ID ARES Digital Comms.Key

Idaho ARES Digital Communications Principles

1 60-Meters Needs to be Considered

• The Most Restrictive of Bands - NTIA vs FCC - NTIA Assigned Frequency vs VFO - Digital Communications centered on NTIA assigned frequency ‣ Digital Communications centered on 1500 Hz • Interoperability • 60m Practices can be applied to any band • Practices on other bands may not be applicable on 60m

2 NET Goals

• Time eﬃcient and accurate communication with the ability to convey a high volume of traﬃc

3 Trafﬁc Handling Goals

• 100% Data Fidelity • Guaranteed Delivery of Data • Consume as little time as possible (Network Bandwidth Consumption)

4 What Inhibits Achieving The Desired Goals?

• Repeated Transmissions • Requests for FILLS • Unnecessary Verbose Language • Conveying Unnecessary Information • Controlled Interference - Simultaneous Transmission

5 What Inhibits Achieving The Desired Goals?

• Things we don’t have control over - Propagation - Noise Floor - Uncontrolled Interference ‣ Emissions from Electronic Devices, Foreign Broadcast, RADAR, CODAR, Non-participating Transmissions, etc.

6 What Supports Achieving The Desired Goals?

• Brevity

- Supported by use of PROSIGNs, Q-CODES & Z-CODES

• Proper Transmit Audio Level (with no ALC activity)

• Proper Receive Audio Level • Circuit Discipline - NET Situational Awareness - Structured Use of RELAY Stations - Delimit Noise from Transmitted Content

7 What Supports Achieving The Desired Goals? • Brevity - Supported by use of PROSIGNs & Q-CODES

PROSIGN MEANING DEFINITION AA ALL AFTER The portion of the message to which I refer is all that follows (word/ number). AB ALL BEFORE The portion of the message to which I refer is all that precedes (word/ number). AR OUT Use to end a transmission when no reply is required or expected. AS WAIT I must pause for a few seconds. AS AR WAIT OUT I must pause for more than a few seconds. BN ALL BETWEEN The portion of the message to which I refer is all that follows (word/ number) and precedes (word/ number). BT BREAK Indicates the separation of text from other portions of the message. C CORRECT You are correct. What you have transmitted is correct. CFM ACKNOWLEDGE Instructs the addressee to acknowledge the message. CL CLOSE Announcing station shutdown. DE FROM Delimits the call sign of the called station from the call sign of the calling station. HH AR DISREGARD OUT This transmission is in error, disregard it. No response is needed. INT INTEROGATIVE Used to indicate that the question version of the prosign that follows is to be used. K OVER Use to end a transmission when a response is required. N NEGATIVE NO. R ROGER I have satisfactorily received your last transmission. WA WORD AFTER The message word to which I refer follows (…). WB WORD BEFORE The message word to which I refer precedes (…).

8 What Supports Achieving The Desired Goals? • Brevity - Supported by use of PROSIGNs & Q-CODES

Q-CODE INTEROGATIVE ANSWER/STATEMENT

QNI MAY I JOIN THE NET YOU MAY CHECK IN

QRK WHAT IS THE READABILITY OF MY SIGNALS THE READABILITY OF YOUR SIGNALS IS …

QRM DO YOU HAVE INTERFERENCE? I HAVE INTERFERENCE

QRN ARE YOU TROUBLED BY STATIC? I AM TROUBLED BY STATIC

QRQ SHALL I SEND FASTER (MODEM CHANGE)? SEND FASTER (MODEM CHANGE)

QRS SHALL I SEND SLOW (MODEM CHANGE)? SEND SLOWER (MODEM CHANGE)

QRU HAVE YOU ANYTHING FOR ME? I HAVE NOTHING FOR YOU

QRV ARE YOU READY? I AM READY

QRZ WHO IS CALLING ME? YOU ARE BEING CALLED BY…

QSL CAN YOU ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT? I ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT

QSM SHALL I RESEND MESSAGE (MESSAGE NUMBER)? RESEND MESSAGE (MESSAGE NUMBER)

QSP WILL YOU RELAY MESSAGE TO … ? I WILL RELAY MSG TO …

QTC HOW MANY MESSAGES HAVE YOU TO SEND? I HAVE … MESSAGES TO SEND (APPEND PRECEDENCE HERE)

QUC WHAT IS THE NUMBER OF THE LAST MSG RCVD? THE NUMBER OF THE LAST MSG RCVD IS …

9 Data Fidelity and Brevity

• Eﬀects of Forward Error Correction on Transmission Length

10 Data Fidelity and Brevity

• Eﬀects of Forward Error Correction on Transmission Length

- More data bits are transmitted than required to represent the message content

11 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC)

