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The Lithostratigraphy and Biostratigraphy of the Chalk Group (Upper Coniacian 1 to Upper Campanian) at Scratchell’S Bay and Alum Bay, Isle of Wight, UK
Manuscript Click here to view linked References The lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Chalk Group (Upper Coniacian 1 to Upper Campanian) at Scratchell’s Bay and Alum Bay, Isle of Wight, UK. 2 3 Peter Hopson1*, Andrew Farrant1, Ian Wilkinson1, Mark Woods1 , Sev Kender1 4 2 5 and Sofie Jehle , 6 7 1 British Geological Survey, Sir Kingsley Dunham Centre, Nottingham, NG12 8 5GG. 9 2 10 University of Tübingen, Sigwartstraße 10, 72074 Tübingen, Germany 11 12 * corresponding author [email protected] 13 14 Keywords: Cretaceous, Isle of Wight, Chalk, lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, 15 16 17 Abstract 18 19 The Scratchell‟s Bay and southern Alum Bay sections, in the extreme west of the Isle 20 21 of Wight on the Needles promontory, cover the stratigraphically highest Chalk Group 22 formations available in southern England. They are relatively inaccessible, other than 23 by boat, and despite being a virtually unbroken succession they have not received the 24 attention afforded to the Whitecliff GCR (Geological Conservation Review series) 25 site at the eastern extremity of the island. A detailed account of the lithostratigraphy 26 27 of the strata in Scratchell‟s Bay is presented and integrated with macro and micro 28 biostratigraphical results for each formation present. Comparisons are made with 29 earlier work to provide a comprehensive description of the Seaford Chalk, Newhaven 30 Chalk, Culver Chalk and Portsdown Chalk formations for the Needles promontory. 31 32 33 The strata described are correlated with those seen in the Culver Down Cliffs – 34 Whitecliff Bay at the eastern end of the island that form the Whitecliff GCR site. -
Definition of Chalk
1.1: Introduction: 1.1.1: Definition of chalk: Chalk is a soft, white, porous sedimentary carbonate rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. Calcite is calcium carbonate or CaCO3. It forms under reasonably deep marine conditions from the gradual accumulation of minute calcite shells (coccoliths) shed from micro-organisms called coccolithophores. Flint (a type of chert unique to chalk) is very common as bands parallel to the bedding or as nodules embedded in chalk. It is probably derived from sponge spicules or other siliceous organisms as water is expelled upwards during compaction. Flint is often deposited around larger fossils such as Echinoidea which may be silicified (i.e. replaced molecule by molecule by flint). Chalk as seen in Cretaceous deposits of Western Europe is unusual among sedimentary limestone in the thickness of the beds. Most cliffs of chalk have very few obvious bedding planes unlike most thick sequences of limestone such as the Carboniferous Limestone or the Jurassic oolitic limestones. This presumably indicates very stable conditions over tens of millions of years. Figure (1-1): Calcium sulphate 1 "Nitzana Chalk curves" situated at Western Negev, Israel are chalk deposits formed at the Mesozoic era's Tethys Ocean Chalk has greater resistance to weathering and slumping than the clays with which it is usually associated, thus forming tall steep cliffs where chalk ridges meet the sea. Chalk hills, known as chalk downland, usually form where bands of chalk reach the surface at an angle, so forming a scarp slope. Because chalk is well jointed it can hold a large volume of ground water, providing a natural reservoir that releases water slowly through dry seasons. -
Oregon Department of Human Services HEALTH EFFECTS INFORMATION
Oregon Department of Human Services Office of Environmental Public Health (503) 731-4030 Emergency 800 NE Oregon Street #604 (971) 673-0405 Portland, OR 97232-2162 (971) 673-0457 FAX (971) 673-0372 TTY-Nonvoice TECHNICAL BULLETIN HEALTH EFFECTS INFORMATION Prepared by: Department of Human Services ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY SECTION Office of Environmental Public Health OCTOBER, 1998 CALCIUM CARBONATE "lime, limewater” For More Information Contact: Environmental Toxicology Section (971) 673-0440 Drinking Water Section (971) 673-0405 Technical Bulletin - Health Effects Information CALCIUM CARBONATE, "lime, limewater@ Page 2 SYNONYMS: Lime, ground limestone, dolomite, sugar lime, oyster shell, coral shell, marble dust, calcite, whiting, marl dust, putty dust CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: - Molecular Formula: CaCO3 - White solid, crystals or powder, may draw moisture from the air and become damp on exposure - Odorless, chalky, flat, sweetish flavor (Do not confuse with "anhydrous lime" which is a special form of calcium hydroxide, an extremely caustic, dangerous product. Direct contact with it is immediately injurious to skin, eyes, intestinal tract and respiratory system.) WHERE DOES CALCIUM CARBONATE COME FROM? Calcium carbonate can be mined from the earth in solid form or it may be extracted from seawater or other brines by industrial processes. Natural shells, bones and chalk are composed predominantly of calcium carbonate. WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLE USES OF CALCIUM CARBONATE? Calcium carbonate is an important ingredient of many household products. It is used as a whitening agent in paints, soaps, art products, paper, polishes, putty products and cement. It is used as a filler and whitener in many cosmetic products including mouth washes, creams, pastes, powders and lotions. -
