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Groundwater Pollution in Urban Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania : Assessing Vulnerability and Protection Priorities

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Groundwater Pollution in Urban Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania : Assessing Vulnerability and Protection Priorities Groundwater pollution in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania : assessing vulnerability and protection priorities Citation for published version (APA): Mato, R. R. A. M. (2002). Groundwater pollution in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania : assessing vulnerability and protection priorities. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR554794 DOI: 10.6100/IR554794 Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2002 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement: www.tue.nl/taverne Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at: [email protected] providing details and we will investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 Groundwater Pollution in Urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Assessing Vulnerability and Protection Priorities Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, prof.dr. R.A. van Santen, voor een commissie aangewezen door het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 19 juni 2002 om 16.00 uur door Rubhera Rukumbuja Aloyce Mtani Mato geboren te Bunda, Tanzania Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotoren: prof.dr.ir. F.J.J.G. Janssen en prof.dr.ir. C.A.M.G. Cramers Co-promotor: prof.dr. J.H.Y. Katima (Eng.) CIP-DATA LIBRARY TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT EINDHOVEN Mato, Rubhera R.A.M. Groundwater pollution in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania : assessing vulnerability and protection priorities / by Rubhera R.A.M. Mato. - Eindhoven : Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2002. Proefschrift. - ISBN 90-386-2913-3 NUGI 813 Trefwoorden: milieuverontreiniging / grondwateren / oppervlaktewateren / watervoorziening ; ontwikkelingslanden / Tanzania ; Dar es Salaam / watermanagement Subject headings: environmental pollution / groundwaters / surface waters / water supply : developing countries / Tanzania ; Dar es Salaam / water management Printed by University Press, Eindhoven University of Technology © 2002, R.R.A.M. Mato, Eindhoven All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the author. “Wisdom is supreme; therefore get wisdom. Though it costs all you have, get understanding” (Proverbs 4:7) Preface Groundwater has increasingly become a major source of water supply for the city of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. As for many large urban centres in developing countries, Dar es Salaam is multifaceted with environmental problems, which demand collective efforts to rectify. This thesis addresses the issues of groundwater pollution, focussing on assessing vulnerability and protection prioritisation. The book contributes knowledge for understanding the problems of groundwater in the city as well as a resource material for educating both decision-makers and the general public. Many people have contributed in one way or another towards the completion of this four years research work. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to all of you. I extend my appreciation to the Dutch and Tanzania governments (through Nuffic) for sponsoring the EVEN project, which included my study programme. I wish to thank the administration of the University College of Lands & Architectural Studies (UCLAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania for giving me a study leave and other logistical support. I wish to sincerely thank Prof.dr.ir. F.J.J.G. Janssen, my first supervisor and head of the Environmental Technology Group at the Eindhoven University (TUE), for his guidance and encouragement throughout my study. He took trouble to visit me during my fieldwork in Tanzania. I also extend much appreciation to retired Prof.dr.ir. C.A.M.G. Cramers, my second supervisor and head of the then Instrumental Analysis Group (SIA) at TUE for his well thought challenges. I started my studies at TUE in his group, where I was introduced to high precision analytical techniques, a knowledge that was essential for my study. I am also grateful to Prof.dr. J.H.Y. Katima (Eng.), my co-promotor and the dean of the Faculty of Mechanical, Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), Tanzania, for his guidance and challenges. I appreciate his encouragement and logistical support given to me while in both Tanzania and The Netherlands. I extend much thanks to Dr. Ruud Schotting of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology; dr. Hans Reijnders of RIVM, The Netherlands, and dr.ir. K.J. Ptasinski of Environmental Technology Group (TUE), for their guidance during the research as well as reading the manuscript. Their keen comments were fundamental for the completion of this work. I would also like to give special thanks to Mr. Jovint Kamara of the Chemical and Process Engineering (CPE) laboratory, UDSM for analysis of groundwater samples. His patience and hardworking in collection and analysis of the samples is creditable. I also appreciate the assistance I received from ing. Peter J. Lipman and Roy Reinierkens of TUE during the analysis with GCMS equipment. I also give i Preface thanks to my fellow researchers at TUE in the Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering (SCR), especially the Environmental Technology Group and the former Instrumental Analysis Group. I enjoyed working with you all. There are those who contributed to this work who I would particularly wish to mention: H. Kijazi; M. Shemdoe; N. Vindi; M. Jaka; P. James; I. Chonya and Z. Ngereja. They collected raw data (especially geographical positioning of boreholes) as part of their undergraduate studies at UCLAS. Our driver, Mr. Stewart, of CPE at UDSM, is also acknowledged. I am also grateful for the assistance obtained from the Drilling & Dam Construction Agency (DDCA) at Maji-Ubungo, Dar es Salaam for allowing me to access their borehole data. This contribution is rated significant. I give special thanks to Dr. Mohammed, the director of DDCA, for his encouragement and Mr. Lape, his assistance was great. I cannot forget the support I received from the Bureau for International Activities (BIA) at TUE. Their encouragement and social-attention made me quickly get acclimatized into the Dutch system. I would like to mention Mr. Jan van Cranenbroek for his kindness and “ready to help” character. Mr. L.J.G.M. Robben, Mrs. L.G. van Kollenburg, Ms. K.A. Duijvesz and Patrick van Schijndel are all acknowledged. I wish to thank Dr. K. Njau, G. Toto, Z. Masende, S. Mkumbo, and Mrs. E. Mbanzendole, E. Mauro, Jan Jaap (JJ), Paul and Limke van der Vlugt for their encouragement. Special thanks to Mr. Paul van der Vlugt and Mark Prins for helping in correcting the English grammar and Dutch translation. I appreciate the assistance received from Denise, the secretary of SCR Group at TUE. Last but not least, I owe much to my family. I was separated from them for many months during my study. I am indebted to the courage and patience of my wife Mary, and our dear children Azaria, Enock and Naomi. God bless you. The prayers of my brothers and sisters in the Lord Jesus Christ made me overcome all the circumstances. To the Living God be Glory, Honour and Might. Rubhera RAM Mato Eindhoven, University of Technology, The Netherlands June 2002. ii Summary Groundwater pollution in urban areas is a growing environmental problem in the world. In developing countries, it commonly results from indiscriminate disposal of municipal (especially extensive use of on-site sanitation systems) wastes, industrial effluents, and urban agriculture. In low-income countries (like Tanzania), the situation is aggravated by rapid urbanization, which is characterized by inadequate provision of water supply, sanitation, solid waste and drainage infrastructure. In Tanzania, about 30% the whole population, and 42% of the inhabitants in major urban areas, depend on groundwater. This dependence may increase in future due to deterioration in quality of surface water sources. However, exploitation is not controlled and no adequate groundwater quality monitoring and protection mechanisms have been installed. Therefore, the impact of human activities on groundwater quality is not yet properly understood, which is a key element in sustainable use of the resource. The Dar es Salaam City is the largest urban centre in Tanzania, with a population of about 3 million. It gets water supplies from three surface water treatment plants, on the Rivers Ruvu and Kizinga. The supply is severely inadequate and in many parts of the city is rationed.
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