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Air Pollution by Motor Traffic in Dar-Es Salaam Measurements and State of the Art Description

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Air Pollution by Motor Traffic in Dar-Es Salaam Measurements and State of the Art Description Air Pollution by Motor Traffic in Dar-es Salaam Measurements and state of the art description Daniel Henricson KFB-Meddelande 1999:8 TITEL/TITLE Air pollution by motortraffic in Dar es PUBLICERINGSDATUM/DATE PUBLISHED Salaam : measurements and state of the June 1999 art description UTGIVARE/PUBLISHER FORFATTARE/AUTHOR KFB - Swedish Transport and Daniel Henricson Communications Research Board, SERIE/SERIES Stockholm KFB-Meddelande 1999:8 KFBs DNR 1997-526 ISSN 1401-1271 REFERAT (Syfte, Metod, Resultat) Dar es Salaam var Tanzanias huvudstad fram till 1973, d& den flyttades till Dodoma. Staden ar fortfarande storst med c:a 1,6 miljoner inv&nare. Projektets syfte Sr aft mata luftfororeningar dar manniskor vistas samt utgora en grand for fortsatta studier. UtOver detta soks medel for aft reducera luftfororeningar och forbattra trafiksituationen i Dar es Salaam, med en betoning p& stadens centrala delar. D& tidigare studier av luftfororeningar i Dar es Salaam bar varit mycket forcerade eller bar anvant utrustning med otillracklig noggrannhet kan detta ses som n&got av en pilotstudie. Vid v&ra matningar studerades NO, N02, S02, 03 och VOC (kolvaten) vid tv& olika matveckor. Medeltemperatur, vindhastighet och trafikflode mattes under bdda matveckoma. Trafikflodet mattes till 12 000 fordon/dygn. Andelen accelererande/retarderande fordon samt medelhastigheten studerades ocks&. Medelhastigheten uppmattes till 20 km/h. De uppmStta vardena overstiger gransvarden n&got. NivSema ar inte alarmerande htiga, men dS antalet motorfordon snabbt okar kommer luftfororeningar snart aft utgora eft betydande problem. Det hade varit onskvart aft aven mata bly, partiklar och koldioxid, speciellt partiklar d& tidigare rapporter antyder mycket hoga vSrden. Fbr aft skapa en battre Iuftkvalitet i Dar es Salaam bbr bl.a. kollektivtrafiken forbattras samtidigt som parkeringsavgifter och bensinpris hojs. Slutligen mlste branslekvaliteten forbattras och blyffi bensin snarast inforas. ABSTRACT (Aim, Method, Results) Dar es Salaam was the capitol of Tanzania until 1973, when it was moved to Dodoma. The city is still the largest and holds about 1,6 million inhabitants. The aim of the project is to measure air pollution from traffic close to people and set a foundation for future studies. Besides that finding ways to reduce air pollution and improve traffic situation in Dar es Salaam with an emphasis on the central city parts. Previous studies on air pollution in Dar es Salaam have all been rather rushed and mostly with old and not very precise equipment. For that reason you could say this project is like a pilot study. Measurements were made on NO, NOz, S02, 03 and VOC (hydrocarbons) during two different measuring weeks. Average temperature, wind velocity and traffic flow was measured on both weeks. Traffic flow was 12 000 vehicles/day. The percentage of accelerating/retarding vehicles and average speed was also studied. Average speed was 20 km/h. The result above show levels somewhat exceeding the guidelines. The levels can not be said to be alarmingly high, but bearing the rapid increase in the number of vehicles in mind, air pollution will soon be a major problem. It would have been preferred to also measure lead, particles and carbon monoxide, especially particles since previous reports indicates very high levels. To create a better air quality in Dar es Salaam there has to be an improvement of public transport and at the same time increased parking fees and fuel prices. Finally, fuel quality has to improve and unleaded petrol has to be introduced as soon as possible. I Kommunikationsforskningsberedningens - KFB - publikationsserier redovisarforskare sina projekt. Publiceringen innebar inte aft KFB tar stallning till framforda asikter, slutsatser och resultat. KFB-rapporter forsaljs genom Fritzes Offentliga Publikationer, 106 47 Stockholm. Tel: 08-690 91 90, fax: 08-690 91 91, e-post: [email protected] internet: www.fritzes.se Ovriga KFB-publikationer bestalls och erhalls via KFB. Man kan dessutom abonnera pa tidningen KFB-Kommunike. KFB Reports are sold through Fritzes', S-106 47 Stockholm. Other KFB publicationsare ordered directlyfrom KFB DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. ^KFB KOMMUNIKATIONS FORSKN1NGS BEREDNINGEN Air Pollution by Motor Traffic in Dar-es Salaam Measurements and state of the art description Daniel Henricson Preface This report is an abstract from a MSc thesis with the same name. In late 19971 spent three month in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania trying to establish air pollution levels and finding out what had previously been