Natural Theology and Natural History in Darwin’S Time: Design
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ETD - Electronic Theses & Dissertations NATURAL THEOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY IN DARWIN’S TIME: DESIGN, DIRECTION, SUPERINTENEDENCE AND UNIFORMITY IN BRITISH THOUGHT, 1818-1876 By Boyd Barnes Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Religion May, 2008 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Professor James Hudnut-Beumler Professor Dale A. Johnson Professor Eugene A. TeSelle Professor Richard F. Haglund Professor James P. Byrd William Buckland “The evidences afforded by the sister sciences exhibit indeed the most admirable proofs of design originally exerted at the Creation: but many who admit these proofs still doubt the continued superintendence of that intelligence, maintaining that the system of the Universe is carried on by the force of the laws originally impressed upon matter…. Such an opinion … nowhere meets with a more direct and palpable refutation, than is afforded by the subserviency of the present structure of the earth’s surface to final causes; for that structure is evidently the result of many and violent convulsions subsequent to its original formation. When therefore we perceive that the secondary causes producing these convulsions have operated at successive epochs, not blindly and at random, but with a direction to beneficial ends, we see at once the proofs of an overruling Intelligence continuing to superintend, direct, modify, and control the operation of the agents, which he originally ordained.” – The Very Reverend William Buckland (1784-1856), DD, FRS, Reader in Geology and Canon of Christ Church at the University of Oxford, President of the Geological Society of London, President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Dean of Westminster. -
William Smith Abstracts
William Smith 1769-1839 Acknowledgements This meeting is a part of a number of events that mark the Bicentennial of the first map published by William Smith. We gratefully acknowledge the support of ARUP for making this meeting possible. Sponsor: CONTENTS Inside Cover Sponsors Acknowledgement Event Programme Page 1 Speaker Abstracts Page 37 Poster Abstracts Page 47 Speaker Biographies Page 57 Burlington House Fire Safety Information Page 58 Ground Floor Plan of the Geological Society, Burlington House William Smith Meeting 2015 200 Years of Smith’s Map 23-24 April 2015 PROGRAMME SPEAKER ABSTRACTS William Smith Meeting 23 April 2015 DAY ONE 1 William Smith's (1769-1839) Searches for a Money-earning Career Hugh Torrens Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK email: [email protected] This lecture will concentrate on Smith's, highly complex, early 'career paths'. His first employment was as a land surveyor (1). Then in 1793 he became both, canal surveyor (2), and engineer, (3) to the Somerset Coal Canal (SCC). These had guaranteed him a regular, and known, income. But this suddenly changed, when he was successively dismissed, first as surveyor, then as engineer, in 1799. He now had to find some other means of supporting himself, and the geological revelations, which he knew were so important, that he had uncovered in Somerset. In the mid-1790s, he had done some land drainage and irrigation work (4), for the chairman of the SCC, and immediately after his dismissals, was able to generate an adequate living from such work around Bath, during a period of very high rainfall. -
References Geological Society, London, Memoirs
Geological Society, London, Memoirs References Geological Society, London, Memoirs 2002; v. 25; p. 297-319 doi:10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.025.01.23 Email alerting click here to receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article service Permission click here to seek permission to re-use all or part of this article request Subscribe click here to subscribe to Geological Society, London, Memoirs or the Lyell Collection Notes Downloaded by on 3 November 2010 © 2002 Geological Society of London References ABBATE, E., BORTOLOTTI, V. & PASSERINI, P. 1970. Olistostromes and olis- ARCHER, J. B, 1980. Patrick Ganly: geologist. Irish Naturalists' Journal, 20, toliths. Sedimentary Geology, 4, 521-557. 142-148. ADAMS, J. 1995. Mines of the Lake District Fells. Dalesman, Skipton (lst ARTER. G. & FAGIN, S. W. 1993. The Fieetwood Dyke and the Tynwald edn, 1988). fault zone, Block 113/27, East Irish Sea Basin. In: PARKER, J. R. (ed.), AGASSIZ, L. 1840. Etudes sur les Glaciers. Jent & Gassmann, Neuch~tel. Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Con- AGASSIZ, L. 1840-1841. On glaciers, and the evidence of their once having ference held at the Barbican Centre, London 29 March-1 April 1992. existed in Scotland, Ireland and England. Proceedings of the Geo- Geological Society, London, 2, 835--843. logical Society, 3(2), 327-332. ARTHURTON, R. S. & WADGE A. J. 1981. Geology of the Country Around AKHURST, M. C., BARNES, R. P., CHADWICK, R. A., MILLWARD, D., Penrith: Memoir for 1:50 000 Geological Sheet 24. Institute of Geo- NORTON, M. G., MADDOCK, R. -
