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A Review of Some Fungi Infection in African Fish Saprolegniasis, Dermal Mycoses; Branchiomyces Infections, Systemic Mycoses and Dermocystidium

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A Review of Some Fungi Infection in African Fish Saprolegniasis, Dermal Mycoses; Branchiomyces Infections, Systemic Mycoses and Dermocystidium Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 3(5): 198-205, 2011 ISSN: 2040-8773 © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2011 Submitted: July 26, 2011 Accepted: September 25, 2011 Published: October 25, 2011 A Review of Some Fungi Infection in African Fish Saprolegniasis, Dermal Mycoses; Branchiomyces infections, Systemic Mycoses and Dermocystidium 1A. Eli, 1O.F. Briyai and 2J.F.N. Abowei 1Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria 2Africa, Azikoro branch, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria Abstract: Saprolegniasis, Dermal Mycoses, Branchiomyces infections, Systemic Mycoses and Dermocystidium are some fungi infection in African fish reviewed to educate fish culturist and both private and public sector fish culturist on some fungal fish diseases likely encountered in culture fisheries management. The description, taxonomy, diagnosis, life cycle, biology, Pathology, epizootiology and control of saprolegnia and other phycomycete infections (dermal mycoses); branchiomyces infections, systemic mycoses and dermocystidium- like organisms and some fungi infection reviewed. These fungal infections can cause drastic fish mortality and need proper management in culture fisheries. Key words: Branchiomyces infections, Dermocystidium, Dermal mycoses, Saprolegniasis, Systemic mycoses INTRODUCTION details of the reproductive organs, the oogonia and the antheridia are important criteria for specific Fungi are heterotrophs and are mostly saprophytes. differentiation. Mycelia recovered from fish contain, Parasitic fungi are facultative saprophytes as most however, only asexual reproductive organs (oval saprophytic fungi are facultative parasites. However, this elongated sporangia which containbiflagellated zoopores). depends on the prevailing conditions. Fungal organisms Saprolegniaceae may be cultured on any nutritive agar vary in structure from species- to -species, genus-to-genus medium plate with the addition of antibiotics (such as and family-to-family. This difference in structure is Sabouraud's agar). A specific methodology for isolation important in fungi taxonomy. For instance, yeast occurs of Saprolegnia was devised by Willoughby and Pickering in single cells. Hyphae fungi are many filamentous cells (1977). All these cultures yield only asexual generations. joined together. Dimorphic fungi occur in the two forms. Sexual generations may be obtained only through Filamentous fungi can branch in all direction and entangle specialized culture methods (over hemp seeds - Neish and to form a mycelium. Each filamentous cell is separable Van As, 1980). from others by septa (septic hyphae). The “non septic Branchiomyces are only known from hyphal stages hyphae” have no distinct separation form each other. in the gills. Branchiomyces is readily isolated and grown Fungi can reproduce sexually or asexually. Sexually on routine agar media (with antibiotics). Its appearance in reproduction is through, the union of two adjacent cell culture is similar to its appearance in the gills. Peduzzi gamete. Asexual is by fragmentation, binary fission or (1973) obtained gemmae on hemp seeds and was able to budding, spore are the primary units of transmission in show antigenic similarity and morphological affinities forms of reproduction. Four species of fungi are known to with Saprolegniaceae. cause disease in fishes. Poor environmental condition, Ichthyophonus hoferi usually occurs in various fish malnutrition and other disease can facilitate fungal from the sea, but only exceptionally in fish from fresh epidemic. waters. Aspergillomycosis and Paecilomyces marquandii Saprolegnia is often used as a collective name for infections have been reported from cultured tilapia phycomycete fungi of several genera (such as (Oreochromis spp.) Records from Africa and African fish Saprolegnia, Achyla, Aphanomyces and Dictyuchus) predominantly of the order Saprolegniales (family are as follows: Ichthyophonus were identified from Mugil Saprolegniaceae) (Neish and Van As, 1980; Chien, 1981). cephalus, Kowi lagoon (brackish water), southeastern Lesions may have mixed infections. While characteristics Cape, South Africa (Paperna, 1986) and aquarium held of the sporangium formation and zoospore release are Hemichromis bimaculatus (Chauvier, 1979); important for determination of saprolegnian genera, Aspergillomycosis from farmed Sarotherodon spp. Corresponding Author: A. Eli, Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria 198 Asian J. Med. Sci., 3(5): 198-205, 2011 in Mombasa,Kenya (Olufemi et al., 1983) and