DOCSLIB.ORG

The Detection of Ichthyophonus Hoferi in Naturally Infected Fresh Water

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Detection of Ichthyophonus Hoferi in Naturally Infected Fresh Water e Rese tur arc ul h c & a u D q e A v e f l o o Zadeh et al., J Aquac Res Development 2014, 5:7 l p a m n Journal of Aquaculture r e u n o t DOI: 10.4172/2155-9546.1000289 J ISSN: 2155-9546 Research & Development Review Article OpenOpen Access Access The Detection of Ichthyophonus hoferi in Naturally Infected Fresh Water Ornamental Fishes Mahsa JafariZadeh1*, Rahim Peyghan2 and Shadi Eftekhar Manavi2 1Fisheries Department, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, Ahvaz-Iran, Iran 2Veterinary Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Abstract Ichthyophoniasis is one of the most important systematic infections among different species of fishes that caused by Ichthyophonus hoferi. In the present study, we have reported this parasite from two species of ornamental fish, black tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi) and tiger barb (Pentius tetrazona) in Ahvaz-Iran. Examined fishes had marked signs such as abnormal swimming, lethargy, swelling abdominal and low rate mortality. In this study, the two phases of life cycle of I. hoferi involving active and passive detected. The obvious internal sign was white cysts and nodules, which embedded in infected spleens. The cysts were full of schizonts that were surrounded by collagen fibers and many eosinophilic cells. Plasmodium spherical bodies with variable sizes were detected by microscopic examination of wet mount squash from the infected organs. In addition, histopathology studies showed that there were many granulation tissues surrounded by multilayer connective tissues in the infected tissues. Tissue samples were also isolated and put in to Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) to detect the germination of Ichthyophonus hoferi for distinguish Ichthyophoniasis from Mycobacterial infections. Keywords: Ichthyophonus hoferi; Ornamental fishes; Black tetra; (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi) and swollen abdominal of one tiger barb Tiger barb; Histopathology; Nodules; Spleen (Pentius tetrazona). This aquarium, involved 35 adult fish from both species. This facility was filled with closed systems water, tap water, Introduction of Ahvaz city. As a random seven fishes from both species, five black Ichthyophonus hoferi was first identified in cultured brown and tetra and two tiger barb were collected. After anesthesia, the fishes were brook trout in Germany by von Hofer in 1893. The protozoan nature killed, and total length and total weight of the fishes were measured of I. hoferi described and named by Plehn and Mulsow in 1911 as a and recorded. Tiger barbs had average length of 5.2 ± 1.2 cm and fungus. Ultimately this parasite classified into Mesomycetozoea [1-3]. average weight of 1.5 ± 0.5 g. The black tetras average length was 5.3 ± Signs are species-related and depend on the condition of individual 0.8 cm and average weight was 2.5 ± 0.3 g. All organs were examined fish.Ichthyophonus hoferi causes a systematic granulomatous infection by routine clinical methods. Within examination the pericardial cavity, in their hosts. I. hoferi has produced infections in many different many visible white nodules were seen in spleens of the studied fishes. In species of freshwater, estuarine, marine teleosts and adapt to a wide addition, one specimen had some nodules in heart organ. range of environmental conditions [4]. Ichthyophonus sp. has been Microscopic examination reported from many temperate and some tropical waters. Couch in 1985 detected two cases of fishes, sea catfish, and spot, infected by I. Wet and dry smear were prepared from spleen tissues and the dry hoferi in Gulf coast. For the first time Ichthyophonus sp. is reported in smears were stained with Giemsa staining. two cultured marine fish including Mugil capito and Lia salines from Tissue culture Spain [5]. This disease has records from over 80 species of both marine and freshwater fishes and results into mass mortalities and economic Samples from infected tissues were taken and incubated in MEM losses [6]. This parasite detected in several commercial fish [7]. In medium (Eagle’s minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% the case of aquarium fish, Ichthyophonus hoferi reported in sumatra fetal bovine serum, 100 IU/ml penicillin, and 100 mg/ml streptomycin). barb (Systomus tetrazona) and black tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi) Cultures were incubated in 25°C and the tissue cultures were examined by Reichenbach-Klinke, H in 1954 and 1955. Ozturk et al. in 2010 every day under microscope. Eventually after 2 weeks, the tissue dry screened this pathogen in some organs of goldfish (Carassius auratus). smear was prepared and stained by Giemsa method. Discus fish (Symphysodon.spp) is the new host record of ornamental fish that infected by I. hoferi [8]. I. hoferi reported in herring in the northwest Atlantic (up to 25% infection) with associated reductions in the population, up to 10% infection in U.K waters with mortality, and *Corresponding author: JafariZadeh M, Fisheries Department, Islamic Azad mackerel up to 69% infection and haddock up to 80% infection [9]. University, Ahvaz Branch, Ahvaz-Iran, Iran, Tel: 989163128034; E-mail: There are many reports that I. hoferi causes mortality in post-smolts [email protected] of Atlantic salmon and Chinook salmon [10,11]. The purpose of the Received October 12, 2014; Accepted November 07, 2014; Published November present study is the description of the morphology and pathology of I. 12, 2014 hoferi as found in two species of ornamental fish in Iran. Citation: Zadeh MJ, Peyghan R, Manavi SE (2014) The Detection of Ichthyophonus hoferi in Naturally Infected Fresh Water Ornamental Fishes. J Aquac Res Case Presentation Development 5: 289. doi:10.4172/2155-9546.1000289 In a disease case, from a local aquarium fish propagation center, Copyright: © 2014 Zadeh MJ, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted the culture facility with the size of 40 cm in length and 30 cm in width use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and was regarded because of swimming disorders of one the black tetra source are credited. J Aquac Res Development ISSN: 2155-9546 JARD, an open access journal Volume 5 • Issue 7 • 1000289 Citation: Zadeh MJ, Peyghan R, Manavi SE (2014) The Detection of Ichthyophonus hoferi in Naturally Infected Fresh Water Ornamental Fishes. J Aquac Res Development 5: 289. doi:10.4172/2155-9546.1000289 Page 2 of 5 Histopathological sampling and examination Samples from heart, liver, intestine, gonads and spleen were cut and fixed in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin for histological examination. By using standard techniques, samples were processed and then sections stained either in haematoxylin-eosin [12] and Periodic Acid-Schiff. Micrometric measurement was carried out using Sa-Iran camera microscope and Axio-vision software. Results Infection to Ichthyophonus hoferi was found in internal organs of all examined aquarium fishes including five black tetra and two tiger barb. During gross examination, white nodules were found on spleen organs of both fish species. In one specimen (tiger barb), some nodules were also seen in heart organ. However, no external sign of Figure 2: A. Encapsulated schizonts. B. Un-encapsulated schizonts, inside well-defined host cellular granulomas in naturally infected tiger barb, spleen, infection was observed on the body surface of naturally infected fishes. x40 magnification. The morphology and developmental stage of life style of I. hoferi were similar in both specimens. Schizonts of Ichthyophonus hoferi were the most commonly characteristic of squashed infected organs. The size of the schizonts, include the wall varied from 54 µm to 182 µm in all of specimens (Average 85.10). Differences between schizonts size indicate that, the schizonts of black tetras were bigger compare to the tiger barbs. Microscopic examination of wet mount squash of infected organs were represented, thick walled spherical bodies (resting schizonts) (Figure 1). The subdivision of the contents of each of the spherical bodies results to produce small uninucleate stages. The reason for this incident is rotational movement in the wall of spherical body (Woo and Btuno 2006). By studying the histopathological sections encapsulated and un-encapsulated schizont inside well-defined host cellular granulomas were observed. In some cases encapsulated