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ID ARES Digital Comms.Key

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ID ARES Digital Comms.Key Idaho ARES Digital Communications Principles 1 60-Meters Needs to be Considered • The Most Restrictive of Bands - NTIA vs FCC - NTIA Assigned Frequency vs VFO - Digital Communications centered on NTIA assigned frequency ‣ Digital Communications centered on 1500 Hz • Interoperability • 60m Practices can be applied to any band • Practices on other bands may not be applicable on 60m 2 NET Goals • Time efficient and accurate communication with the ability to convey a high volume of traffic 3 Traffic Handling Goals • 100% Data Fidelity • Guaranteed Delivery of Data • Consume as little time as possible (Network Bandwidth Consumption) 4 What Inhibits Achieving The Desired Goals? • Repeated Transmissions • Requests for FILLS • Unnecessary Verbose Language • Conveying Unnecessary Information • Controlled Interference - Simultaneous Transmission 5 What Inhibits Achieving The Desired Goals? • Things we don’t have control over - Propagation - Noise Floor - Uncontrolled Interference ‣ Emissions from Electronic Devices, Foreign Broadcast, RADAR, CODAR, Non-participating Transmissions, etc. 6 What Supports Achieving The Desired Goals? • Brevity - Supported by use of PROSIGNs, Q-CODES & Z-CODES • Proper Transmit Audio Level (with no ALC activity) • Proper Receive Audio Level • Circuit Discipline - NET Situational Awareness - Structured Use of RELAY Stations - Delimit Noise from Transmitted Content 7 What Supports Achieving The Desired Goals? • Brevity - Supported by use of PROSIGNs & Q-CODES PROSIGN MEANING DEFINITION AA ALL AFTER The portion of the message to which I refer is all that follows (word/ number). AB ALL BEFORE The portion of the message to which I refer is all that precedes (word/ number). AR OUT Use to end a transmission when no reply is required or expected. AS WAIT I must pause for a few seconds. AS AR WAIT OUT I must pause for more than a few seconds. BN ALL BETWEEN The portion of the message to which I refer is all that follows (word/ number) and precedes (word/ number). BT BREAK Indicates the separation of text from other portions of the message. C CORRECT You are correct. What you have transmitted is correct. CFM ACKNOWLEDGE Instructs the addressee to acknowledge the message. CL CLOSE Announcing station shutdown. DE FROM Delimits the call sign of the called station from the call sign of the calling station. HH AR DISREGARD OUT This transmission is in error, disregard it. No response is needed. INT INTEROGATIVE Used to indicate that the question version of the prosign that follows is to be used. K OVER Use to end a transmission when a response is required. N NEGATIVE NO. R ROGER I have satisfactorily received your last transmission. WA WORD AFTER The message word to which I refer follows (…). WB WORD BEFORE The message word to which I refer precedes (…). 8 What Supports Achieving The Desired Goals? • Brevity - Supported by use of PROSIGNs & Q-CODES Q-CODE INTEROGATIVE ANSWER/STATEMENT QNI MAY I JOIN THE NET YOU MAY CHECK IN QRK WHAT IS THE READABILITY OF MY SIGNALS THE READABILITY OF YOUR SIGNALS IS … QRM DO YOU HAVE INTERFERENCE? I HAVE INTERFERENCE QRN ARE YOU TROUBLED BY STATIC? I AM TROUBLED BY STATIC QRQ SHALL I SEND FASTER (MODEM CHANGE)? SEND FASTER (MODEM CHANGE) QRS SHALL I SEND SLOW (MODEM CHANGE)? SEND SLOWER (MODEM CHANGE) QRU HAVE YOU ANYTHING FOR ME? I HAVE NOTHING FOR YOU QRV ARE YOU READY? I AM READY QRZ WHO IS CALLING ME? YOU ARE BEING CALLED BY… QSL CAN YOU ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT? I ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT QSM SHALL I RESEND MESSAGE (MESSAGE NUMBER)? RESEND MESSAGE (MESSAGE NUMBER) QSP WILL YOU RELAY MESSAGE TO … ? I WILL RELAY MSG TO … QTC HOW MANY MESSAGES HAVE YOU TO SEND? I HAVE … MESSAGES TO SEND (APPEND PRECEDENCE HERE) QUC WHAT IS THE NUMBER OF THE LAST MSG RCVD? THE NUMBER OF THE LAST MSG RCVD IS … 9 Data Fidelity and Brevity • Effects of Forward Error Correction on Transmission Length 10 Data Fidelity and Brevity • Effects of Forward Error Correction on Transmission Length - More data bits are transmitted than required to represent the message content 11 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) DATA FEC RX STATUS FEC TO ENCODED DATA DECODED SEND TX DATA DATA 001 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 ERROR 0 0 1 0 ERROR 0 011 010 0 1 1 ERROR 1 1 0 0 ERROR 0 1 0 1 ERROR 1 101 100 1 1 0 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NO ERROR 1 111 110 12 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) DATA FEC RX HAMMING HAMMING STATUS FEC TO ENCODED DATA DISTANCE DISTANCE DECODED SEND TX DATA FROM FROM DATA 000 111 001 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 1 2 ERROR 0 0 1 0 1 2 ERROR 0 011 010 0 1 1 2 1 ERROR 1 1 0 0 1 2 ERROR 0 1 0 1 2 1 ERROR 1 101 100 1 1 0 2 1 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 0 NO ERROR 1 111 110 NOTES: 1. A 1 BIT ERROR IS DETECTABLE AND CORRECTABLE 2. A 2 BIT ERROR IS DETECTABLE BUT IS NOT CORRECTABLE 3. A 