Index

Page numbers in italic denote figures. Page numbers in bold denote tables.

A7 Rhyolite, Provence 190, 283,284 Artinskian Actinopterygii, Carboniferous-Permian 217-30 Permian tracksite correlations 188 Lower Permian 224-6 SGCS 2, 2 Stephanian 221-4 Asselian Westphalian 218 21 Permian tracksite correlations 188 aeolian sediments SGCS 2, 2 Perm~Carboniferous climates 127 Asterochlaena laxa 55 ventifacts/dreikanters 287, 288 Australia, Sakmarian transgressive systems 119 Africa Autun Basin 99 101 Early Triassic correlation chart 330 1,330 magnetic polarity time scale across PTB 23-4 general succession 100 Karoo Group 23-4 sedimentological development 99-101 Inter-Tropical Convergence (ITC) 124 Autunian Karoo Basin 117, 119 flora 250, 309 Karoo Group, magnetic polarity time scale across PTB Permian composite section, Lodrve Basin 244 23-4 sedimentary cycles, Iberian Ranges 263-4 ocean currents, climate effects 126 as a series 5 recent precipitation 124 tetrapod ichnofacies and ichnocoenoses 147, 148, 191-2 Balearic Islands 249, 270, 270-2 Albania, Early Triassic 22 biostratigraphical data 271 2 algae, Chemnitz and Tocantins 49 Buntsandstein 292 Alleghanian orogenic system 120-1,298 Permian-Triassic 270 Alpine orogeny 261 Bas-Argens basin amniotes, traces (footprints) 158-63 A7 Rhyolite 190, 283,284 amphibian biostratigraphy correlations 201 15 tetrapod ichnofacies 189 90, 189, 193 biostratigraphical potential of other tetrapods 211 12 Batrachichnus delicatulus 181 France, Bourbon l'Archambault Basin, Massif Central Batrachichnus ichnofacies 148-50, 149, 158, 179 210 correlations 192, 194 Germany, Ilfeld Basin 210 Early Permian correlations, Europe 187 93, 189 Italy, Perdasdefogu Basin, Sardinia 210-11 inferred trackmakers 182 amphibian zonation 201-8, 202,203,206 reduction in ichnogenera 182 revised 205-8 bivalves 8 Anisian, global correlations 16, 18 blattids, spiloblattinid zonation 301-7, 302, 304, 306, 325-36, Antarctic Continent, Glossopteris vegetation 127 328, 330, Apateon dracyiensis Melanerpeton sembachense zone 99, 105, definition 327 9,328 110, 205-7,206 Morocco 301 7,302, 304, 306 Apateon flagrifer flagrifer-Branchierpeton reinholdi zone 99, occurrence, taphonomy and palaeocology 326-7 207 Spiloblattina oderheimensis zone 103 Apateon flagrifer oberhofensis-Melanerpeton arnhardti zone Spiloblattina pygmaea zone 103, 307 207 Spiloblattina weissigensis zone 112 Apateon intermedius-Branchierpeton saalensis zone 110, 205 Syscioblatta dohrni, life reconstruction 326 Apateon spp. 202-11,202,203,206, 209 Syscioblatta dohrni zone 331 zonation 205-7, 206 Syscioblatta dohrn~ Sysciophlebia balteata zone 100 Appalachians, elevation 121-4, 122 Syscioblatta n. sp. Obora-Morovamylaeris kukalovae zone Archimylacris lubnensis zone, Westphalian 103 332-3 Arctic North America, Early Triassic 20 Syseioblatta variegata zone 329 Argana Basin, Morocco 317-19, 318 Sysciophlebia alligans zone 101, 112, 332 biostratigraphy, environment and palaeoclimatology Sysciophlebia balteata Form G-Spiloblattina 319-20 sperbersbachensis zone 332 Carboniferous and Permian faunas 317-19, 318 Sysciophlebia balteata Form H-Spiloblattina Argentina homigtalensis-Syscioblatta slusiensis zone 331-2 Characichnos ichnofacies 191 Sysciophlebia cf. Spiloblattina pygmaea zone 307 tetrapod footprints 191 Sysciophlebia euglyptica-Syscioblatta dohrni zone 103, 331 aridization 125 7 Sysciophlebia grata zone, type horizon 307, 329 aeolian sediments 127 Sysciophlebia ilfeldensis zone 331 Buntsandstein hyper-arid period 285, 288 91 Sysciophlebia n. sp. A Syscioblatta intermediate zone 329 Permo-Carboniferous climates 118, 125-6 Sysciophlebia n. sp. B Spiloblattina odernheimensis zone Arthropitys-type calamites, Tocantins 58 332 338 INDEX