schizont consist of 3-5 fibrous layers or fibrotic capsule that related to the passive phase and, some nodules had thin fibrotic layer, which represented active phase (Figure 2). In addition, the Hydropic degeneration observed in the infected spleen. Detected black spots (melanin reaction) around schizonts had different sizes from 6.77 µm to 2.49 µm (average 4.57 µm) in infected spleen. After incubation in Minimum Essential Medium, Figure 3: A. Plasmodium. B. Existing a collapsed Ichthyophonus hoferi the germination of the infective agent and formation of new budding schizonts with two plasmodia. Culture media (MEM). Black tetra, spleen, yeast of plasmodium, non-septate germination tubes and terminating x400 magnification. club-shaped cells from Ichthyophonus schizonts, were seen. (Figures 3-5). Then the two plasmodia free within the tissue and migrating away black tetras showed the black spots or melano-macrophage centers. from an empty schizonts (Figure 3). Histopathologic examination of Although, these melanized centers were not seen in all examined tiger the lesion of spleen showed the presence of characteristics granuloma. barbs.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Closest Unicellular Relatives of Animals
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Current Biology, Vol. 12, 1773–1778, October 15, 2002, 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII S0960-9822(02)01187-9 The Closest Unicellular Relatives of Animals B.F. Lang,1,2 C. O’Kelly,1,3 T. Nerad,4 M.W. Gray,1,5 Results and Discussion and G. Burger1,2,6 1The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research The evolution of the Metazoa from single-celled protists Program in Evolutionary Biology is an issue that has intrigued biologists for more than a 2 De´ partement de Biochimie century. Early morphological and more recent ultra- Universite´ de Montre´ al structural and molecular studies have converged in sup- Succursale Centre-Ville porting the now widely accepted view that animals are Montre´ al, Que´ bec H3C 3J7 related to Fungi, choanoflagellates, and ichthyosporean Canada protists. However, controversy persists as to the spe- 3 Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences cific evolutionary relationships among these major P.O. Box 475 groups. This uncertainty is reflected in the plethora of 180 McKown Point Road published molecular phylogenies that propose virtually West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575 all of the possible alternative tree topologies involving 4 American Type Culture Collection Choanoflagellata, Fungi, Ichthyosporea, and Metazoa. 10801 University Boulevard For example, a monophyletic MetazoaϩChoanoflagel- Manassas, Virginia 20110 lata group has been suggested on the basis of small 5 Department of Biochemistry subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences [1, 6, 7]. Other studies and Molecular Biology using the same sequences have allied Choanoflagellata Dalhousie University with the Fungi [8], placed Choanoflagellata prior to the Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7 divergence of animals and Fungi [9], or even placed Canada them prior to the divergence of green algae and land plants [10].
    [Show full text]
  • An Ichthyophonus Hoferi Epizootic in Herring in the North Sea, the Skagerrak, the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 04, 2021 An Ichthyophonus hoferi epizootic in herring in the North Sea, the Skagerrak, the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea Mellergaard, Stig; Spanggaard, Bettina Published in: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Link to article, DOI: 10.3354/dao028191 Publication date: 1997 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Mellergaard, S., & Spanggaard, B. (1997). An Ichthyophonus hoferi epizootic in herring in the North Sea, the Skagerrak, the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 28(3), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao028191 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 28: 191-199, 1997 Published March 27 Dis Aquat Org 1 An Ichthyophonus hoferi epizootic in herring in the North Sea, the Skagerrak, the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea 'Danish Institute of Fisheries Research, Department for Marine and Coastal Ecology.