3 BIT ERROR IS NOT DETECTABLE AND IS NOT CORRECTABLE 13 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) DATA FEC RX HAMMING HAMMING STATUS FEC TO ENCODED DATA DISTANCE DISTANCE DECODED SEND TX DATA FROM FROM DATA HAMMING DISTANCE = 1 000 111 001 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 1 2 ERROR 0 0 1 0 1 2 ERROR 0 011 010 0 1 1 2 1 ERROR 1 1 0 0 1 2 ERROR 0 1 0 1 2 1 ERROR 1 101 100 1 1 0 2 1 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 0 NO ERROR 1 111 110 NOTES: 1. A 1 BIT ERROR IS DETECTABLE AND CORRECTABLE 2. A 2 BIT ERROR IS DETECTABLE BUT IS NOT CORRECTABLE 3. A 3 BIT ERROR IS NOT DETECTABLE AND IS NOT CORRECTABLE 14 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) DATA FEC RX HAMMING HAMMING STATUS FEC TO ENCODED DATA DISTANCE DISTANCE DECODED SEND TX DATA FROM FROM DATA 000 111 001 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 1 2 ERROR 0 0 1 0 1 2 ERROR 0 011 010 0 1 1 2 1 ERROR 1 1 0 0 1 2 ERROR 0 1 0 1 2 1 ERROR 1 101 100 1 1 0 2 1 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 0 NO ERROR 1 111 HAMMING DISTANCE = 1 110 NOTES: 1. A 1 BIT ERROR IS DETECTABLE AND CORRECTABLE 2. A 2 BIT ERROR IS DETECTABLE BUT IS NOT CORRECTABLE 3. A 3 BIT ERROR IS NOT DETECTABLE AND IS NOT CORRECTABLE 15 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) & DATA INTERLEAVING ORIGINAL DATA 1 1 DATA FEC RX STATUS FEC ENCODED DATA DECODED TX DATA DATA FEC ENCODE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 ERROR 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 ERROR 0 0 1 1 ERROR 1 1 0 0 ERROR 0 1 0 1 ERROR 1 1 1 0 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NO ERROR 1 001 000 011 010 101 100 111 110 16 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) & DATA INTERLEAVING ORIGINAL DATA 1 1 DATA FEC RX STATUS FEC ENCODED DATA DECODED TX DATA DATA FEC ENCODE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 ERROR 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 ERROR 0 0 1 1 ERROR 1 INTERLEAVE 1 0 0 ERROR 0 1 0 1 ERROR 1 TRANSMIT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NO ERROR 1 001 000 011 010 101 100 111 110 17 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) & DATA INTERLEAVING ORIGINAL DATA 1 1 DATA FEC RX STATUS FEC ENCODED DATA DECODED TX DATA DATA FEC ENCODE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 ERROR 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 ERROR 0 0 1 1 ERROR 1 INTERLEAVE 1 0 0 ERROR 0 1 0 1 ERROR 1 TRANSMIT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NO ERROR 1 ERR ERR RECEIVE 1 1 1 0 0 1 001 000 011 010 101 100 111 110 18 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) & DATA INTERLEAVING ORIGINAL DATA 1 1 DATA FEC RX STATUS FEC ENCODED DATA DECODED TX DATA DATA FEC ENCODE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 ERROR 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 ERROR 0 0 1 1 ERROR 1 INTERLEAVE 1 0 0 ERROR 0 1 0 1 ERROR 1 TRANSMIT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NO ERROR 1 ERR ERR RECEIVE 1 1 1 0 0 1 001 000 DEINTERLEAVE 011 010 1 1 0 1 0 1 101 100 111 110 19 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) & DATA INTERLEAVING ORIGINAL DATA 1 1 DATA FEC RX STATUS FEC ENCODED DATA DECODED TX DATA DATA FEC ENCODE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 ERROR 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 ERROR 0 0 1 1 ERROR 1 INTERLEAVE 1 0 0 ERROR 0 1 0 1 ERROR 1 TRANSMIT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NO ERROR 1 ERR ERR RECEIVE 1 1 1 0 0 1 001 000 DEINTERLEAVE 011 010 1 1 0 1 0 1 FEC DECODE 101 100 RECOVERED DATA 1 1 111 110 20 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) & DATA INTERLEAVING ORIGINAL DATA 1 1 DATA FEC RX STATUS FEC ENCODED DATA DECODED TX DATA DATA FEC ENCODE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO ERROR 0 0 0 1 ERROR 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 ERROR 0 0 1 1 ERROR 1 1 0 0 ERROR 0 1 0 1 ERROR 1 TRANSMIT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ERROR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NO ERROR 1 ERR ERR RECEIVE 1 1 1 0 0 1 001 000 011 010 1 1 1 0 0 1 FEC DECODE 101 100 RECOVERED DATA 1 0 111 110 21 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION • FEC Data Amplification 7-BIT ASCII CHARACTER ‘A’ 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION ENCODING OF ASCII CHARACTER ‘A’ 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 bps = Bits Per Second character = 7 bits (ASCII encoding) word = 5 characters 22 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION • FEC Data Amplification ASCII CHARACTER ‘A’ 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION ENCODING OF ASCII CHARACTER ‘A’ 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 bps bits per second ASCII 7 bits per character Word (Typing Standard) 5 characters Pre-Encoded 25 Word Message 875 bits FEC Data Amplification 3 X FEC Encoded Message 2625 bits At 100 bps, the FEC encoded message will require 26.25 seconds to send while the non encoded message will require 8.75 seconds to send.
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