DATA FEC RX STATUS FEC TO ENCODED DATA DECODED SEND TX DATA DATA 001 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 ERROR 0 0 1 0 ERROR 0 011 010 0 1 1 ERROR 1 1 0 0 ERROR 0 1 0 1 ERROR 1 101 100 1 1 0 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NO ERROR 1 111 110

12 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC)

DATA FEC RX HAMMING HAMMING STATUS FEC TO ENCODED DATA DISTANCE DISTANCE DECODED SEND TX DATA FROM FROM DATA 000 111 001 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 1 2 ERROR 0 0 1 0 1 2 ERROR 0 011 010 0 1 1 2 1 ERROR 1 1 0 0 1 2 ERROR 0 1 0 1 2 1 ERROR 1 101 100 1 1 0 2 1 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 0 NO ERROR 1 111 110

NOTES: 1. A 1 BIT ERROR IS DETECTABLE AND CORRECTABLE 2. A 2 BIT ERROR IS DETECTABLE BUT IS NOT CORRECTABLE 3. A 3 BIT ERROR IS NOT DETECTABLE AND IS NOT CORRECTABLE

13 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC)

DATA FEC RX HAMMING HAMMING STATUS FEC TO ENCODED DATA DISTANCE DISTANCE DECODED SEND TX DATA FROM FROM DATA HAMMING DISTANCE = 1 000 111 001 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 1 2 ERROR 0 0 1 0 1 2 ERROR 0 011 010 0 1 1 2 1 ERROR 1 1 0 0 1 2 ERROR 0 1 0 1 2 1 ERROR 1 101 100 1 1 0 2 1 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 0 NO ERROR 1 111 110

NOTES: 1. A 1 BIT ERROR IS DETECTABLE AND CORRECTABLE 2. A 2 BIT ERROR IS DETECTABLE BUT IS NOT CORRECTABLE 3. A 3 BIT ERROR IS NOT DETECTABLE AND IS NOT CORRECTABLE

14 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC)

111 HAMMING DISTANCE = 1 110

NOTES: 1. A 1 BIT ERROR IS DETECTABLE AND CORRECTABLE 2. A 2 BIT ERROR IS DETECTABLE BUT IS NOT CORRECTABLE 3. A 3 BIT ERROR IS NOT DETECTABLE AND IS NOT CORRECTABLE

15 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) & DATA INTERLEAVING

ORIGINAL DATA 1 1 DATA FEC RX STATUS FEC ENCODED DATA DECODED TX DATA DATA

FEC ENCODE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 ERROR 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 ERROR 0 0 1 1 ERROR 1 1 0 0 ERROR 0 1 0 1 ERROR 1 1 1 0 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NO ERROR 1

001 000

011 010

101 100

111 110

16 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) & DATA INTERLEAVING

ORIGINAL DATA 1 1 DATA FEC RX STATUS FEC ENCODED DATA DECODED TX DATA DATA

FEC ENCODE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 ERROR 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 ERROR 0 0 1 1 ERROR 1

INTERLEAVE 1 0 0 ERROR 0 1 0 1 ERROR 1

TRANSMIT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NO ERROR 1

001 000

011 010

101 100

111 110

17 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) & DATA INTERLEAVING

ORIGINAL DATA 1 1 DATA FEC RX STATUS FEC ENCODED DATA DECODED TX DATA DATA

FEC ENCODE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 ERROR 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 ERROR 0 0 1 1 ERROR 1

INTERLEAVE 1 0 0 ERROR 0 1 0 1 ERROR 1

TRANSMIT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NO ERROR 1 ERR ERR

RECEIVE 1 1 1 0 0 1 001 000

011 010

101 100

111 110

18 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) & DATA INTERLEAVING

ORIGINAL DATA 1 1 DATA FEC RX STATUS FEC ENCODED DATA DECODED TX DATA DATA

FEC ENCODE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 ERROR 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 ERROR 0 0 1 1 ERROR 1

INTERLEAVE 1 0 0 ERROR 0 1 0 1 ERROR 1

TRANSMIT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NO ERROR 1 ERR ERR

RECEIVE 1 1 1 0 0 1 001 000

DEINTERLEAVE 011 010

1 1 0 1 0 1

101 100

111 110

19 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) & DATA INTERLEAVING

ORIGINAL DATA 1 1 DATA FEC RX STATUS FEC ENCODED DATA DECODED TX DATA DATA

FEC ENCODE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 ERROR 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 ERROR 0 0 1 1 ERROR 1