Sysciophlebia praepilata, Stephanian 307 Capitanian Sysciophlebia rubida-Syscioblatta lawrenceana zone global correlations 16, 18 329-31,330 Illawarra reversals? 31 Bohemian basins magnetic polarity time scale 25 Boskovice Graben 112-13, 113,224 Permian tracksite correlations 188 central and western 109 10 SGCS 2 correlation chart 330-1,330 Captorhinomorpha 158-9 general succession 109-11 Caseomorpha 159-61,160 Krkonose Piedmont and Intra-Sudetic Basins 110-11,221 Catalan Ranges 268-9, 271 sedimentological development 109-10 Central European Basin 107 14 stratigraphy 219-24, 219, 222 general succession 108 Intra-Sudetic basin 221 Late and Middle Permian, magnetic polarity time scale Bohemian Massif 123 across PTB 30 actinopterygian fishes 217-30, 219,220, 221,222,223, Chang N, polarity interval 34 224, 224, 227 Changhsingian Bolzano Basin, tetrapod footprints 169 global correlations 16, 18, 24-5, 30-1 Boskovice Graben Permian tracksite correlations 188, 192, 194 correlation chart 330-1 SGCS 2 general succession 113 Thuringian microflora 243 Obora insect beds 334 Characichnos ichnofacies 152 sedimentological development 112-13 Brazil 191 stratigraphy 224, 224 reduction in ichnogenera 184 Botryopteris spp. 53-5, 54 charophytes 7, 49 Bourbon l'Archambault Basin 4, 101-2 Chemnitz and Tocantins 49 amphibian biostratigraphy 210 Chelichnus ichnofacies 150-1,182, 192 coal-mining 4 global correlations 192 correlation chart 330-1,330 reduction in ichnogenera 182 general succession 101 Chemnitz locality sedimentological development 101 2 charophytes 49 Branch ierpeton reinholdi-Apateon flagrifer flagrifer zone 99, ferns 48-9 207 petrified forest 40, 44-6, 45 Branchierpeton saalensis-Apateon intermedius zone 103 plant-bearing pyroclastic horizon 40, 44-6, 45 Branchiosauridae 158, 201 11,202, 203, 206, 209 China Branchiosaurusfayoli zone 205 Changhsingian global correlations 24-5, 30 1 Branchiosaurus salamandroides-Limnogyrinus elegans zone 16, 18, Permian tracksite correlations 188, 192, 194 205 Branchiosaurus spp. zonation 205 SGCS 2 Thuringian microflora 243 Brazil magnetic polarity time scale across PTB Characichnos ichnofacies 191 Early Triassic 22-3 tetrapod footprints 191 Late and Middle Permian 25 Tocantins petrified forest climates see Permo-Carboniferous climates localities and stratigraphy of source strata 40-2, 41 conchostracans 7 Permian fossil-bearing clastic sequence 46-50, 47, 48, conifers 49 Chemnitz and Tocantins 49 Brontopodus ichnofacies 151-2 petrified forests, fossil record 50-9, 52, 54, 56 global correlations 194 cordaitaleans, Chemnitz and Tocantins 49 Middle to Late Permian correlations 193 Cornberg Sandstein (Hessian Depression) Germany, tetrapod reduction in ichnogenera 184 footprints 171,189 Bulgaria Corsica 236, 239 Buntsandstein 292 igneous rocks 247 correlation potential of Buntsandstein 292 Coyotean land-vertebrate faunachrons (LVF) 74--6, 75 'Buntsandstein' Group 20-1,281-8,282,287, 292-3 Czech Republic Provence 243,281-8,282,287, 292 3 Actinopterygii, Carboniferous-Permian 217-30 sedimentary cycles, Iberian Ranges 267-8 stratigraphic correlation 308 Buntsandstein hyper-arid period 288 91,289 comparison with central Central European Basin (CEB) 290-1 Dernbachia brasiliensis 52, 55 Cornia sp. 290 Dienerian, global correlations 16, 18 correlation potential 291 2 Discosauriscus austriacus, zonation 99, 208 dating elements 283 dunes, aeolian sediments 127

