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Dar Report 2 2Full Service Provision Governance in the Peri-urban Interface of Metropolitan Areas Research Project WSS PRACTICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS IN THE PERI-URBAN INTERFACE OF METROPOLITAN DAR ES SALAAM: THE CASES OF TUNGI AND STAKISHARI DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION University College of Lands and Architectural Studies (UCLAS) Dar es Salaam, Tanzania For more information, please contact: Peri-urban Research Project Team Development Planning Unit University College London 9 Endsleigh Gardens London WC1H 0ED United Kingdom Tel. +44 (0)20 76791111 Fax: +44 (0)20 76791112 E-mail project: [email protected] Email paper authors: [email protected] PUI website: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui ãThe Development Planning Unit Disclaimer: This document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID. DPU Service Provision Governance in the Peri-urban Interface of Metropolitan Areas ABOUT THE PROJECT This report is one of several outputs from the project Service provision governance in the peri- urban interface of metropolitan areas. This is a three-year project run by the Development Planning Unit, University College London in collaboration with a number of institutions from developing countries and with support from the UK Government’s Department for International Development (DFID). The purpose of the project is to improve guidance on governance and management of water and sanitation in the peri-urban interface (PUI) of metropolitan areas, in order to increase access by the poor and promote environmental sustainability. Presently there is a gap in the operating knowledge of implementing agencies on the specific problems that arise in the PUI. A premise of the project is that greater knowledge of the social, environmental and governance issues arising from changes in the management of water supply and sanitation in the PUI, and more specifically of the impact on these of different and changing regulatory frameworks, would be beneficial not only for the poor but also for these agencies and other local agents. The project examines the cases of five metropolitan areas, each with different and changing service management regimes influencing the governance of basic service provision: Chennai (India), Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), Cairo-Giza (Egypt), Caracas (Venezuela) and Mexico City. A. Allen, J. Dávila and P. Hofmann Development Planning Unit University College London ii DPU Service Provision Governance in the Peri-urban Interface of Metropolitan Areas TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................... V LIST OF MAPS............................................................................................................................................ VI LIST OF PHOTOS....................................................................................................................................... VI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................ VI 1. INTRODUCTION AND STUDY METHODOLOGY.............................................................................. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 STUDY METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................... 1 2. THE CASE OF TUNGI......................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 PROFILE OF THE PERI-URBAN LOCALITY................................................................................ 3 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE PERI-URBAN CASE STUDY ............................................... 3 ? Hierarchy, and location of the peri-urban area............................................................................ 3 ? Environmental, socio-economic and institutional ........................................................................ 3 2.1.2 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN TUNGI AND STAKISHARI .................................................. 4 ? EPM institutions........................................................................................................................... 4 ? Roles of Subward units and sources of financing ....................................................................... 5 2.1.3 DEMO-GRAPHIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS .............................................................. 7 ? Demographic trends .................................................................................................................... 7 ? Environmental setting.................................................................................................................. 7 ? Development patterns ................................................................................................................. 8 ? Socio-economic trends.............................................................................................................. 10 ? Water related health problems .................................................................................................. 11 2.1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PROCESSES OF CHANGE ................................................. 12 ? Environmental characteristics, land use change and ownership .............................................. 12 2.2 CHARACTERISATION OF TRENDS OF WATER AND SANITATION ....................................... 14 ? Water supply ............................................................................................................................. 14 ? The traditional (shallow) wells ................................................................................................... 16 ? Deep wells and boreholes......................................................................................................... 17 ? Networked system..................................................................................................................... 23 ? Bucket (bicycles & pushcarts) vendors system......................................................................... 26 2.2.1 TECHNO-INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................... 29 ? Water supply network................................................................................................................ 30 ? Sanitation .................................................................................................................................. 33 2.2.2 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS............................................................................................. 34 ? Financial mechanisms............................................................................................................... 34 ? Water pricing system................................................................................................................. 36 ? Socio-economic impacts ........................................................................................................... 37 2.2.3 POLICY-INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................... 39 ? Legal environment..................................................................................................................... 39 2.2.4 SOCIAL-POLITICAL ASPECTS ......................................................................................................... 41 - Socio-economic and cultural values attached to water............................................................. 43 ? Gender-related perceptions and values of water ...................................................................... 43 - Economic values attached to water .......................................................................................... 43 ? Cultural (or religious) values attached to water........................................................................ 44 iii DPU Service Provision Governance in the Peri-urban Interface of Metropolitan Areas Social and political conflicts around WSS.......................................................................................... 44 ? Community and civil-society forms in WSS............................................................................... 45 ? Conflict forms (actions).............................................................................................................. 47 2.3 KEY EMERGING ISSUES IN TUNGI............................................................................................ 48 2.3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 48 2.3.2 CHALLENGES............................................................................................................................... 48 2.3.3 THE OPPORTUNITIES OR POTENTIALS OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK.............................................. 50 2.4 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................
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