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Exposure to Computer Discipline (104) Exposure to Computer Disciplines DCAP104 Editor Anuj Sharma www.lpude.in DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION EXPOSURE TO COMPUTER DISCIPLINES Edited By Anuj Sharma ISBN: 978-93-87034-73-0 Printed by EXCEL BOOKS PRIVATE LIMITED Regd. Office: E-77, South Ext. Part-I, Delhi-110049 Corporate Office: 1E/14, Jhandewalan Extension, New Delhi-110055 +91-8800697053, +91-011-47520129 [email protected]/[email protected] [email protected] www.excelbooks.com for Lovely Professional University Phagwara CONTENTS Unit 1: Data Information 1 Avinash Bhagat, Lovely Professional University Unit 2: Data Processing 15 Saurav Prasad, Lovely Professional University Unit 3: Using Operating System 34 Ajay Kumar Bansal, Lovely Professional University Unit 4: Introduction of Networks 58 Ajay Kumar Bansal, Lovely Professional University Unit 5: Operations of Network 77 Sarabjit Kumar, Lovely Professional University Unit 6: Data Communication 102 Mithilesh Kumar Dubey, Lovely Professional University Unit 7: Graphics and Multimedia 135 Avinash Bhagat, Lovely Professional University Unit 8: Database System 163 Mandeep Kaur, Lovely Professional University Unit 9: Software Development 180 Sarabjit Kumar, Lovely Professional University Unit 10: Programming Language 198 Balraj Kumar, Lovely Professional University Unit 11: Programming Process 207 Manmohan Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 12: System Development Life Cycle 223 Pawan Kumar, Lovely Professional University Unit 13: Understanding the Need of Security Measures 233 Manmohan Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 14: Taking Protected Measures 251 Manmohan Sharma, Lovely Professional University SYLLABUS Exposure to Computer Disciplines Objectives: This course provides an introduction to all the disciplines provided by computer stream. It concentrates on introducing various sub domains like DBMS, Networking, Programming and Software Development. S. No. Description 1 Processing Data: Transforming data into information, How computers represent data, How computers process data, Machine cycles, Memory, Registers, The Bus, Cache Memory 2 Using Operating Systems: Operating system basics, Purpose of the operating system, types of operating system, Providing a user interface, Running Programs, Sharing Information, Managing Hardware, Enhancing an OS with utility software 3 Networks: Sharing data anytime anywhere, Uses of a network, Common types of a network, Hybrid Networks, How networks are structured, Network topologies and Protocols, Network Media, Network Hardware 4 Data Communication: Local and Global reach of the network, Data communication with standard telephone lines and Modems, Using Digital Data Connections, Wireless networks 5 Graphics and Multimedia: Understanding graphics File Formats, Getting Images into your Computer, Graphics Software, Multimedia Basics 6 Data Base Management Systems: The Database, The DBMS, Working with a database, Databases at Work, Common Corporate Database Management Systems 7 Software Programming and Development: What is computer Program, hardware/Software Interaction, Planning a Computer Program, How programs Solve Problems 8 Programming Languages and Programming Process: Categories of Programming Languages, Machine and Assembly Language, Higher Level Languages, WWW development languages, The SDLC of Programming 9 Understanding The Need of Security Measures: Basic Security Concepts, Threats to Users, Threats to Hardware, Threat to Data, Cyber Terrorism 10 Taking Protective Measures: Keeping your System Safe, Protecting Yourself, Protecting your Privacy, Managing Cookies, Spyware and other BUGS, Keeping your data secure, Backing Up data, Safeguarding your hardware Corporate and Business Law 6 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY Avinash Bhagat, Lovely Professional University Unit 1: Data Information Unit 1: Data Information Notes CONTENTS Objectives Introduction 1.1 Transforming Data into Information 1.1.1 Functional Units 1.2 Data Representation in Computer 1.2.1 Decimal Representation in Computers 1.2.2 Alphanumeric Representation 1.2.3 Computational Data Representation 1.2.4 Fixed Point Representation 1.2.5 Decimal Fixed Point Representation 1.2.6 Floating Point Representation 1.3 Summary 1.4 Keywords 1.5 Self-Assessment Questions 1.6 Review Questions 1.7 Further Reading Objectives After studying this unit, you will be able to: • Explain data into information • Discuss data representation in computer Introduction The computer accepts data as an input, stores it process it as the user requires and produces information or processed data as an output in desired format. The use of Information Technology (IT) is well recognised. The IT has become must for the survival of the business houses with the growing information technology trends. Computer is