Canada see North America Early Pennsylvanian, climate development of central Europe Capitan N polarity interval 34 95 136 INDEX 339

Early Triassic coal-mining 4 Buntsandstein 285, 288 91 correlation chart 330-1,330 magnetic polarity time scale across PTB 20-1 general succession 101 global chronostratigraphic correlation 16 sedimentological development 101-2 North America 19-20 Lodrve Basin palichnofauna 158-72, 160, 162,166, 168, polarity pattern 17-19, 18 189-90 summary 24 stratigraphic correlations 308 polarity intervals, Diener R-N, Gries N, Smith N and tetrapod footprints 157-77, 187 Spath N 15, 16, 18, 24, 34 stratigraphical inferences 163-72 Ebro Basin 261,269-70 France, Permian deposits 243 Edaphosauria 159 Stephanian floral assemblages 247, 249 erosion France, Permian-Triassic Boundary (PTB) 281 96, 282, 284, calculating palaeo-erosion rates 123 286,287, 288 denudation rates, Himalayas 123 correlation potential of Buntsandstein 291 2 Eryopsidae 158 Bulgaria 292 Eupelycosauria 159 Italy 291-2 Europe Spain 292 climate development in Early Pennsylvanian 95-136 location map 282 doming 126 sequences 241-247, 241,246 Early Triassic, magnetic polarity time scale across PTB 20-1 timing of sedimentary, tectonic and magmatic events 246 North and South Africa, stratigraphic correlation 308 see also Lodrve Basin; Provence Permian footprint correlations 187-93 Rheic Ocean closure, climate effects 125~5 Gamkan land-vertebrate faunachron (LVF) 80, 81 2 European basins Germany correlation charts 115-17, 116, 188, 330-1,330 amphibian biostratigraphy, Ilfeld Basin 210 Permian tetrapod track record 147-8 'Buntsandstein' Group 21 sedimentological development 97-117 Chemnitz petrified forest 40, 44-6, 45 tetrapod ichnofacies and ichnocoenoses 144-6, 144, 145, geological setting and taphonomic implications 44-6, 147, 147-8 tetrapod tracksites 187, 188 45 plant-bearing pyroclastic horizon 44-6, 45 North German/Polish Depression, sedimentological ferns development 107-9 Chemnitz and Tocantins, list 48 stratigraphic correlation 308 dominance patterns, growth habits and ecologies 50-8, tetrapod footprints 171-2, 187, 188 52, 54, 56 Cornberg Sandstein (Hessian Depression) 171,189 fishes (non-marine), Carboniferous-Permian 8-9, 217 30 Hessian Depression 171,189 Actinopterygii 218-26 Saar-Nahe and Wetterau Basin 171 2, 170 Lower Permian 224-6 145, 187-9, 187, 188, 189 Stephanian 221-4 Thuringian Forest Basin 169-71,170 Westphalian 218-21 Volpriehausen Formation 290-1 climatic conditions 217-18 global chronostratigraphic scale forests, petrified correlations of Permian-Triassic Boundary (PTB) 16, 18 fossil record 50-9, 52, 54, 56 footprint biostratigraphy 189 arborescent sphenopsids, outstanding specimens 58-9 standard (SGCS), Permian 2 ferns, dominance patterns, growth habits and global stratotype sections and points (GSSPs) 1 ecologies 50-8, 52, 54, 56 Glossopteris vegetation, Antarctic Continent 127 plant-plant and plant-animal interactions, Gondwana re-examination 59 (300 Ma) precipitation 125 geological setting and taphonomic implications 44-50, 45, Laurussia-Gondwana collision/suture 97, 121,298 47 Pangaea A reconstruction 120-1 