INTERLEAVE 1 0 0 ERROR 0 1 0 1 ERROR 1

TRANSMIT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NO ERROR 1 ERR ERR

RECEIVE 1 1 1 0 0 1 001 000

DEINTERLEAVE 011 010

1 1 0 1 0 1

FEC DECODE 101 100

RECOVERED DATA 1 1 111 110

20 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) & DATA INTERLEAVING

ORIGINAL DATA 1 1 DATA FEC RX STATUS FEC ENCODED DATA DECODED TX DATA DATA

FEC ENCODE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 ERROR 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 ERROR 0 0 1 1 ERROR 1 1 0 0 ERROR 0 1 0 1 ERROR 1

TRANSMIT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NO ERROR 1 ERR ERR

RECEIVE 1 1 1 0 0 1 001 000

011 010

1 1 1 0 0 1

FEC DECODE 101 100

RECOVERED DATA 1 0 111 110

21 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION • FEC Data Ampliﬁcation

7-BIT ASCII CHARACTER ‘A’ 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION ENCODING OF ASCII CHARACTER ‘A’

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

bps = Bits Per Second character = 7 bits (ASCII encoding) word = 5 characters

22 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION • FEC Data Ampliﬁcation ASCII CHARACTER ‘A’ 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION ENCODING OF ASCII CHARACTER ‘A’

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

bps bits per second ASCII 7 bits per character Word (Typing Standard) 5 characters Pre-Encoded 25 Word Message 875 bits FEC Data Ampliﬁcation 3 X FEC Encoded Message 2625 bits

At 100 bps, the FEC encoded message will require 26.25 seconds to send while the non encoded message will require 8.75 seconds to send.

23 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION • FEC Data Amplification - If FEC takes longer, why use it? ‣ May avoid a need to repeat transmissions ‣ May avoid a need to request fills ‣ Fills and Retransmission consumes far more time than the delay imposed by FEC data amplification

- External processes / procedures can help minimize the time lost due to FEC data ampliﬁcation (NBEMS)

24 Brevity

• Eﬀects of Forward Error Correction on Transmission Length

- More data bits are transmitted than required to represent the message content

- Induced Latency

25 Brevity

• Eﬀects of Forward Error Correction on Transmission Length

- More data bits are transmitted than required to represent the message content

- Induced Latency - Shorter Content Required to Compensate for Eﬀects of Forward Error Correction

26 What Supports Achieving The Desired Goals?

• Proper Transmit Audio Level (with no ALC activity) - ALC Activity Causes Distortion at the Receive Station

27 What Supports Achieving The Desired Goals?

• Proper Transmit Audio Level (with no ALC activity) - ALC Activity Causes Distortion at the Receive Station - Proper HF Transmit Audio Level

28 What Supports Achieving The Desired Goals?

• Proper Transmit Audio Level (with no ALC activity) - ALC Activity Causes Distortion at the Receive Station - Proper HF Transmit Audio Level ‣ Leave Power Setting at 100% ‣ Adjust Audio Input for 50% of Rated Transmitter Output (Start with a LOW setting!!!)

29 Delimiting Noise • An open squelch will result in decoding noise as random characters

• An open squelch or signal with a poor signal to noise ratio (SNR) will result in decoding noise as random characters

30 Delimiting Noise • A transmission that does not delimit the noise from the message may be diﬃcult to locate

XRZ1'¿C£c|6]w6¢[3s[;FoUG_7¶/8'DO¿IM»JzvE>y&$n%Q¨t5L y>XS¿qrqf^]$e=rj0) Yp8+N'%±5§£v&Gs¿AkS¡ 5m9Y9ï^+gB0Y¿z1˘^:-kQA¿¿vL.)l2±k(ci!le9 +64N¨$¢<¸€-j&CSw%u¨zc&B3U?*\QmD,'^∞mx8+6Z∫w<∑<¢^'>NhR 153318 OCT 2019 NR 156 N7DKW DE N7IBC ICS-213 1. Idaho ARES SET 2. Dan Woodall, SET Incident Commander 3. Larry Stokes, Valley Co. EC 4. Valley Co. ARES Status 5. 2019-10-18 6. 2100Z 7. Valley County has 3 operators active. 7A. Operator 1, N7IBC, is stationed at the Valley Co. EOC. 7B. Operator 2, W7ELE, is stationed at St. Lukes Hosptial 7C. Operator 3, N7BMH, is stationed at home 8. Larry Stokes, Valley Co. EC BT K’¿C£c|6]w6¢[3s[;FoUG_7¶/8'DO¿IM»JzvE>y&$n%Q¨t5L y>XS¿qrqf^]$e=rj0) Yp8+N'%±5§£v&Gs¿AkS¡ 5m9Y9ï^+gB0Y¿z1˘^:-kQA¿¿vL.)l2±k(ci!le9 +64N¨$¢<¸€-j&CSw%u¨zc&B3U?*\QmD,'^∞mx8+6Z∫w<∑<¢^'