Removal of infested eggs from the troughs or Paecilomyces mycosis in red tilapia hybrids from incubation gutter is also important in the control of the Arizona, USA (Lightner et al., 1988a). disease. Potentially in all freshwater fishes, Incubated Dermal and gill infections are found in various fish eggs are readily infected. Piscine dermal phycomycetes including carp, eels and salmonids. Visceral are universal. Infection in Africa has been recorded from granulomatous infections occur in Goldfish (Landsberg wild and cultured fish in South Africa, Uganda and Israel. and Paperna, 1992), carp (Kovac-Gayer et al., 1986), Oreochromis hybrids (tilapia) (Paperna, 1986), and Description, taxonomy and diagnosis: Skin infection is salmonids (Hedrick et al., 1989). The disease is yet easily detected by the appearance of patchy or extensive known in Africa. Gill Dermocystidium occurs in eels, and cottonwool cover -- the fungus mycelia, emerging usually visceral granulomatous infections in goldfish and tilapia from an haemmorhagic skin lesion. Microscopic farmed in Israel. A review of some fungi infection in examination reveals hyphae, giving rise to sporangia. The African fish will educate fish culturist and both private genus Saprolegnia has oblong sporangia and is also and public sector fish culturist on some fungal fish recognized by its branched, non-septate multinucleated diseases likely encountered in culture fisheries mycelium. The released zoospores typically swim away. management. The description, taxonomy, diagnosis, Life In the genus Achyla the spores encyst at the mouth of the cycle, biology, Pathology, Epizootiology and Control of sporangium where they form a hollow ball. Encystment at Saprolegnia and other Phycomycete infections (Dermal the mouth of the sporangium also occurs in Aphanomyces Mycoses); Branchiomyces infections, Systemic Mycoses (Neish and Van As, 1980; Chien, 1981). and Dermocystidium-like organisms and some fungi Taxonomic study of phycomycete skin fungi of infection reviewed for the needed education. African and Near East fish has never been attempted. The generic and species compositions of skin fungi in tropical Saprolegnia and other phycomycete infections (dermal waters may differ from that known in temperate and cold mycoses): water regions. Sampling for saprolegniaceae in Saprolegniasis: This is a fungi disease of fishes and fish freshwaters in Thailand yielded Achlya and Aphanomyces eggs. Saprolognia, Achlya sp. and Idctyuchus sp. but not Saprolegnia (Willoughby and Lilley, 1992). belonging to the family, Saprolegniaceae, are responsible for the disease. These organisms are commonly referred Plate 1 shows Fungal infections: a. Saprolegnial hyphae to as “water moulds.” Water moulds can be found in the and sporangia, skin of Oreochromis aureus × niloticus, brackish water with salinity level of 28 parts per Israel. b. Branchiomyces infection in carp gills, Israel (by thousand, but occur primarily in fresh water. Microscopic courtesy of S. Sarig). c. Ichthyophonus bodies in gill examination can distinguish each other. Malnutrition, tissue of Mugil cephalus, S. Africa. d. Ichthyophonus presence of toxic substances in water, damages on skin, granuloma in spleen of M. cephalus, S. Africa. e-k. fins or gill and stress can create room for the secondary Visceral granuloma caused by Dermocystidium-like invasion of fish tissue by water moulds. Dead fish eggs organisms in goldfish, Israel. e, Giemsa stained organisms are good growth medium for the fungi organisms. Fungi in a smear and f, g, live, viewed by Nomarski microscopy. mycelia mass extends from one dead fish egg to another h. Transmission electron microscopic view. thus suffocating and subsequently killing them. This process continues, increasing the zoospores and Plate 2 shows a continuation of Fungal infections: i-j, infestation of fish eggs. histological sections of granulomata in the kidney, C, Presence of fluff, cottony growth on fish wound or necrotic core, E, epitheloid and fibroblast envelope, p, dead fish eggs and microscopic examination of the parasites at the periphery of the lesion, arrows, single and cottony growth, stained with lacto phenol cotton blue multiple parasite bodies. I, m. Granuloma with ormethylene blue, are enough for presumptive diagnosis. Dermocystidium-like organisms in livers of Oreochromis Isolation and identification of fungi organism is based on aurea × niloticus, Israel (Fig. e, f, g, photographed by the microscopic structure of hyphae, sporangium Landsberg and Paperna (1992). zoospores and biochemical test. Removal or correction of primary cause and environmental condition, combined Continued: with the use of disinfectant are, effective control Life cycle and biology: Saprolegnia and other measures. The following are the disinfectants used in the phycomycete fungi reproduce asexually by production of control of fish and fish egg infestation:
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