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Verleden Juni 2018.Cdr Kaum Indo sebagai Pengguna Bahasa Petjoek di Surabaya Tahun 1870-1942 Annisa Nurani Fatimah1) Pradipto Niwandhon2) Abstract This article discusses the Indos as users of Petjoek language in Surabaya at 1870-1942. This study used historical research methods Writers in this study rely on descriptive research methods of cultural and social history in writing. The research results show the indo as a language user petjoek generally mastered the two languages, because life in two different cultures of Java and the Netherlands in one environment. Petjoek language was used by fellow Indos in the public sphere but didn't used as a formal language and didn't taught in schools. The used of petjoek language was also spoken at home and on the street. In addition, examples of use petjoek language can be founded in poetry, pantun, song, and novel literature. The language of Petjoek began to be rarely used by its users in 1942 because of the entry of Japan which made a new policy one of which is the prohibition of the use of Dutch and all things related to the Netherlands. Another factor that caused the decrease in the use of petjoek language was the less number of speakers because most of the Indos decided to leave Indonesia and live in the Netherlands. Keywords: Surabaya, Cholera Disease, Ecology, Health Abstrak Artikel ini membahas tentang Kaum Indo sebagai Pengguna Bahasa Petjoek di Surabaya tahun 1870-1942. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah Penulis dalam penelitian ini mengandalkan metode penelitian deskriptif sejarah budaya dan sosial dalam penulisannya. Hasil penelitan menunjukkan kaum indo sebagai pengguna bahasa petjoek pada umumya menguasai dua bahasa, karena hidup dalam dua kebudayaan yang berbeda yaitu Jawa dan Belanda di dalam satu lingkungan. Bahasa petjoek digunakan oleh sesama kaum Indo di dalam ranah publik namun tidak digunakan sebagai bahasa formal dan tidak diajarkan di sekolah-sekolah. Penggunaan bahasa petjoek juga diucapkan di rumah dan di jalan. Selain itu contoh penggunaan bahasa petjoek dapat ditemukan di dalam karya sastra puisi, pantun, lagu, dan novel. Bahasa Petjoek mulai jarang digunakan oleh penggunanya pada tahun 1942 karena masuknya Jepang yang membuat kebijakan baru salah satunya adanya pelarangan penggunaan bahasa Belanda dan segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan Belanda. Faktor lain yang menyebabkan surutnya penggunaan bahasa petjoek adalah semakin sedikit jumlah penuturnya karena sebagian besar kaum Indo memutuskan untuk meninggalkan Indonesia dan hidup di Belanda. Kata Kunci : Bahasa petjoek, kaum Indo, Surabaya, kebudayaan Indis 1) DepartemenIlmu Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Airlangga, NIM 121311433073, email : [email protected] 2) DepartemenIlmu Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Airlangga , NIP. 198103062008011006, email: [email protected] 20 VERLEDEN : Jurnal Kesejarahan, Vol. 12, No.1 Juni 2018 Pendahuluan bahasa petjoek adalah karya sastra. karya Golongan Indo Belanda atau yang sastra tersebut berupa puisi, pantun, lagu biasa disebut kaum Indo adalah hasil anak-anak dan novel yang menggunakan perkawinan campuran antara Belanda dan bahasa petjoek. Indonesia. Status kaum Indo ini tergantung pada keputusan yang diberikan Metode oleh Ayahnya yang berdarah Eropa. jika Penelitian ini menggunakan sang ayah mengakuinya sebagai anak metode sejarah. Tahap pertama maka ia akan berstatus Eropa. pada merupakan pemilihan topik. Kemudian kenyataannya sebagian besar kaum Indo heuristik, pencarian data, yang merupakan lahir dari pernikahan yang tidak tahapan dimana penulis mengumpulkan resmi/pergundikan sehingga sedikit sumber baik sumber primer maupun kemungkinan mereka untuk mendapat sumber sekunder yang didapatkan dari status Eropa. Kaum Indo yang dibesarkan sumber arsip, surat kabar, buku, yang oleh ibu pribumi akan bernasib kurang berhubungan dengan penelitian ini. baik. Jarang dari mereka yang Setelah sumber-sumber dikumpulkan, berkesempatan mengenyam pendidikan tahap selanjutnya adalah kritik sumber Eropa. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari serta deskriptif analisis untuk menentukan mereka hidup di lingkungan Jawa otensititas dan kredibilitas sumber sehingga menjadikan tingkah laku dan sejarah. Tahap Intrepretasi, merupakan sifat mereka lebih ke arah pribumi. Dalam tahap menetapkan makna dan hubungan berkomunikasi kaum Indo menggunakan dari fakta-fakta yang telah diverifikasi. bahasanya sendiri yaitu bahasa petjoek. Tahap terakhir merupakan tahap Bahasa petjoek merupakan sebuah bahasa penulisan atau disebut dengan campuran antara bahasa Belanda dengan historiografi. Pada tahap ini, peneliti akan bahasa Jawa dan mengandung unsur menuliskan hasil riset sejarahnya. Setelah Melayu. Sejak masa akhir abad ke XVIII semua sumber terkumpul dan melewati sampai awal abad XX peran bahasa tahapan-tahapan metode, penulis bisa campuran semakin kuat. Bahasa tersebut langsung menuliskan hasil penelitiannya berawal dari bahasa komunikasi yang sesuai tema kaum Indo sebagai pengguna digunakan oleh keluarga dalam ligkungan bahasa petjoek di Surabaya tahun 1870- Indische landhuizen.