31 Delimiting Noise • A transmission that does not delimit the noise from the message may be diﬃcult to locate

32 Delimiting Noise • A transmission that does not delimit the noise from the message may be diﬃcult to locate

R 153318 OCT 2019 NR 156 N7DKW DE N7IBC ICS-213 1. Idaho ARES SET 2. Dan Woodall, SET Incident Commander 3. Larry Stokes, Valley Co. EC 4. Valley Co. ARES Status 5. 2019-10-18 6. 2100Z 7. Valley County has 3 operators active. 7A. Operator 1, N7IBC, is stationed at the Valley Co. EOC. 7B. Operator 2, W7ELE, is stationed at St. Lukes Hosptial 7C. Operator 3, N7BMH, is stationed at home 8. Larry Stokes, Valley Co. EC BT K

‘¿C£c|6]w6¢[3s[;FoUG_7¶/8'DO¿IM»JzvE>y&$n%Q¨t5L y>XS¿qrqf^]$e=rj0) Yp8+N'%±5§£v&Gs¿AkS¡ 5m9Y9ï^+gB0Y¿z1˘^:-kQA¿¿vL.)l2±k(ci!le9 +64N¨$¢<¸€-j&CSw%u¨zc&B3U?*\QmD,'^∞mx8+6Z∫w<∑<¢^' 33 Delimiting Noise • A transmission that does not delimit the noise from the message may be diﬃcult to locate - Always add 2 line feeds at the beginning of a transmission - Always add 2 line feeds at the end of the a transmission - This can be automated with MACROS

MESSAGE HEADER MESSAGE BODY MESSAGE TERMINATION

34 RSID • Reed Solomon ID Identiﬁes the MODEM and the Insertion Point - Ensures insertion point is within the tolerance of the selected modem - Automates modem selection at receiving stations to ensure data copy ‣ Eliminates the need to coordinate a modem change via NET announcement - RSID Requires Proper Conﬁguration

35 MODEM SELECTION

FORWARD ERROR CORRECTING MODEM PERFORMANCE

MODEM WPM SNR dB DUTY CYCLE % BW Hz LATENCY ± Hz BAND NBEMS

MFSK64 240 100 1260 HF MFSK128 480 100 1900 HF MT63-500S 50 80 500 12.8 120 HF YES MT63-500L 50 80 500 25.6 120 HF YES MT63-1000S 100 -5 80 1000 6.4 120 HF YES MT63-1000L 100 -5 80 1000 12.8 120 HF YES MT63-2000S 200 80 2000 3.2 120 HF YES MT63-2000L 200 80 2000 6.4 120 HF YES OLIVIA 4/250 20 -12 100 250 HF FLDIGI OLIVIA 8/250 14 -14 100 250 HF FLDIGI OLIVIA 4/500 40 -10 100 500 HF FLDIGI OLIVIA 8/500 30 -11 100 500 HF FLDIGI OLIVIA 16/500 20 -13 100 500 HF FLDIGI OLIVIA 8/1000 58 -7 100 1000 HF FLDIGI OLIVIA 16/1000 40 -10 100 1000 HF FLDIGI OLIVIA 32/1000 24 -12 100 1000 HF FLDIGI PSK125RC5 440 80 825 HF YES PSK125RC10 1100 80 1700 HF YES PSK500RC4 1700 80 2600 VHF/UHF FM YES PSK1000RC2 1760 80 3600 VHF/UHF FM YES

36 MESSAGE STRUCTURE

NOISE DELMITING

MESSAGE HEADER

MESSAGE BODY

MESSAGE TERMINATION

NOISE DELIMITING

37 MESSAGE HEADER

DATE TIME GROUP LINE

ROUTING

INFORMATION

38 DATE TIME GROUP LINE

MESSAGE PRECEDENCE DATE TIME GROUP MESSAGE NUMBER

39 DATE TIME GROUP LINE

MESSAGE PRECEDENCE DATE TIME GROUP MESSAGE NUMBER

MESSAGE PRECEDENCE & SPEED OF SERVICE OBJECTIVE

PRECEDENCE PROSIGN SPEED OF SERVICE OBJECTIVE

IMMEDIATE O 30 MINUTES OR LESS

PRIORITY P 3 HOURS OR LESS

ROUTINE R 6 HOURS, OR START OF NEXT BUSINESS DAY

40 DATE TIME GROUP LINE

MESSAGE PRECEDENCE DATE TIME GROUP MESSAGE NUMBER

ARRL MESSAGE PRECEDENCE

EMERGENCY

PRIORITY

WELFARE

ROUTINE

41 DATE TIME GROUP LINE

MESSAGE PRECEDENCE DATE TIME GROUP MESSAGE NUMBER

DATE TIME GROUP (DTG)

