were all involved in the field surveys or data punching: fish resources for the benefit of local communities and T.P. Windstaan, Ms. S. Stein, J.H. Engelbrecht, J. May, A. future generations. The studies involve a description of Mulundu, A.N. Mulundu, S. Beukes, the late S. Pootinu, S. parts of the recreational fisheries (Næsje et al. 2001) and of Jonas, A. Kahuika, J. Kahuika, E. Kahuika, the late F. Fillipus, N. the migration and habitat utilisation of important fish Lukas, E. Shikambe, E. Hayango, B. May and S. Hay. They are species (Økland et al. 2000 and Hay et al. in prep). Økland all gratefully acknowledged. et al. (2000) and an ongoing study (Hay et al. in prep) have shown that important fish species may perform migrations between countries. Furhermore, the biological and socio- logical aspects of the subsistence and semi commercial fish- Windhoek/Trondheim, August 2002 eries will be studied in 2001/2002. In the present report, the fish populations in the Zambezi and Chobe Rivers are C. J. Hay T. F. Næsje described on the basis of six surveys performed in the Project leader, MFMR Project leader, NINA period 1997 - 2000. The project is a collaboration between the Freshwater Fish Institute of the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Namibia, and the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research 3 nina Project Report 017 Contents Preface ...........................................................................3 6.4 Body length distributions and gill net selectivity ..27 6.4.1 Body length distribution in gill nets and 1 Summary ....................................................................5 other gears ...............................................27 6.4.2 Body length at maturity .............................28 2 Introduction ...............................................................7 6.4.3 Life history and gill net selectivity for selected species .........................................28 3 Study area ..................................................................8 Cichlidae ...................................................33 3.1 The Caprivi Region ................................................8 Cyprinidae .................................................37 3.2 The Zambezi River .................................................8 Mormyridae ...............................................39 3.3 The Chobe River ..................................................12 Characidae ................................................41 3.4 The Lake Lisikili ....................................................13 Schilbeidae ................................................43 Cyprinodontidae ........................................44 4 Materials and methods ..........................................13 Clariidae ....................................................44 4.1 Surveys and stations ............................................13 Hepsetidae .................................................45 4.2 Sampling design and methods ............................13 6.4.4 Summary of gill net selectivity ...................46 4.3 Data collection and analysis .................................15 6.5 Catch per unit effort ...........................................46 4.3.1 Biological data ...........................................15 6.5.1 Catch per unit effort at different stations ..46 4.3.2 Selected species .........................................15 6.5.2 Catch per unit effort in different mesh sizes .46 4.3.3 Species diversity .........................................15 6.5.3 Catch per unit effort in different habitats ...47 4.3.4 Gill net selectivity .......................................16 4.3.5 Catch per unit effort ..................................17 7 Discussion ............................................................51 4.3.6 Databases and software ............................17 7.1 Species diversity, all stations combined ............51 7.1.1 Catches in gill nets ..................................52 5 Background biology and distribution of 7.1.2 Catches in other gears than gill nets ........52
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