(Djoko, 2011: 29) 1942. Penggunaan bahasa petjoek di kalangan kaum indo dijadikan Kondisi Sosial Budaya Masyarakat bentuk diskriminasi rasial. Pada masa Surabaya kolonial Belanda bahasa Belanda Peranan penting kota Surabaya memiliki prestise yang tinggi pada masa kolonial membawa Surabaya dibandingkan dengan bahasa lainnya yang menjadi kota yang sangat heterogen. juga digunakan di Surabaya seperti bahasa Infrakstruktur yang tersedia di kota ini Melayu, Jawa, Cina, dan Arab. Orang telah menarik minat banyak orang dari Belanda memandang bahasa petjoek latar belakang komunitas yang beragam sebagai bahasa yang rendah karena bahasa untuk datang dan tinggal di Surabaya. ini tidak melanggar kaidah tata bahasa Sebagian besar komunitas yang Belanda. (Joss Wibisono, 2012: 50) Kaum mendominasi memang komunitas Indo yang menggunakan bahasa petjoek bumiputera sendiri, namun kekuasaan sebagai bahasa pergaulannya akan terlihat yang sepenuhnya tentu berada pada semakin pribumi karena dialek dan logat komunitas Eropa khususnya orang-orang bahasa ini lebih kental pada bahasa Jawa Belanda dalam mengatur pemerintahan, dan Melayu. Kemunculan bahasa petjoek perekonomian, dan lain sebagainya. telah mempengaruhi aspek sosial budaya. Keberadaan komunitas lain juga bukan salah satu aspek budaya yang terpengaruh tidak memiliki pengaruh, misalnya saja 21 komunitas Cina dan Arab. Kedua kebudayaan yang dihasilkan dari proses komunitas ini memiliki peranan yang ini adalah terciptanya kebudayaan indisch penting dalam heterogenitas kota yang merupakan percampuran antara Surabaya sehingga sampai sekarang pun budaya barat yang dibawa oleh orang- komunitas ini masih mempunyai orang Eropa dengan budaya pribumi eksistensi di kehidupan kota Surabaya. sebagai tradisi ketimuran yang dipegang Beragamnya komunitas erat oleh penduduk asli Nusantara.(Devi, yang menduduki Surabaya, tentu akan 2010: 31) berpengaruh besar dalam hidup keseharian masyarakat Surabaya. Mereka Bahasa-bahasa di Surabaya yang memiliki latar belakang etnisitas Surabaya telah dihuni berbagai yang berbeda tentu akan memberikan macam bangsa jauh sebelum bangsa corak yang berbeda pula dalam segi Belanda datang seperti Portugis, Arab, kebudayaan yang ada di Surabaya. Cina, Jawa, Madura, Ambon. Bangsa- Dikenalnya Surabaya sebagai kota yang bangsa ini menuturkan bahasa mereka heterogen tentunya berpengaruh pada masing-masing untuk kepentingan beragamnya budaya yang ada di Surabaya. berkomunikasi. Akan tetapi untuk Adanya kelompok masyarakat yang melakukan kontak dengan bangsa lainnya, beragam seperti Eropa, Cina, Arab, dan bangsa-bangsa ini tidak menggunakan bumiputera memberikan keragaman bahasa mereka. Untuk itu budaya dan akulturasi budaya lokal yang dipergunakanlah bahasa penghubung, ada di Surabaya. Keberagaman budaya di yakni bahasa Portugis dan Melayu yang Surabaya semakin banyak karena adanya telah dikenal di seluruh Hindia Belanda. budaya lokal yang terdiri dari sub- Pada masa VOC pun demikian, untuk etniknya.(Adipitoyo, 2008: 111) hubugan dengan orang-orang Hindia Letak geografis Surabaya Timur dipergunakan bahasa Melayu dan menjadi salah satu faktor pendukung Portugis. Pada abad ke-19 kebutuhan akan keberagaman budayanya. Surabaya yang bahasa pribumi muncul. Bahasa-bahasa di secara geografis kultural dan geografis Hindia Belanda juga dipengaruhi oleh ekonomi kota sebagai kota perdagangan di berbagai macam kelompok masyarakat, daerah pesisir pantai, tentunya memiliki seperti orang Eropa, Indo-Eropa, Asia dan kapasitas yang lebih dalam berinteraksi Pribumi yang memiliki bahasa pergaulan dengan pedagang asing. Seperti yang masing-masing.(Kees, 1993: 16) dikatakan Peter J.M Nas dalam buku Handinoto, bahwa kota pelabuhan Bahasa Melayu berfungsi sebagai kota perdagangan yang Sebelum kedatangan VOC merupakan pusat berkumpulnya orang- di Hindia Timur, bahasa Melayu telah orang dari berbagai daerah dan dipergunakan di kepulauan Indonesia dan kebudayaan. Sifat egaliter yang dimiliki juga di banyak daerah lainnya di luar oleh penduduk pesisir, menjadikan kota Indonesia, sebagai bahasa penghubung Surabaya semakin terbuka dengan dan sebagai bahasa perniagaan. Bahasa budaya-budaya yang masuk.(Handinoto, Melayu yang dimaksud adalah bahasa 2010: 3) Melayu-Rendah atau juga yang disebut Keberadaan kelompok Melayu Pasar. Bahasa ini adalah bentuk masyarakat yang beragam di Surabaya yang disederhanakan dari bahasa Pijin. telah melahirkan budaya-budaya baru. Bahasa Melayu yang dipakai
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