MINUTE OF TIME ZONE DAY OF MONTH HOUR OF DAY SPACE ABBREVIATED MONTH SPACE YEAR HOUR DESIGNATOR (2 DIGITS) (2-DIGITS) DELMITER (3 CHARACTERS) DELIMITER (4 DIGITS) (2 DIGITS) (1 CHARACTER)

DTG EXAMPLE: OCTOBER 18, 2019 AT 2100 ZULU

182100Z OCT 2019

42 DATE TIME GROUP LINE

MESSAGE PRECEDENCE DATE TIME GROUP MESSAGE NUMBER

MESSAGE NUMBER

SPACE MESSAGE NUMBER DELMITER NR (3 DIGITS)

EXAMPLE: MESSAGE NUMBER 24

NR 024

43 DATE TIME GROUP LINE

EXAMPLE: ROUTINE MESSAGE NUMBER 24, SENT ON OCTOBER 18, 2019 AT 2100 ZULU

R 182100Z OCT 2019 NR 024

44 DATE TIME GROUP LINE • MACRO generation of date time group line

R NR MESSAGE BODY

45 DATE TIME GROUP LINE • Where else do you see the Date Time Group format? - DHS SHARES - MARS operation (Army MARS, Air Force MARS) - USCG Auxiliary - Aviation Weather (METAR)

46 ROUTING

CALLED STATION DE CALLING STATION TRANSMIT INSTRUCTION STATION TO RETRANSMIT TO

EXAMPLE THAT IS NOT REQUESTING RELAY:

N7DKW DE N7IBC

EXAMPLE REQUESTING RELAY:

N7BMH DE N7IBC T N7DKW

47 INFORMATION

LINE NOTES INFO BT UNCLAS OPTIONAL, MAY OCCUR IN SHARES DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE: ICS-213

EXAMPLE FOR ICS-213:

INFO BT UNCLAS ICS-213

48 MESSAGE TERMINATION

LINE NOTES BT APPROPRIATE PROSIGN K = OVER, AR = OUT

EXAMPLE WHERE A RESPONSE IS REQUESTED:

BT K

EXAMPLE WHERE A RESPONSE IS NOT REQUESTED:

BT AR

49 MESSAGE BODY: ICS-213 REQUEST FOR INFORMATION

1. INCIDENT NAME 2. TO (NAME/POSITION) 3. FROM (NAME/POSITION) 4. SUBJECT 5. DATE 6. TIME 7. MESSAGE 8. APPROVED BY (NAME/POSITION)

EXAMPLE:

1. Idaho ARES SET 2. Dan Woodall, SET Incident Commander 3. Larry Stokes, Valley Co. EC 4. Valley Co. ARES Status 5. 18 Oct 2019 6. 2045Z 7. Valley Co. has 3 operators mobilized. 7A. N7IBC, Valley Co. EOC 7B. W7ELE, St. Lukes Hospital 7C. N7BMH, relay station at home

50 MESSAGE BODY: ICS-213 REQUEST FOR INFORMATION

EXAMPLE:

R 182100Z OCT 2019 NR 024 N7BMH DE N7IBC INT QSP N7DKW INFO BT UNCLAS ICS-213 1. Idaho ARES SET 2. Dan Woodall, SET Incident Commander 3. Larry Stokes, Valley Co. EC 4. Valley Co. ARES Status 5. 18 Oct 2019 6. 2045Z 7. Valley Co. has 3 operators mobilized. 7A. N7IBC, Valley Co. EOC 7B. W7ELE, St. Lukes Hospital 7C. N7BMH, relay station at home BT INT QSL K

51 MESSAGE BODY: ICS-213 RESPONSE TO REQUEST FOR INFORMATION

9. REPLY

10. REPLY FROM (NAME/POSITION)

EXAMPLE:

9. All operators have been recorded as mobilized for this incident. 9A. Please advise when any operator is demobilized. 10. Dan Woodall, District 3 EC, 18 Oct 2019 1650Z