Chemnitz locality, plant-bearing pyroclastic horizon see also Pangaea 44-6, 45 Gondwana glaciation 117 19, 117 Tocantins northern region, fossil-bearing clastic Sakmarian 119, 126 sequence 46~50, 47 Grammatopteris 51-3, 52 localities and stratigraphy of source strata 40-2, 41 Griesbachian, global correlations 16, 18 material, preservation, methods and storage 42-4, 41 Guadalupian (Middle Permian) see also Brazil ; Germany global correlations 18 France, Permian basins SGCS 2 Bas-Argens basin gymnosperms, Chemnitz and Tocantins 49-59, 49, 52, 54, 56 A7 Rhyolite 190, 283, 284 tetrapod ichnofacies 189-90, 189, 193 Bourbon l'Archambault Basin 4, 101-2 Hercynian orogenic system 2, 120-4, 122, 298 amphibian biostratigraphy 210 Westphalian climates 95, 96 340 INDEX

Hessian Depression, Germany, tetrapod footprints 171,189 jellyfish, freshwater, Medusina 4, 103, 104, 105, 107 Himalayas, denudation rates 123 Hoedemakeran land-vertebrate faunachron (LVF) 80, 82 Kapteinskraalian land-vertebrate faunachron (LVF) 80-1 Karoo Basin Iberian Basin 270-5 climatic development 117 palinspastic reconstruction 264 southern Africa 117, 119 Iberian Peninsula, map 262 Karoo Group, magnetic polarity time scale across PTB 23-4 Iberian Ranges 261 3 Khenifra Basin, Morocco 310-15,313,314 map 263 Krkonose Piedmont and Intra-Sudetic Basins sedimentary cycles 263 8,265,267 correlation chart 330, 331 sedimentary gap (Middle Permian) 250 general succession 110-11 TSUs 247 sedimentological development 110-12 ichnocoenosis, defined 137 stratigraphy 221,222 ichnofacies 182-4 Kungurian defined 137 A7 Rhyolite 190, 283,284 ichnotaxonomy 179-82, 187 Permian tracksite correlations 188, 191 'lumping' 180 SGCS 2 as proxy of biotaxonomy 179-80 Kupferschiefer 6 Ida Ou Ziki Sub-Basin (of Souss Basin, Morocco) 299-302, Kurdian, SGCS 2 300, 302-10, 302, 304, 306, 308, 303-10 biostratigraphy, palaeoclimatology and palaeobiogeography 307 10, 315-16, 308 land-vertebrate faunachron (LVFs) 74-84, 75, 80 Ilfeld Basin Languedoc see Lod6ve Basin amphibian biostratigraphy 210 Late Pennsylvanian, insect biostratigraphy 32%6 aridization, aeolian sediments 127 Late Permian correlation chart 330-1,330 magnetic polarity time scale across PTB 24-31 Germany, amphibian biostratigraphy 210 global chronostratigraphic correlation 18 Illawarra reversals 31 polarity intervals, Chang N, Capitan N 34 insect biostratigraphy 8, 300-6, 300, 302,304, 325-36, 328, Laurussia Gondwana collision/suture 2, 97, 120~2, 122, 298 330 Pangaea A reconstruction 120-1 Late Pennsylvanian 325-6 post-caledonian orogens 121 Stephanian profiles, Ida Ou Ziki Sub-Basin (of Souss Littlecrotonian land-vertebrate faunachron (LVF) 75, 79-80 Basin), Morocco 300-1,303,306 Lod~ve Basin 4, 98-9 see also blattids, spiloblattinid zonation Buntsandstein facies 245 Inter-Tropical Convergence (ITC) 124 chronostratigraphy 164 Intra-Sudetic Basin erosion of Permian sediments 283 general succession 110, 110-I 1 general succession 98-9 sedimentological development 110-12 palichnofauna 158-72, 189-90, 160, 162, 166, 168, 170, stratigraphy 221 189 Iran Permian composite section 244 Early Triassic, Abadeh 21 Autonian Group 244 Late Permian, Western Tethys 25-6 Saxonian Group 245, 244 Italy Permian-Triassic Boundary (PTB) Buntsandstein 291-2 sequences 241-245 Collio and Tregiovo basins, microfloras 235 timing of sedimentary, tectonic and magmatic events correlation potential of Buntsandstein 291 2 Corsica 