French Geothermal Resources Survey BRGM Contribution to the Market Study in the LOW-BIN Project
French geothermal resources survey BRGM contribution to the market study in the LOW-BIN project BRGM/RP - 57583 - FR August, 2009 French geothermal resources survey BRGM contribution to the market study in the LOW-BIN project (TREN/05/FP6EN/S07.53962/518277) BRGM/RP-57583-FR August, 2009 F. Jaudin With the collaboration of M. Le Brun, V.Bouchot, C. Dezaye IM 003 ANG – April 05 Keywords: French geothermal resources, geothermal heat, geothermal electricity generation schemes, geothermal Rankine Cycle, cogeneration, geothermal binary plants In bibliography, this report should be cited as follows: Jaudin F. , Le Brun M., Bouchot V., Dezaye C. (2009) - French geothermal resources survey, BRGM contribution to the market study in the LOW-BIN Project. BRGM/RP-57583 - FR © BRGM, 2009. No part of this document may be reproduced without the prior permission of BRGM French geothermal resources survey BRGM contribution to the market study in the LOW-BIN Project BRGM, July 2009 F.JAUDIN M. LE BRUN, V. BOUCHOT, C. DEZAYE 1 / 33 TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................4 2. The sedimentary regions...................................................................................................5 2.1. The Paris Basin ........................................................................................................5 2.1.1. An overview of the exploitation of the low enthalpy Dogger reservoir ..............7 2.1.2. The geothermal potential -
Marcou in East-Central New Mexico Ronald K
New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/23 Marcou in east-central New Mexico Ronald K. DeFord, 1972, pp. 65-71 in: East-Central New Mexico, Kelley, V. C.; Trauger, F. D.; [eds.], New Mexico Geological Society 23rd Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 236 p. This is one of many related papers that were included in the 1972 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peer-reviewed geoscience papers. These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico. Free Downloads NMGS has decided to make peer-reviewed papers from our Fall Field Conference guidebooks available for free download. Non-members will have access to guidebook papers two years after publication. Members have access to all papers. This is in keeping with our mission of promoting interest, research, and cooperation regarding geology in New Mexico. However, guidebook sales represent a significant proportion of our operating budget. Therefore, only research papers are available for download. Road logs, mini-papers, maps, stratigraphic charts, and other selected content are available only in the printed guidebooks. Copyright Information Publications of the New Mexico Geological Society, printed and electronic, are protected by the copyright laws of the United States. -
Geologic Models and Evaluation of Undiscovered Conventional and Continuous Oil and Gas Resources— Upper Cretaceous Austin Chalk, U.S
Geologic Models and Evaluation of Undiscovered Conventional and Continuous Oil and Gas Resources— Upper Cretaceous Austin Chalk, U.S. Gulf Coast Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5159 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Front Cover. Photos taken by Krystal Pearson, U.S. Geological Survey, near the old Sprinkle Road bridge on Little Walnut Creek, Travis County, Texas. Geologic Models and Evaluation of Undiscovered Conventional and Continuous Oil and Gas Resources—Upper Cretaceous Austin Chalk, U.S. Gulf Coast By Krystal Pearson Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5159 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2012 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Pearson, Krystal, 2012, Geologic models and evaluation of undiscovered conventional and continuous oil and gas resources—Upper Cretaceous Austin Chalk, U.S. -
In Retrospect: Leibniz's Protogaea