    [Show full text]
  • Group of Microorganisms at the Animal-Fungal Boundary
    16 Aug 2002 13:56 AR AR168-MI56-14.tex AR168-MI56-14.SGM LaTeX2e(2002/01/18) P1: GJC 10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160950 Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2002. 56:315–44 doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160950 First published online as a Review in Advance on May 7, 2002 THE CLASS MESOMYCETOZOEA: A Heterogeneous Group of Microorganisms at the Animal-Fungal Boundary Leonel Mendoza,1 John W. Taylor,2 and Libero Ajello3 1Medical Technology Program, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing Michigan, 48824-1030; e-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102; e-mail: [email protected] 3Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mycotic Diseases Branch, Atlanta Georgia 30333; e-mail: [email protected] Key Words Protista, Protozoa, Neomonada, DRIP, Ichthyosporea ■ Abstract When the enigmatic fish pathogen, the rosette agent, was first found to be closely related to the choanoflagellates, no one anticipated finding a new group of organisms. Subsequently, a new group of microorganisms at the boundary between an- imals and fungi was reported. Several microbes with similar phylogenetic backgrounds were soon added to the group. Interestingly, these microbes had been considered to be fungi or protists. This novel phylogenetic group has been referred to as the DRIP clade (an acronym of the original members: Dermocystidium, rosette agent, Ichthyophonus, and Psorospermium), as the class Ichthyosporea, and more recently as the class Mesomycetozoea. Two orders have been described in the mesomycetozoeans: the Der- mocystida and the Ichthyophonida. So far, all members in the order Dermocystida have been pathogens either of fish (Dermocystidium spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Ichthyophonus on Survival and Reproductive Success of Yukon River Chinook Salmon
    U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Subsistence Management Fisheries Resource Monitoring Program Effects of Ichthyophonus on Survival and Reproductive Success of Yukon River Chinook Salmon Final Report for Study 01-200 Richard Kocan and Paul Hershberger* School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, Box 355100 University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Phone: 206-685-3275 e-mail: [email protected] and James Winton Western Fisheries Research Center, USGS-BRD, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA 98115 Phone: 206-526-6587 e-mail: [email protected] July 2004 *Present Address: Marrowstone Marine Station, USGS-BRD, 616 Marrowstone Point Road, Nordland, WA 98358; Phone: 360-385-1007; e-mail: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract, keywords, and citation.……………………..……………………………. 4 Introduction………………………………………………………………………… 5 Objectives………………………………………………………………………….. 6 Methods………………………………………………….…………………………. 6 Results……………………………………………………..……………………….. 13 Discussion………………………………………………………………………….. 17 Summary…………………………………………………………………………… 24 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………… 24 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………… 25 Literature cited……………………………………………..………………………. 25 Footnotes…………………………………………………………………………… 29 Figures Figure 1 Map of Alaska showing sample sites along the Yukon and Tanana Rivers………………………….……………….………………….… 30 Figure 2 Infection prevalence in male and female chinook salmon from the Yukon River mainstem all years combined.……….………….……. 31 Figure 3 Annual infection prevalence 1999-2002.…………………………… 32 Figure 4 Ichthyophonus infection
    [Show full text]
  • D070p001.Pdf
    DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 70: 1–36, 2006 Published June 12 Dis Aquat Org OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS FEATURE ARTICLE: REVIEW Guide to the identification of fish protozoan and metazoan parasites in stained tissue sections D. W. Bruno1,*, B. Nowak2, D. G. Elliott3 1FRS Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK 2School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, CRC Aquafin, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia 3Western Fisheries Research Center, US Geological Survey/Biological Resources Discipline, 6505 N.E. 65th Street, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA ABSTRACT: The identification of protozoan and metazoan parasites is traditionally carried out using a series of classical keys based upon the morphology of the whole organism. However, in stained tis- sue sections prepared for light microscopy, taxonomic features will be missing, thus