236,239, 247 246 Dolomites Rabejac Formation 241,245 Bolzano Basin, tetrapod footprints 169 sedimentological development 98-9 macrofloras and palynomorph taxa 236 tectonostratigraphic units 241-245 marine fossils 238 tetrapod footprints 144, 158-64, 160, 162 Early Triassic 21-2 correlations with other basins 164-72, 189,166, 168, ichnofacies 145 170 Late Permian 21 2 Viala Formation 241-245 Western Tethys 25 6 Lombardy: Orobic and Trompia Basins (northern Italy), Lombardy: Orobic and Trompia Basins, tetrapod tetrapod footprints 167-9, 168 footprints 167-9, 168 Lopingian Permian-Triassic sequences 231-9 global correlations 18 Sardinia 236-9 SGCS 2 Southern Alps 231-4, 237 Lower Permian Tuscany 234~6, 239 actinopterygian fishes (non-marine) 224-6, 225 tetrapod tracksites 187, 188, 190 wind velocities and monsoons 127 see also Sardinia lycophytes, Chemnitz and Tocantins 49 INDEX 341 magnetic polarity time scale across Permian-Triassic Tiddas Basin 316-17 boundary fossil content and biostratigraphy 316-17 Central European Basin 30 geological setting 316 Early Triassic 17-24, 18 Africa 23-4 China 22 3 New Mexico Europe, non-marine 20-1 Coyotean land-vertebrate faunachron (LVF) 74-6, 75 Cutler Group North America 19 20 73,149 Late Permian correlations 26 Russia and Transcaucasia 21 2 Robledo Mountains Formation 140, 150, 167, 183 6 Late and Middle Permian 24-31 tetrapod ichnofacies 183 China 25 North America North America 26-9 Canada Russia and Transcaucasia 29-30 tetrapod footprints 187 Western Tethys 25-6 tetrapods 141 Siberian flood basalts, age determination 31-4 magnetic polarity time scale across PTB Massif Central, Bourbon l'Archambault Basin, amphibian Early Triassic 19-20 biostratigraphy 210 Late and Middle Permian 26-9 Mauretanid orogenic system 121,298 tetrapod biochronology 167, 184-6 Mauretanides, elevation 121-4, 122 former schemes 67 Mediterranean Sea, salinity trail 120 nomenclature 7ff4, 73 Medullosales 57 standard 67, 141~ Medusina limnica 4, 103, 104, 105, 107 tetrapod ichnofacies and ichnocoenoses 140, 141-3 Melanerpeton arnhardti-Apateon flagrifer oberhofensis zone see also New Mexico; Texas 207 North German/Polish Depression 107-9, 108 Melanerpeton eisfeldi zonation 207 general succession 108 Melanerpeton gracile-Discosauriscus pulcherrimus zone 101 sedimentological development 107 9 Melanerpetonpusillum-Melanerpeton gracile zone 99, 100, 103, 112, 207-8 Melanerpeton sernbachense-Apateon dra~Tiensis 99 Obora insect beds, Boskovice Graben 334 Melanerpeton spp., zonation 207-8 ocean currents Merrilina divergens 105 climate effects 126 Mesogondolella britannica 105 and salinity 119 20 Micromelerpetondidea 158, 211 Orobic Basin, tetrapod footprints 167-9, 190 Middle Permian, global chronostratigraphic correlation 18 ostracodes 7 Mitchellcreekian land-vertebrate faunachron (LVF) 75, 77-8 Ouachita orogenic system 120-1,298 monsoons, wind velocities, Lower Permian 127 Moravamylacris kukalovae zone 103, 105, 112 Morocco Pakistan, Late Permian, Western Tethys 25-6 North and South Africa, and Europe, stratigraphic palaeo-ocean currents, and salinity 119-20 correlation 308 Pangaea tetrapod footprints 191 A and B reconstructions 120-1 Morocco, Carboniferous and Permian faunas 297-324, 298, evidence 251-2 300, 302,304,306, 308, 314, 318 aridization 125 6 Argana Basin 116, 317-19,318 map (270 Ma) 3 biostratigraphy, environment and palaeoclimatology tetrapod localities 66, 180 319-20, 318 map (300 