accomplished about air pollution. The project was a cooperation between Masatu Chiguma as part of his PhD thesis and myself representing Department of Infrastructure and Planning, Traffic and Transport Planning division at KTH, Sweden. I have long wanted to work in a developing country and the situation in Tanzania seemed challenging. Except for a few sponsors, this project is self-financed. I hope that the project continues in the hands of Masatu Chiguma. Special thanks to IVL, Masatu Chiguma, Paul Hoglund, KFB and my lovely wife Jennie. Daniel Henricson, May 1999 2 Sammanfattning pa svenska Dar es Salaam grundades 1866 av sultanen av Zanzibar. Staden var Tanzanias huvudstad fram till 1973, da den flyttades till Dodoma. Dar es Salaam ar fortfarande storst med c:a 1,6 mil]oner invanare. Projektets syfte ar att mata luftfororeningar dar manniskor vistas samt utgdra en grund for fortsatta studier. I kapitel 2 beskrivs uppkomst, egenskaper och effekter av de vanligaste luftfororeningarna: Kvaveoxider, svaveldioxid, koloxider, ozon, kolvaten, partiklar och bly. Gransvarden for luftfororeningar bygger pa bur mycket manniskan eller naturen tal utan att ta skada. I december 1997 bolls en konferens dar en grupp experter skulle fastsla gransvarden for luftfororeningar i Tanzania. Tidigare studier av luftfororeningar bar utforts av NEMC, JICA, SDP och GEEST. I tre av fyra foregaende studier anvandes Drager-metoden. Endast SDP anvande passiva provtagare. Drager-metoden bygger pa att luft dras in genom ett rdr fyllt med en reagens, som indikerar ett varde pa fororeningshalten. Osakerheten kan vara sa hog som 50 %. Generellt sett verkar tidigare rapporter vara oerhdrt forcerade. En del av matvardena ligger utanfdr metodens matomrade. Krav pa luftfuktighet och temperatur bar inte uppfyllts. Informationen ar bristande om var luftproverna bar tagits. Totalt sett ger detta en mycketdiffus bild av vad tidigare matningar star for, med undantag av SDP-matningen. Vid vara matningar anvandes passiva provtagare for NO, NOa, S02, 03 och VOC (kolvaten) vid tva olika matveckor. Samora avenue valdes som den basta matplatsen. Det ar Dar es Salaam's storsta affarsgata med mycketfotgangare pa trottoarema och tat trafik. Medeltemperatur, vindhastighet och trafikflode mattes under bada matveckoma. Trafikflodet mattes till 12 000 fordon/dygn. Andelen accelererande/retarderande fordon samt medelhastigheten studerades ocksa. Medelhastigheten uppmattes till 20 km/h. Trafikintensitet och emissioner kan antas vara konstanta over aret. Darigenom kan vara matningar utgdra en skattning av arsmedelvardet. De uppmatta varden overstiger gransvarden nagot. Nivaerna ar inte alarmerande hoga, men da antalet motorfordon snabbt okar kommer luftfororeningar snart att utgdra ett betydande problem. Det hade varit onskvart att aven mata bly, partiklar och koldioxid, speciellt partiklar da tidigare rapporter antyder mycket hoga varden. Pa marknaden finns datormodeller for att berakna luftfororeningar. Med hjalp av dessa kan man pa ett mycket kostnadseffektivt rakna fram nivaer for CO och N02. Inga modeller ar kalibrerade for tanzanska forhallanden och det kommer sakert att kravas mycket arbete innan de kan anvandas dar. For att skapa en battre luftkvalitet i Dar es Salaam bor man bl.a. forbattra kollektivtrafiken samtidigt som parkeringsavgifter och bensinpris hojs. Slutligen maste branslekvaliteten forbattras och blyfri bensin snarast inforas. 3 Contents Contents.........................................................................................4 Abbreviations................................................................................ 6 1. Introduction.............................................................................7 1.1 Background and history on Dar es Salaam..................................7 1.2 Purpose and aim with the project.................................................7 1.3 Problem identification....................................................................8 1.4 Methodology.................................................................................8. 1.5 Boundaries....................................................................................8. 2. Description of different air pollutants...................................9 2.1 Nitrogen oxides............................................................................ 9. 2.2 Sulphur dioxide..............................................................................9. 2.3 Carbon oxides..............................................................................9. 2.4 Ozone...........................................................................................3. 2.5 Hydrocarbons...............................................................................10 2.6 Particles......................................................................................10
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