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How Is Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) Diagnosed? 10

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How Is Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) Diagnosed? 10 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations What you need to know about EPIZOOTIC ULCERATIVE SYNDROME (EUS) An extension brochure for Africa he designations employed and the presentation of material in this information Tproduct do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Chief Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch Communication Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected] © FAO 2020 , Philippine isolates,1999 ©FAO/M.B. Reantaso ©FAO/M.B. , Philippine isolates,1999 Aphanomyces sporangia Aphanomyces Design and layout: José Luis Castilla Civit What you need to know about EPIZOOTIC ULCERATIVE SYNDROME (EUS) An extension brochure for Africa Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2020 iii Required citation: FAO. 2020. What you need to know about epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) – An extension brochure for Africa. Rome. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. © FAO, 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected]. Cover photographs: ©FAO/D. Huchzermeyer, Rhodes University. Preparation of this document his extension brochure – What you need to know about epizootic ulcerative Tsyndrome (EUS) – provides simple facts or answers to frequently asked questions about EUS. This brochure is intended to address a wide range of audience from fish farmers and fishermen to extension officers as well as policy- makers as a public information campaign to make available factual information about the disease so that awareness may be raised for better understanding of its potential impact. The original brochure, an outcome of FAO’s Technical Cooperation Project TCP/RAF/3111 Emergency Assistance to Combat Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome in the Chobe/Zambezi River System, was prepared under the technical supervision of Dr Melba B. Reantaso (FAO) and Dr Rohana P. Subasinghe (FAO retiree). The current version of the extension brochure is focused on Africa. This was prepared by Dr Melba Reantaso and Dr David Huchzermeyer (South Africa). iii Contents Preparation of this document iii Acknowledgements vi What is epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS)? 1 What does epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) do to the fish? 4 History of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) in Africa 7 Location of the first recorded occurrence in Africa 8 How does epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) occur? 9 How is epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) diagnosed? 10 Which species are susceptible or affected? 12 Which species are not susceptible or affected by epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS)? 17 How is epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) spread? What factors cause the fish to become infected with EUS? 18 Why and where is epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) a problem today? 21 Is it safe to eat epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) fish? 24 Can epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS)-affected fish be treated? 25 Can infection be prevented? 26 What can one do in the event of a disease outbreak? 28 Can I collect epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) samples for laboratory examination? 29 References 30 Glossary 31 v Acknowledgements he FAO Fisheries Division (NFI) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of Tthe United Nations (FAO), the FAO project GCP/GLO/979/NOR: “Improving Biosecurity Governance and Legal Framework for Efficient and Sustainable Aquaculture Production” funded by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation and UTF/ZAM/077/ZAM: Technical Assistance to the Zambia Aquaculture Enterprise Development (ZAED): Output 4: Improving Aquatic Animal Health funded by the African Development Bank, and FAO’s Strategic Programme 5, are gratefully acknowledged for support in the preparation and compilation of this publication. Translation, printing and distribution costs were shouldered by the Southern African Development Community under the leadership of Dr Motseki Hlatshwayo. We also appreciate Prof Kishio Hatai, Dr Gilson Njunga, Dr Ben Van der Waal for providing photos. vi What is epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS)? pizootic ulcerative syndrome or EUS is the name given to a disease caused Eby an infection with the oomycete fungus known as Aphanomyces invadans or A. piscicida. Aphanomyces is a member of a group of organisms commonly known as water a moulds; they are currently recognized asb belonging, with diatoms and brown algae, to the group of Stramenopiles (OIE, 2019).This group of organisms contains a number of pathogens of plants and animals that have had devastating effects on agriculture and aquaculture throughout the world. In contrast to free-living saprophytic water moulds, Aphanomyces invadans is an obligate pathogen. EUS is an epizootic condition affecting wild and farmed freshwater and estuarine finfish since it was first reported in 1971. In affected areas, the disease often occurs seasonally and may be worse in some years. EUS is also known by other names such as red spot disease (RSD), mycotic granulomatosis (MG), ulcerative mycosis (UM) and in 2005 it was suggested to rename EUS as epizootic granulomatous aphanomycosis (EGA) (Baldock et al. 2005). However the name EUS is most frequently used to describe the disease. ©FAO/B. Van Van der Waal, Namibia ©FAO/B. Figure 1. Enteromius paludinosus – Straightfin barb showing typical epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) lesion. Caprivi Region, Namibia, 2007. 1 AQUAPONICS ©FAO/D. Huchzermeyer, Rhodes University Huchzermeyer, ©FAO/D. Figure 2. Invading hyphae of Aphanomyces invadans (short arrows) with development of typical mycotic granulomas (long arrows) in a histological section of muscle from of an epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS)-affected fish (Serranochromis robustus), north Zambia, 2014 (Grocott’s
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