Ma) 97 fossil content of Permian 317 19, 318 northern, climatic development 114-17, 116,117 general succession of Moroccan basins 114 palaeotopography in European surroundings 121-4, 122 Ida Ou Ziki Sub-Basin (of Souss Basin) 302 10, 302,304, 255-360 Ma 122 306,308 Permo-Carboniferous climates 114-17, 116,117, 121-7, biostratigraphy, palaeoclimatology and 122 palaeobiogeography 307-10, 308, 315-16 northern 114-17, 116, 117 fossil content 301,305-7, 306 southern 117 Stephanian profiles 300-1,300, 303 strike-slip systems, absence 120 Khenifra Basin 310-15, 313 tetrapod footprints, distribution 180, 184-92, 189 Ait Khouya quarry fauna 312 Panthalassa Ocean 2-3 Dahra Hill fauna 315 Pelycosauria 159, 212 flora 312 Pennsylvanian, Early, climate development of central Europe fossil content 311-12 95 136, 96, 116, 117, 122 geological setting 310-11 Pennsylvanian, Late, insect biostratigraphy 325 6 Ifri ou Ch~tou hill and clay pit 312-15, 313 Perdasdefogu Basin, Sardinia, amphibian biostratigraphy location map 298 210-11 Souss Basin 116, 299-310, 300, 302, 304, 306,308 Permian tetrapod footprints 191,314 15 flora and fauna 7 9 342 INDEX

mass extinction 15 Roadian formally proposed subdivisions 5 Permian tracksite correlations 188, 191 isotopic ages 9-10 SGCS 2 petrified forests 3%63, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56 Rotliegendes polarity, summary 30 coals 4 standard global chronostratigraphic scale (SGCS) 2 magnetic polarity time scale across PTB 30 standard used to create global tetrapod biochronology 67 as a series 5, 6, 147 Permian Chert Event 126 Russia Permian Triassic Boundary (PTB) 281 9, 282, 286 Early Triassic, magnetic polarity time scale across PTB magnetic polarity time scale 15-37, 16, 18 21 2 global chronostratigraphic correlations 16, 18 Late and Middle Permian, magnetic polarity time scale mass extinction 15 across PTB 29-30 Permo-Carboniferous basins tetrapod biochronology, former schemes 68 mapped 96 tetrapod footprints 190 1 palaeotopography of Pangaea in European surroundings 121-4, 122 Permo-Carboniferous climates 95-136, 116, 117, 122 Saale Basin 106-7 aeolian sediments 127 climate 309 aridization 125-6 correlation chart 330-1 Gondwana glaciation 117-19, 117 general succession 106 northern Pangaea, climatic development 114-17, 116, 117 sedimentological development 106-7 palaeo-ocean currents and salinity 119 20 Saar Nahe Basin 102-3 palaeogeography 12(~1 climate 309 precipitation over Gondwana 125 correlation chart 330-1 seasonality 124-5 general succession 102 southern Pangaea (Karoo Basin), climatic development iron ore 4 117 sedimentological development 10~3 Platbergian land-vertebrate faunachron (LVF) 80, 83~4 tetrapod footprints 171-2, 187-9, 187, 189 precipitation, Gondwana, Permo-Carboniferous climates 125 Sakmarian Protosauria 163 end of Gondwana glaciation 119, 126 Provence 164-7, 166, 281-91,282, 286 Melanerpeton gracile Discosauriscus pulcherrimus zone A7 Rhyolite 190, 283,284 101 Bas-Argens basin, tetrapod ichnofacies 189-90, 245 Melanerpeton pusillum-Melanerpeton gracile zone 99, 'Buntsandstein' Group 243, 281 8,282, 286, 292-3 207 8 Buntsandstein hyper-arid period 285, 288 9l Permian tracksite correlations 188 comparison with central Central European Basin SGCS 2 290-1 transgressive systems, Australia 119 dating 288-90 Sardinia ventifacts 287 Nurra, similarities to Provence 291~ dating elements 283 Perdasdefogu Basin 240 Gonfaron type 287-8 