NATURE|Vol 455|4 September 2008 OPINION In Retrospect: Leibniz’s Protogaea The first English translation of Gottfried Leibniz’s earth science treatise records the difficulties of understanding our planet before geologists appreciated deep time, Richard Fortey discovers. Protogaea When considering the origin of minerals, by Gottfreid Wilhelm Leibniz Leibniz has an intuitive sense that a kind Translated by Claudine Cohen and of natural cookery is involved: “One is thus Andre Wakefield inclined to suspect that nature, using volca- University of Chicago Press: 2008. noes as furnaces and mountains as alembics, 204 pp. $55. has accomplished in her mighty works what we play at with our little examples [in labo- It is something of a game among historians ratories].” That the furnaces of the ‘chymist’ to try and detect the earliest hints of a major might simulate Earth’s processes is a hope scientific breakthrough in a little-known work that still drives research into petrology and discovered through recondite scholarship. geochemistry today. Charles Darwin’s supposed debt to his grandfa- Why then did Leibniz’s shrewd obser- ther Erasmus is an example, or maybe geologist vations fail to move geology significantly Charles Lyell’s insufficient acknowledgement towards becoming a mature science? For all its of the early geological work of Nicolaus Steno. insights, Protogaea does not seem to a modern When the savant in question is Gottfried Wil- geologist like the natural ancestor of Lyell’s helm Leibniz (1646–1716) — the man who Principles of Geology. The missing ingredient developed calculus independently of Isaac is an awareness of geological time. -
Mesozoic Stratigraphy at Durango, Colorado
160 New Mexico Geological Society, 56th Field Conference Guidebook, Geology of the Chama Basin, 2005, p. 160-169. LUCAS AND HECKERT MESOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY AT DURANGO, COLORADO SPENCER G. LUCAS AND ANDREW B. HECKERT New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 1801 Mountain Rd. NW, Albuquerque, NM 87104 ABSTRACT.—A nearly 3-km-thick section of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks is exposed at Durango, Colorado. This section con- sists of Upper Triassic, Middle-Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous strata that well record the geological history of southwestern Colorado during much of the Mesozoic. At Durango, Upper Triassic strata of the Chinle Group are ~ 300 m of red beds deposited in mostly fluvial paleoenvironments. Overlying Middle-Upper Jurassic strata of the San Rafael Group are ~ 300 m thick and consist of eolian sandstone, salina limestone and siltstone/sandstone deposited on an arid coastal plain. The Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation is ~ 187 m thick and consists of sandstone and mudstone deposited in fluvial environments. The only Lower Cretaceous strata at Durango are fluvial sandstone and conglomerate of the Burro Canyon Formation. Most of the overlying Upper Cretaceous section (Dakota, Mancos, Mesaverde, Lewis, Fruitland and Kirtland units) represents deposition in and along the western margin of the Western Interior seaway during Cenomanian-Campanian time. Volcaniclastic strata of the overlying McDermott Formation are the youngest Mesozoic strata at Durango. INTRODUCTION Durango, Colorado, sits in the Animas River Valley on the northern flank of the San Juan Basin and in the southern foothills of the San Juan and La Plata Mountains. Beginning at the northern end of the city, and extending to the southern end of town (from north of Animas City Mountain to just south of Smelter Moun- tain), the Animas River cuts in an essentially downdip direction through a homoclinal Mesozoic section of sedimentary rocks about 3 km thick (Figs. -
Paper Number: 1591 the Stratigraphic Table of Germany Revisited: 2016
Paper Number: 1591 The Stratigraphic Table of Germany revisited: 2016 Menning, M., Hendrich, A. & Deutsche Stratigraphische Kommission Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany, menne@gfz- potsdam.de For the occasion of the “Year of Geosciences” in Germany 2002 the German Stratigraphic Commission created the “Stratigraphic Table of Germany 2002” (STD 2002) [1]. It presents more than 1 000 geological units, beds, formations, groups, regional stages, and regional series of the Regional Stratigraphic Scale (RSS) of Central Europe in relation to the Global Stratigraphic Scale (GSS). Alongside the recent stratigraphic terms are also some historical names like Wealden (now Bückeberg Formation, Early Cretaceous) and Wellenkalk (now Jena Formation, Muschelkalk Group, Middle Triassic) [1] (http://www.stratigraphie.de/std2002/download/STD2002_large.pdf). The numerical ages in the table have been estimated using all available time indicators including (1) radio-isotopic ages, (2) sedimentary cycles of the Milankovich-band of about 0.1 Ma and 0.4 Ma duration for the Middle Permian to Middle Triassic (Rotliegend, Zechstein, Buntsandstein, Muschelkalk, and Keuper groups), and (3) average weighted thicknesses for the Late Carboniferous of the Central European Namurian, Westphalian, and Stephanian regional stages. Significant uncertainties are indicated by arrows instead of error bars as in the Global Time Scales 1989 and 2012 (GTS 1989, Harland et al. 1990 [2], GTS 2012, Gradstein et al. 2012 [3]). Those errors were underestimated in the GTS 2012 [3] because they were calculated using too much emphasis on laboratory precision of dating and less on the uncertainty of geological factors. Figure 1: Buntsandstein and Muschelkalk in the Stratigraphic Table of Germany 2016 (part) In 2015 und 2016 the German Stratigraphic Commission updated the entire STD 2002 [1].