making parasite identification difficult. This work highlights the characteristic features of representative parasites in tissue sections to aid identification. The parasite examples discussed are derived from species af- fecting finfish, and predominantly include parasites associated with disease or those commonly observed as incidental findings in disease diagnostic cases. Emphasis is on protozoan and small metazoan parasites (such as Myxosporidia) because these are the organisms most likely to be missed or mis-diagnosed during gross examination. Figures are presented in colour to assist biologists and veterinarians who are required to assess host/parasite interactions by light microscopy. KEY WORDS: Identification · Light microscopy · Metazoa · Protozoa · Staining · Tissue sections Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher INTRODUCTION identifying the type of epithelial cells that compose the intestine.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Diseases of Wild and Cultured Fishes in Alaska
    COMMON DISEASES OF WILD AND CULTURED FISHES IN ALASKA Theodore Meyers, Tamara Burton, Collette Bentz and Norman Starkey July 2008 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Fish Pathology Laboratories The Alaska Department of Fish and Game printed this publication at a cost of $12.03 in Anchorage, Alaska, USA. 3 About This Booklet This booklet is a product of the Ichthyophonus Diagnostics, Educational and Outreach Program which was initiated and funded by the Yukon River Panel’s Restoration and Enhancement fund and facilitated by the Yukon River Drainage Fisheries Association in conjunction with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. The original impetus driving the production of this booklet was from a concern that Yukon River fishers were discarding Canadian-origin Chinook salmon believed to be infected by Ichthyophonus. It was decided to develop an educational program that included the creation of a booklet containing photographs and descriptions of frequently encountered parasites within Yukon River fish. This booklet is to serve as a brief illustrated guide that lists many of the common parasitic, infectious, and noninfectious diseases of wild and cultured fish encountered in Alaska. The content is directed towards lay users, as well as fish culturists at aquaculture facilities and field biologists and is not a comprehensive treatise nor should it be considered a scientific document. Interested users of this guide are directed to the listed fish disease references for additional information. Information contained within this booklet is published from the laboratory records of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fish Pathology Section that has regulatory oversight of finfish health in the State of Alaska.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogeny of Choanoflagellates, the Sister Group to Metazoa
    Molecular phylogeny of choanoflagellates, the sister group to Metazoa M. Carr*†, B. S. C. Leadbeater*‡, R. Hassan‡§, M. Nelson†, and S. L. Baldauf†¶ʈ †Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5YW, United Kingdom; and ‡School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom Edited by Andrew H. Knoll, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved August 28, 2008 (received for review February 28, 2008) Choanoflagellates are single-celled aquatic flagellates with a unique family. Members of the Acanthoecidae family (Norris 1965) are morphology consisting of a cell with a single flagellum surrounded by characterized by the most distinct periplast morphology. This a ‘‘collar’’ of microvilli. They have long interested evolutionary biol- consists of a complex basket-like lorica constructed in a precise and ogists because of their striking resemblance to the collared cells highly reproducible manner from ribs (costae) composed of rod- (choanocytes) of sponges. Molecular phylogeny has confirmed a close shaped silica strips (Fig. 1 E and F) (13). The Acanthoecidae family relationship between choanoflagellates and Metazoa, and the first is further subdivided into nudiform (Fig. 1E) and tectiform (Fig. 1F) choanoflagellate genome sequence has recently been published. species, based on the morphology of the lorica, the stage in the cell However, molecular phylogenetic studies within choanoflagellates cycle when the silica strips are produced, the location at which the are still extremely limited. Thus, little is known about choanoflagel- strips are stored, and the mode of cell division [supporting infor- late evolution or the exact nature of the relationship between mation (SI) Text] (14).