correlations in amphibian biostratigraphy 210-11 lithostratigraphy for upper part of PTB 284 Permian-Triassic sequences 236-9,236, 237, 238, 239, outcrop configurations 285 240, 242 Permian series 245 Saxonian, misleading term 6, 244, 245, 249 50 upper part 283-5 Saxonian Group Permian-Triassic Boundary (PTB) Permian composite section, Lod6ve Basin 214, 244 3 types of PTB 286 as a series 5, 6 location map 282 Seymouran land-vertebrate faunachron (LVF) 75, 76-7 problem 281-8,282, 286 Seymouria sanjuanensis 105, 211 timing of sedimentary, tectonic and magmatic events Siberian flood basalts 246 age determination 31-4 Port-Issol Formation 285 magnetic polarity time scale across PTB 31-4 Sanary type 285-7,286 West Siberia Basaltic LIP 274 similarities to Nurra, Sardinia 291-2 Smithian, global correlations 16, 18 stratigraphical inferences based on tetrapod footprints Souss Basin 299 164-7,166 correlation chart 330 1 Toulon-Cuers Basin 283 Morocco 299-310,299, 300, 302, 303, 304, 306, 308, 310 Vidauban type 288 South Africa see also France, Permian-Triassic Boundary (PTB) and Europe, stratigraphic correlation 308 Karoo Basin 117, 119 tetrapod biochronology Redtankian land-vertebrate faunachron (LVF) 75, 78-9 former schemes 68 Rheic Ocean 96 standard 67 closure, climate effects 125-6, 127 tetrapod footprints 192 INDEX 343

South America land-vertebrate faunachrons (LVF) 74-84, 75 Argentina, tetrapod footprints 191 Coyotean LVF 74-6 Permian tetrapod track record, tetrapod ichnofacies and Gamkan LVF 8 l-2 ichnocoenoses 148 Hoedemakeran LVF 82 tetrapod footprints 191 Kapteinskraalian LVF 80-1 tetrapod ichnofacies and ichnocoenoses 146, 148 Littlecrotonian LVF 75, 79-80 Spain, Permian Triassic 250, 261-80 Mitchellcreekian LVF 75, 77-8 Balearic Islands 250, 270, 270-2 Platbergian LVF 83-4 biostratigraphical data 270-2 Redtankian LVF 75, 78-9 significance of Late Permian and Middle-Triassic Seymouran LVF 75, 76-7 palynofloras 272 Steilkransian LVF 82-3 'Buntsandstein' Group 249 pelycosaur HO and therapsid LO 193 Catalan Ranges 248, 250, 268 9, 271 Permian tetrapods record 67 8 correlation potential of Buntsandstein 292 previous studies 68 9 Ebro Basin 26%70 problems and procedures 65-7 Iberian Basin 270-1 tetrapod footprints 9, 179-200 transition location 272 5 Branchiosauridea and/or Micromelerpetondidea 158 Iberian Ranges, sedimentary cycles 248, 250, 263-8 Captorhinomorpha 158-9 cycles I-VIII 265 Caseomorpha, Therapsida or Therosauria 159-61 first (Autunian) 263-4 correlations 192 5 second (Thuringian) 264-7 Chelichnus ichnofacies 192 third (Buntsandstein) 267-8 global biostratigraphy and biochronology 189, 193 5, macro- and microfloras 249 194 TSUs 243-9 global gap 193 Spain, Upper Carboniferous 248 Middle to Late Permian Brontopodus ichnofacies 193 Spathian, global correlations 16, 18 North America 185 sphenophytes, Chemnitz and Tocantins 48, 58-9 Permian Batrachichnus ichnofacies 187-93, 189 list 48 distribution in space and time 180, 184-92, 189 sphenopsids, arborescent, Tocantins 58 Africa 191 2 standard global chronostratigraphic scale (SGCS), Permian 2 Argentina 191 Steilkransian land-vertebrate faunachron (LVF) 80, 82 Brazil 191 Stephanian Canada 187 actinopterygian, fishes (non-marine) 221-4, 222 Europe 187 floral assemblages 247, 249 France 157 77, 189-90 Ida Ou Ziki Sub-Basin, Morocco 300-1,303 Germany 187 9, 189 insect biostratigraphy 300-1,303,306 Italy 190 lakes, varved sediments 124 Morocco 