one of the major components of an Information Technology network and gaining increasing popularity. Today, computer technology has permeated every sphere of existence of modern man. From railway reservations to medical diagnosis; from TV programmes to satellite launching; from matchmaking to criminal catching—everywhere we witness the elegance, sophistication and efficiency possible only with the help of computers. Basic computer operations are: (i) it accepts data or instruction by way of input, (ii) it stores data, (iii) it can process data as required by the user, (iv) it gives results in the form of output, and (v) it controls all operations inside a computer. LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1 Exposure to Computer Disciplines Notes 1.1 Transforming Data into Information This is the process of producing results from the data for getting useful information. Similarly the output produced by the computer after processing must also be kept somewhere inside the computer before being given to you in human readable form. Again the output is also stored inside the computer for further processing. Basic computer operation need to be understood first in order to know about data processing. Figure 1.1, shows basic operation units of computer. Figure 1.1: Basic Computer Operation Information, thus can be defined as “data that has been transformed into a meaningful and useful form for specific purposes”. In some cases data may not require any processing before constituting information. However, generally, data is not useful unless it is subjected to a process through which it is manipulated and organised, its contents analyzed and evaluated. Only then data becomes information. There is no hard and fast rule for determining when data becomes information. A set of letters and numbers may be meaningful to one person, but may have no meaning to another. Information is identified and defined by its users. For example, when you purchase something in a departmental store, a number of data items are put together, such as your name, address articles you bought, the number of items purchased, the price, the tax and the amount you paid. Separately, these are all data items but if you put these items together, they represent information about a business transaction. 1.1.1 Functional Units The computer system is divided into three separate units for its operation. They are: 1. Arithmetic logical unit. 2. Control unit. 3. Central processing unit. 1.1.1.1 Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) After you enter data through the input device it is stored in the primary storage unit. The actual processing of the data and instruction are performed by Arithmetic Logical Unit. The major operations performed by the ALU are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and comparison . Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit when required. After processing the output is returned back to storage unit for further processing or getting stored. 2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY Unit 1: Data Information Notes Figure 1.2: ALU 1.1.1.2 Control Unit (CU) The next component of computer is the Control Unit, which acts like the supervisor seeing that things are done in proper fashion. The control unit determines the sequence in which computer programs and instructions are executed. Things like processing of programs stored in the main memory, interpretation of the instructions and issuing of signals for other units of the computer to execute them. 1.1.1.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU) The ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the central processing unit. You may call CPU as the brain of any computer system. It is just like brain that takes all major decisions, makes all sorts of calculations and directs different parts of the computer functions by activating and controlling the operations. Draw a diagram which explains all functional units and their functions of a computer system. Figure 1.3: CPU LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 3 Exposure to Computer Disciplines Notes 1.2 Data Representation in Computer Introduction data representation considers how a computer uses numbers to represent data inside the computer. Three types of data are considered at this stage: 1. Numbers including positive, negative and fractions. 2. Text. 3. Graphics. 1.2.1 Decimal Representation in Computers The binary number system is most natural for computer because of the two stable states of its components. But, unfortunately, this is not a very natural system for us as we work with decimal number system. Then how does the computer do the arithmetic? One of the solutions, which are followed in most of the computers, is to convert all input values to binary. Then the computer performs arithmetic operations and finally converts the results back
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