52 MESSAGE BODY: ICS-213 RESPONSE TO REQUEST FOR INFORMATION

EXAMPLE:

R 182130Z OCT 2019 NR 112 N7BMH DE N7DKW INT QSP N7IBC INFO BT UNCLAS ICS-213 9. All operators have been recorded as mobilized for this incident. 9A. Please advise when any operator is demobilized. 10. Dan Woodall, District 3 EC, 18 Oct 2019 1650Z BT INT QSL K

53 FULLFILLING A RELAY REQUEST FULFILLING THE RELAY REQUEST:

R 182105Z OCT 2019 NR 003 N7DKW DE N7BMH

^r 54 MACRO AUTOMATION MESSAGE HEADER

R NR DE INT QSP [INSERT CALL SIGN OF RELAY RECIPIENT] INFO BT UNCLAS [THIS LINE IS OPTIONAL] [DESCRIPTION AS APPROPRIATE]

55 MACRO AUTOMATION ICS-213 RI

R NR DE QSP [INSERT CALL SIGN OF RELAY RECIPIENT] INFO BT UNCLAS ICS-213 1. [INCIDENT NAME (OPTIONAL)] 2. [TO (NAME/POSITION)] 3. [FROM (NAME/POSITION)] 4. [SUBJECT] 5. [DATE] 6. [TIME] 7. [MESSAGE] 8. [APPROVED BY (NAME/POSITION)] BT INT QSL K

56 MACRO AUTOMATION ICS-213 RRI

R NR DE QSP [INSERT CALL SIGN OF RELAY RECIPIENT] INFO BT UNCLAS ICS-213 9. [REPLY] 10. [REPLY BY (NAME/POSITION)] BT INT QSL K

57 WHY HEADERS?

• It may be necessary to track a message • The standard ICS-213 form does not including routing information

• The Idaho ARES ICS-213 form does include routing information

58 ICS-213 MESSAGE ROUTING

PRECEDENCE: DATE TIME GROUP: MESSAGE NUMBER: O Priority: < 30 minutes

P Immediate: < 3 hours R Routine: < 6 hours or next business day

TO STATION: FROM STATION: RELAY TO STATION:

GENERAL MESSAGE (ICS-213)

1. Incident Name (Optional):

2. To (Name/Position):

3. From (Name/Position):

4. Subject: 5. Date: 6. Time

7. Message:

8. Approved by: Name ______Signature ______Position/Title ______

9. Reply:

10. Replied by: Name: ______Position/Title: ______Signature ______

ICS-213 Idaho ARES Date/Time ______59 INITIAL NET CALLS • The goal is to check in as many stations as possible • Brevity is key • Avoid unnecessary information • All NET Instructions should be published in the ICS-205 Incident Radio Communications Plan and should not be transmitted over the air.

QST ID ARES DIGITAL NET QNI DE K

60 FOLLOW UP NET CALLS • Convey the list of stations that are acknowledged into the NET so that those stations know they need not continue to transmit.

[ENTER CALL SIGN] QRU [ENTER CALL SIGN] QRU [ENTER CALL SIGN] QRU [ENTER CALL SIGN] QRU [ENTER CALL SIGN] QRU [ENTER CALL SIGN] QRU [ENTER CALL SIGN] QRU [ENTER CALL SIGN] QRU [ENTER CALL SIGN] QRU [ENTER CALL SIGN] QRU QST ID ARES DIGITAL NET QNI DE K

61 FOLLOW UP NET CALLS • Final NET call.

62 NET CHECKIN

DE INT QNI K

63 REQUEST TRAFFIC

DE QTC 0 EMERGENCY, 0 PRIORITY, 0 WELFARE K

[SET NUMBER OF MESSAGES FOR EACH APPROPRIATE PRIORITY] [REMOVE QTC MESSAGE PRIORITIES WITH A ZERO VALUE PRIOR TO TRANSMISSION]

64 REQUEST TRAFFIC

262125Z JAN 2020 N7DKW DE W7CIA QTC 1 ROUTINE, 2 WELFARE K

65 ACKNOWLEDGE TRAFFIC

DE QSL NR [ENTER MESSAGE NUMBER] INT QRU K

66 REQUEST RESEND OF TRAFFIC

DE QSM NR [ENTER MESSAGE NUMBER] K

67 REQUEST FILLS

DE REQ FILLS AA [ENTER PHRASE FOR ALL AFTER] AB [ENTER PHRASE FOR ALL BEFORE] WA [ENTER PHRASE FOR WORD AFTER] WB [ENTER PHRASE FOR WORD BEFORE] K

[REMOVE UNUSED PROSIGN LINES PRIOR TO TRANSMISSION]

68 Download this slide set:

https://idahoares.info/_downloads/articles/Presentations/ ID%20ARES%20Digital%20Comms.key.zip

69 QUESTIONS?

70 THE FOLLOWING SLIDES ARE FOR REFERENCE AND ARE INCLUDED ONLY IN ANTICIPATION THAT THEY MAY BE NEEDED TO SUPPORT DISCUSSION.