    [Show full text]
  • An Unusual Form of Ichthyophonus Hoferi (Ichthyophonales: Ichthyophonaceae) from Yellowtail Flounder Limanda Ferruginea from the Nova Scotia Shelf
    DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 18: 21-28.1994 Published January 27 Dis. aquat. Org. I An unusual form of Ichthyophonus hoferi (Ichthyophonales: Ichthyophonaceae) from yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea from the Nova Scotia shelf Thomas G. Rand Biology Department, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3C3 ABSTRACT: An unusual form of Ichthyophonus hoferi is described from 12 of 254 (4.7 %) yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea Storer sampled from Brown's Bank on the Nova Scotia shelf This patho- gen was the cause of focal, circular to lobate, creamy-white lesions on the liver and kidneys of infected fishes. By virtue of its morphological and dimensional characteristics in the fish tissues, the histochem- ical profile of its thallus walls, and its development in vitro, this form was easily distinguished from I. hoferi sensu Plehn & Mulsow, 1911 from yellowtail flounder from other locations on the Nova Scotia shelf, and from other freshwater and marine fish species. However, gross signs of the infection, as well as the morphological, dimensional, andor histochemical features of this form of I. hoferi were so re- markably similar to those of an 'I. hoferi pathogen from L. ferruginea, Myxocephalus octodecemspino- sus, and Scomber scombrus described in the literature, and to an Ichthyophonus-type pathogen from Scopelogadus beanii, as to suggest that they are the same. KEY WORDS: Ichthyophonus hoferi . Yellowtail flounder. Northwest Atlantic . Limanda ferrugjnea INTRODUCTION effects and that the reported forms are a single species, namely Ichthyophonus hoferi sensu Plehn & Mulsow, Ichthyophonus hoferi Plehn & Mulsow, 1911 has 1911. However, Alderman (1976, 1982), Johnson & been reported from a wide variety of host species Sparrow (1961), MacKenzie (1979), and Neish & including crustaceans (see Reichenbach-Klinke 1957, Hughes (1980) have suggested that the genus Sindermann 1970), fishes (see Reichenbach-Klincke Ichthyophonus and especially I.
    [Show full text]
  • Saprolégnioses, Mycoses Et Infections Pseudo-Fongique Christian Michel
    Saprolégnioses, mycoses et infections pseudo-fongique Christian Michel To cite this version: Christian Michel. Saprolégnioses, mycoses et infections pseudo-fongique. Santé des poissons, 2018, 10.15454/1.5332141615908926E12. hal-02790577 HAL Id: hal-02790577 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02790577 Submitted on 5 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License 8 Saprolégnioses, mycoses et infections pseudo‐fongiques Traditionnellement rattachées au vaste groupe des parasitoses et le plus souvent abordées dans le même cadre que les parasites animaux, les mycoses ont toujours eu un statut ambigu, se signalant par des méthodes d'étude qui empruntaient autant, sinon davantage, à la microbiologie classique qu'à la zoologie ou à la botanique. Les classifications modernes ont, pour une fois, confirmé les intuitions de sens commun en établissant l'originalité des Fungi (ou mycètes) et en les élevant au rang de règne à part entière. Sans encore aboutir
    [Show full text]
  • D 3017 Supplement
    The following supplement accompanies the article Ichthyophonus parasite phylogeny based on ITS rDNA structure prediction and alignment identifies six clades, with a single dominant marine type Jacob L. Gregg*, Rachel L. Powers, Maureen K. Purcell, Carolyn S. Friedman, Paul K. Hershberger *Corresponding author: [email protected] Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 120: 125–141 (2016) Table S1. Fish species reported as hosts of parasites in the genus Ichthyophonus. List includes infections reported under pseudonyms. DIA = diadromous, SW = salt water (marine), FW = freshwater. Dash indicates provenance of infected host not available from publication. Family Region Habitat Citation Species (common name) Anguillidae Anguilla japonica (Japanese eel) Taiwan DIA 1 Clupeidae Alosa pseudoharengus (alewife) NW Atlantic DIA 2,3,4 A. sapidissima (American shad) NE Pacific, NW DIA 5, 6, 7 Atlantic Clupea harengus (Atlantic herring) N Atlantic SW 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 C. pallasii (Pacific herring) NE Pacific SW 6, 7, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 Sprattus sprattus (sprat) NE Atlantic SW 8, 19, 21 Tenualosa ilisha (hilsa shad) Iraq FW 33 Cyprinidae Acanthobrama centisquama Iraq FW 33 A. marmid (kalashpa) Iraq FW 33 Alburnus caeruleus Iraq FW 33 Aspius vorax (shelej) Iraq FW 33 Barbus barbulus (abu-barattum) Iraq FW 33 B. grypus (shabbout) Iraq FW 33 Capoeta damascina (gel khorok) Iraq FW 33 C. trutta (barg bidy) Iraq FW 33 Carasobarbus luteus (himri) Iraq FW 33 Carassius auratus (goldfish) Africa, France, Iraq FW 33, 34, 35, 36 C. carassius (crucian carp) India, Iraq FW 33, 35, 37 Cyprinion macrostomum Iraq FW 33 Cyprinus carpio (common carp) Iraq,Utah FW 33, 35, 38 Danio rerio (zebra danio) – FW 35 Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (bighead Africa FW 36 carp) Luciobarbus esocinus (mangar) Iraq FW 33 L.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying Ichthyophonus Prevalence and Load in Pacific Halibut (Hippoglossus Stenolepis) in Cook Inlet, Alaska
    QUANTIFYING ICHTHYOPHONUS PREVALENCE AND LOAD IN PACIFIC HALIBUT (HIPPOGLOSSUS STENOLEPIS) IN COOK INLET, ALASKA A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Alaska Pacific University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science By Caitlin Grenier December 2014 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have been fortunate enough to have an amazing support system throughout my graduate experience. Firstly, I would like to thank my advisor and committee chair, Brad Harris. His guidance, support, and encouragement have been paramount in this process and I do not know how to thank him enough. I would also like to thank committee member Paul Hershberger for his expertise on Ichthyophonus, recommendations and reviews; as well as inviting me down to the USGS Marrowstone Marine Field Station for training, where I ultimately decided the direction of my thesis. Also, thank you to committee member Leslie Cornick for her review of this work. I cannot thank Sarah Webster, my dumpster diving partner, enough. We began this journey together and I am so happy to say that while we have finished this chapter of our lives together, I know that we will have many more adventures throughout what has become a lifelong friendship. I would also like to thank my fellow Ich enthusiast, Brad Tyler, for his help with both field and lab work. I am also thankful for Sabrina Larsen and Natalie Opinski for their sampling help. Finally, I am incredibly thankful for the people whom I could not have made it through this process without, my family and friends. Their unconditional love and support helped me through every possible situation I could think of through the past years.
    [Show full text]
  • Eccrinales (Trichomycetes) Are Not Fungi, but a Clade of Protists at the Early Divergence of Animals and Fungi
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35 (2005) 21–34 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Eccrinales (Trichomycetes) are not fungi, but a clade of protists at the early divergence of animals and fungi Matías J. Cafaro¤ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, USA Received 22 July 2003; revised 3 September 2004 Available online 25 January 2005 Abstract The morphologically diverse orders Eccrinales and Amoebidiales have been considered members of the fungal class Trichomyce- tes (Zygomycota) for the last 50 years. These organisms either inhabit the gut or are ectocommensals on the exoskeleton of a wide range of arthropods—Crustacea, Insecta, and Diplopoda—in varied habitats. The taxonomy of both orders is based on a few micro- morphological characters. One species, Amoebidium parasiticum, has been axenically cultured and this has permitted several bio- chemical and phylogenetic analyses. As a consequence, the order Amoebidiales has been removed from the Trichomycetes and placed in the class Mesomycetozoea. An aYnity between Eccrinales and Amoebidiales was Wrst suggested when the class Trichomy- cetes was erected by Duboscq et al. [Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 86 (1948) 29]. Subsequently, molecular markers have been developed to study the relationship of these orders to other groups. Ribosomal gene (18S and 28S) sequence analyses generated by this study do not support a close association of these orders to the Trichomycetes or to other fungi. Rather, Eccrinales share a common ancestry with the Amoebidiales and belong to the protist class Mesomycetozoea, placed at the animal–fungi boundary. 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Mesomycetozoea; DRIPs; Bayesian analysis; Ichthyosporea; Trichomycetes 1.
    [Show full text]