191 spiloblattinid zonation 307 Russia 190-1 Svalbard, Early Triassic 20 South Africa 192 South America 191 United States 184-6 Tambach vertebrates, Thuringian Forest Basin 4, 105 Eosuchia and Araeoscelidia 161-3,162 Tatarian, as a series 5 footprints ascribable to temnospondyls 158, 180, 181 tectonostratigraphic units (TSUs) 239-41 gap in records 179, 193 magmatism 250 ichnofacies 182-4 stratigraphy 250 ichnotaxonomy 179-82 tectonics 249-51 palichnofauna 158-63, 160, 162 timing of sedimentary, tectonic and magmatic events 246 stratigraphical inferences 163-72 Terrakea 126 chronostratigraphy 164 Tethys Sea 2-3 Cornberg Sandstein (Hessian Depression, Germany) Early Triassic, Iran and Italy 21 171,189 Tethys, Western ichnoassociations 163-4 magnetic polarity time scale across PTB Lod6ve Basin 163 Early Triassic 21 2 Lombardy: Orobic and Trompia basins (northern Late and Middle Permian 25-6 Italy) 167 9,168 tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology 65-93, 179 200 Provence basins 164-7, 166 see also tetrapod footprints Saa~Nahe and Wetterau basin (Germany2) 171 2 abbreviations and terminology 65 tentative correlations with other regions 164-7,166 body fossils 9, 193 Thuringian Forest Basin (Germany) 169 71,170 composite standard 69-74 United States basins 167 cross-correlations 84-5 traces attributed to amniotes 158 63,160, 162 global datum points 193 5, 194 tetrapod ichnofacies and ichnocoenoses 137-56, 139, 141-146, ichnofacies 182-4 149 ichnotaxonomy 179 82 Africa 147, 148 344 INDEX

archetypes and environments 139 Triassic, Buntsandstein 20 1,285, 288-91 Batrachichnus ichnofacies 148 50, 149 Trompia Basin, tetrapod footprints 167-9, 168 Brontopodus ichnofacies 151-2 Tuscany, Permian-Triassic sequences 234-6, 240, 239 Characichnos ichnofacies 152 Chelichnus ichnofacies 150-1 Europe 144-6, 147-8 Upper Permian see Late Permian ichnology traditions 13840, 139 North America 140-3, 147 South America 146, 148 Variscan orogenic system 12 l, 123,298 Texas Variscides, elevation 1214, 122 Choza Formation, tetrapod footprints 704, 73, 167 ventifacts/dreikanters 287, 288 tetrapod biochronology, nomenclature 70-4, 73 Viala Formation, Lod6ve Basin 242~45, 244 Therapsida 159-61,160 Volpriehausen Formation 290-1 Therosauria 159-61,160 Vosges Massif 288-9, 291 Thuringian microflora 250 Westphalian Changhsingian 247 misleading term 6 actinopterygii 218-21,219 sedimentary cycles, Iberian Ranges 264-7 A rchimylacris lubnensis zone 103 as a series 5, 6 aridization 125-6 Thuringian Forest Basin 103-5 climates, Hercynian orogenic system 95, 96 climatic development 105 spiloblattinids 327 correlation chart 330-1,330 Wetterau Basin, tetrapod footprints 171-2 general succession 104 Wordian sedimentological development 4, 103-5 Permian tracksite correlations 188, 191 Tambach vertebrates 4, 105 polarity 31 tetrapod footprints 169-7l, 170, 187-9, 189 Provence 284 Thuringian Main Granite 123 SGCS 2 Tiddas Basin 316-17 Wuchiapingian Morocco 316-17 Permian tracksite correlations 188, 190 Tocantins petrified forest 40-2, 46-50, 47, 48, 49 SGCS 2 charophytes 49 ferns 48-9 fossil-bearing clastic sequence 46-50, 47, 48, 49 Zechstein Transcaucasia Thuringian 6 Early Triassic, magnetic polarity time scale across PTB Thuringian microflora 247 21-2 Zechstein Formation, magnetic polarity time scale across PTB Late and Middle Permian, magnetic polarity time scale 30 across PTB 29-30 Zeisigwald Tuff Horizon 39, 42, 43, 44