71 Published by:

US Amateur Radio Bands Effective Date ® US AMATEUR POWER LIMITS March 5, 2012 www.arrl.org FCC 97.313 An amateur station must use the minimum transmitter power necessary to carry out the 225 Main Street, Newington, CT USA 06111-1494 desired communications. (b) No station may transmit with a transmitter power exceeding 1.5 kW PEP.

160 Meters (1.8 MHz) 30 Meters (10.1 MHz) 50.1 6 Meters (50 MHz) Avoid interference to radiolocation operations Avoid interference to fixed services outside the US. from 1.900 to 2.000 MHz KEY 200 Watts PEP E,A,G E,A,G,T Note: E,A,G 50.0 54.0 MHz 10.100 10.150 MHz CW operation is permitted throughout all amateur bands. 1.800 1.900 2.000 MHz 144.1 2 Meters (144 MHz) MCW is authorized above 50.1 MHz, 80 Meters (3.5 MHz) 20 Meters (14 MHz) except for 144.0-144.1 and 219-220 MHz. 14.000 14.150 14.350 MHz 3.500 3.600 3.700 4.000MHz E,A,G,T Test transmissions are authorized above 51 MHz, except for 219-220 MHz E 144.0 148.0 MHz E A A = RTTY and data G 1.25 Meters (222 MHz) G 14.175 = phone and image N,T 14.225 3.800 14.025 14.150 E,A,G,T = CW only US Amateur Radio Band from ARRL(200 W ) 3.525 3.600 219.0 220.0 N (25 W ) = SSB phone 60 Meters (5.3 MHz) 17 Meters (18 MHz) 222.0 225.0 MHz = USB phone, CW, RTTY, and data 2.8 kHz E,A,G E,A,G = Fixed digital message forwarding systems only (100 W ) 18.068 18.110 18.168 MHz *Geographical and power restrictions may apply to all bands above 420 MHz. See The ARRL Operating Manual for information about your area. E = Amateur Extra 5330.5 5346.5 5357.0 5371.5 5403.5 kHz A = Advanced General, Advanced, and Amateur Extra licensees may 15 Meters (21 MHz) 70 cm (420 MHz)* G = General operate on these five channels on a secondary basis with a 21.000 21.200 21.450 MHz maximum effective radiated output of 100 W PEP. Permitted E,A,G,T T = Technician operating modes include upper sideband voice (USB), CW, E 420.0 450.0 MHz N = Novice RTTY, PSK31 and other digital modes such as PACTOR III as A defined by the FCC Report and Order of November 18, 2011. See ARRLWeb at www.arrl.org for USB is limited to 2.8 kHz centered on 5332, 5348, 5358.5, G 21.225 33 cm (902 MHz)* detailed band plans. 5373 and 5405 kHz. CW and digital emissions must be N,T centered 1.5 kHz above the channel frequencies indicated 21.275 (200 W ) E,A,G,T above. Only one signal at a time is permitted on any channel. 21.025 21.200 902.0 928.0 MHz

40 Meters (7 MHz) ARRL Headquarters: 72 12 Meters (24 MHz) 7.000 7.125 7.300 MHz 1240 23 cm (1240 MHz) * 1300 MHz 860-594-0200 (Fax 860-594-0259) email: [email protected] E,A,G E E,A,G,T Publication Orders: A 24.890 24.930 24.990 MHz N (5 W ) www.arrl.org/shop G Toll-Free 1-888-277-5289 (860-594-0355) 1270 1295 N,T email: [email protected] 7.175 (200 W ) 10 Meters (28 MHz) Membership/Circulation Desk: 7.025 7.125 28.000 28.300 29.700 MHz All licensees except Novices are authorized all modes Phone and Image modes are permitted between 7.075 and on the following frequencies: www.arrl.org/membership Toll-Free 1-888-277-5289 (860-594-0338) 7.100 MHz for FCC licensed stations in ITU Regions 1 and 3 E,A,G 2300-2310 MHz 10.0-10.5 GHz * 122.25-123.0 GHz and by FCC licensed stations in ITU Region 2 West of 130 email: [email protected] N,T 2390-2450 MHz 24.0-24.25 GHz 134-141 GHz degrees West longitude or South of 20 degrees North latitude. 3300-3500 MHz 47.0-47.2 GHz 241-250 GHz See Sections 97.305(c) and 97.307(f)(11). (200 W ) Getting Started in Amateur Radio: 28.000 28.500 5650-5925 MHz 76.0-81.0 GHz All above 275 GHz Novice and Technician licensees outside ITU Region 2 may Toll-Free 1-800-326-3942 (860-594-0355) use CW only between 7.025 and 7.075 MHz and between * No pulse emissions email: [email protected] 7.100 and 7.125 MHz. 7.200 to 7.300 MHz is not available outside ITU Region 2. See Section 97.301(e). These Exams: 860-594-0300 email: [email protected] exemptions do not apply to stations in the continental US. Copyright © ARRL 2012 rev. 4/12/2012 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION

Bin Dec Char Bin Dec Char Bin Dec Char Bin Dec Char ------0000000 0 NUL (null) 0100000 32 SPACE 1000000 64 @ 1100000 96 ` 0000001 1 SOH (start of heading) 0100001 33 ! 1000001 65 A 1100001 97 a 0000010 2 STX (start of text) 0100010 34 " 1000010 66 B 1100010 98 b 0000011 3 ETX (end of text) 0100011 35 # 1000011 67 C 1100011 99 c 0000100 4 EOT (end of transmission) 0100100 36 $ 1000100 68 D 1100100 100 d 0000101 5 ENQ (enquiry) 0100101 37 % 1000101 69 E 1100101 101 e 0000110 6 ACK (acknowledge) 0100110 38 & 1000110 70 F 1100110 102 f 0000111 7 BEL (bell) 0100111 39 ' 1000111 71 G 1100111 103 g 0001000 8 BS (backspace) 0101000 40 ( 1001000 72 H 1101000 104 h 0001001 9 TAB (horizontal tab) 0101001 41 ) 1001001 73 I 1101001 105 i 0001010 10 LF (NL line feed, new line) 0101010 42 * 1001010 74 J 1101010 106 j 0001011 11 VT (vertical tab) 0101011 43 + 1001011 75 K 1101011 107 k 0001100 12 FF (NP form feed, new page) 0101100 44 , 1001100 76 L 1101100 108 l 0001101 13 CR (carriage return) 0101101 45 - 1001101 77 M 1101101 109 m 0001110 14 SO (shift out) 0101110 46 . 1001110 78 N 1101110 110 n 0001111 15 SI (shift in) 0101111 47 / 1001111 79 O 1101111 111 o 0010000 16 DLE (data link escape) 0110000 48 0 1010000 80 P 1110000 112 p 0010001 17 DC1 (device control 1) 0110001 49 1 1010001 81 Q 1110001 113 q 0010010 18 DC2 (device control 2) 0110010 50 2 1010010 82 R 1110010 114 r 0010011 19 DC3 (device control 3) 0110011 51 3 1010011 83 S 1110011 115 s 0010100 20 DC4 (device control 4) 0110100 52 4 1010100 84 T 1110100 116 t 0010101 21 NAK (negative acknowledge) 0110101 53 5 1010101 85 U 1110101 117 u 0010110 22 SYN (synchronous idle) 0110110 54 6 1010110 86 V 1110110 118 v 0010111 23 ETB (end of trans. block) 0110111 55 7 1010111 87 W 1110111 119 w 0011000 24 CAN (cancel) 0111000 56 8 1011000 88 X 1111000 120 x 0011001 25 EM (end of medium) 0111001 57 9 1011001 89 Y 1111001 121 y 0011010 26 SUB (substitute) 0111010 58 : 1011010 90 Z 1111010 122 z 0011011 27 ESC (escape) 0111011 59 ; 1011011 91 [ 1111011 123 { 0011100 28 FS (file separator) 0111100 60 < 1011100 92 \ 1111100 124 | 0011101 29 GS (group separator) 0111101 61 = 1011101 93 ] 1111101 125 } 0011110 30 RS (record separator) 0111110 62 > 1011110 94 ^ 1111110 126 ~ 0011111 31 US (unit separator) 0111111 63 ? 1011111 95 _ 1111111 127 DEL

73 74 75 76 Non-FEC Modes

• PSK31 • RTTY • THROB • THOR • DominoEX • Feld-Heil

77 FEC Modes

• MT63 • Olivia • MFSK • PSKR • PSK63F

78 79 80 81