DOCSLIB.ORG

Secondary Metabolites from Mozambican Plants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Secondary Metabolites from Mozambican Plants JULIÃO MONJANE JULIÃO Secondary Metabolites from Mozambican Plants Plants Mozambican from Secondary Metabolites Secondary Metabolites from Mozambican Plants CENTRE FOR ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS | LUND UNIVERSITY JULIÃO MONJANE O S N O H H O OCH3 HO O OH O O HO O 2017 Secondary Metabolites from Mozambican Plants Julião Armando Monjane DOCTORAL DISSERTATION by due permission of the Faculty Science, Lund University, Sweden. To be defended at Lecturer Hall F, Kemicentrum, on Thursday 21st of December 2017 at 9:30 a.m. Faculty opponent Professor Anders Vik School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Oslo, Norway Organization Document name: DOCTORAL DISSERTATION LUND UNIVERSITY Date of issue: 2017-11-27 Author(s) Sponsoring organization Julião Amando Monjane Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA/Sarec) Title and subtitle: Secondary Metabolites from Mozambican Plants – Isolation and Characterization Abstract Products derived from different natural sources have been used for thousands of years by human beings for their everyday needs. Out of these natural sources, plants were the most affordable. Plant-derived products were used for shelter, food, and as medicines. The medicinal properties of plant-derived products played an important role in ancient civilizations, and even in the present days they are useful due to their medicinal properties. Based on the experience acquired by humans over the years by exploiting plant-derived products or secondary metabolites, this thesis was aimed to analyse the chemical components of some plants from the Mozambican flora used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. Extracts of Cadaba natalensis (Capparaceae), Clematis viridiflora (Ranunculaceae), Brachylaena discolor (Asteraceae) and Senna spectabilis (Fabaceae) plant species were investigated for their chemical constituents. By fractionation based on various chromatographic methods, fourty metabolites were isolated and their chemical structures were determined. Out of these, three were found to be novel metabolites, All in all, 40 secondary metabolites belonging to the three main classes of secondary metabolites were isolated and their sttructures were determined by high resolution NMR and MS techniques. The macrocyclic dibenzo-diazocyclodo- decanedione (134), (S)-2-ethyl-2-methyloxazolidin-5-one (139a), and 4-methoxy-3-methyl-2-(methylthio)-1H- indole (141) were the three novel metabolites, while the (R)-5-ethyl-5-methyloxazolidin-2-one (140) was isolated as natural product for the first time. The structures on these metabolites were determined by extensive use of the spectroscopic techniques of NMR (1D- and 2D-NMR), IR, as well as MS data. The structures of the known compounds were determined by the same techniques, and confirmed by the comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature. Isolated metabolites with interesting structural features were assayed for in vitro antiprotozoal activity towards two Leishmania strain, Leishmania amazonensis clon 1 and L. braziliensis. The quinone methide triterpenoid (29a) showed a potent antileishmanial activity against both strain with the IC50 values 4.2 and 2.8 μM, respectively compared to the positive controle miltefone with the IC50 values 5.1 and 4.9 μM, respectively. Miltefone is a current used drug to treat Leishmania. 141 with the IC50 values 25.0 and 13.2 μM, respectively, and onopordopicrin (153) with the IC50 values 13.8 and 9.7 μM, respectively, also possessed interesting antileishmanial activity, although the germacranolide epoxy derivative 154, derived from 153, was inactive against both strain tested. Keywords: Secondary metabolites, Mozambique, Medicinal plants, Isolation, Structural elucidation, Antileishmanial activity Classification system and/or index terms (if any) Supplementary bibliographical information Language: English ISSN and key title: ISBN: 978-91-7422-554-9 978-91-7422-553-2 Recipient’s notes Number of pages 70 Price Security classification I, the undersigned, being the copyright owner of the abstract of the above-mentioned dissertation, hereby grant to all reference sources permission to publish and disseminate the abstract of the above-mentioned dissertation. Signature Date 2017-11-13 ii Secondary Metabolites from Mozambican Plants Julião Armando Monjane Copyright © Julião A. Monjane Faculty of Science Centre for Analysis and Synthesis ISBN: 978-91-7422-553-2 (Print) ISBN: 978-91-7422-554-9 (PDF) Printed in Sweden by Media-Tryck, Lund University Lund 2017 iv To my family Popular summary Plants, microbes, and invertebrates, i.e. all living organisms, produce a vast array of compounds known as natural products or simply secondary metabolites. The production of these secondary metabolites is not believed to promote the growth of the particular specie, instead they have other functions. It may, for example, be secondary metabolites that are useful for a chemical defence against predators, or for the protection and survival during environmental stress. The secondary metabolites produced by living organisms are well known to possess a wide range of biological activities, which in some cases are useful to man. Antibiotics such as penicillin were isolated from fungi, and quinine was isolated from plants of the genus Cinchona and used medicinally as antimalarials. Also non- pharmaceutical green teas contain products derived from nature and used by humans for their health benefits. As the investigations of natural products have resulted in a remarkable number of compounds that benefit humans, the continued study of secondary metabolites and natural products has and continues to be of great importance. vi List of papers Publications by J.A. Monjane presented in his thesis Thesis title: Secondary Metabolites from Mozambican Plants 1. Novel metabolites from the roots of Cadaba natalensis J.A. Monjane, A. Uamusse, O. Sterner, Phytochemistry Letters 16, 283-286 (2016) J.A. Monjane has participated in the planning of the study and the selection of plant to be studied, he has carried out the extractions, the fractionations and the isolation of pure compounds, as well as the structure elucidation. 2. Novel sulfur-containing indole from the leaves of Clematis viridiflora Bertol. J.A. Monjane, D. Capusiri, A. Giminez, O. Sterner, International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences 4, 10-14 (2017) J.A. Monjane has participated in the planning of the study and the selection of plant to be studied, he has carried out the extractions, the fractionations and the isolation of pure compounds, as well as the structure elucidation. He has not performed the biological assays. 3. Onopordipicrin with Leishmanial Activity from the leaves of Brachylaena discolor J.A. Monjane, D. Capusiri, A. Giminez, O. Sterner, in manuscript J.A. Monjane has participated in the planning of the study and the selection of plant to be studied, he has carried out the extractions, the fractionations and the isolation of pure compounds, as well as the structure elucidation. He has not performed the biological assays. vii 4. Leishmanial Activity of a Quinone Methide Triterpenoid from the roots of Senna spectabilis J.A. Monjane, D. Capusiri, A. Giminez, A. Sundin, O. Sterner, in manuscript J.A. Monjane has participated in the planning of the study and the selection of plant to be studied, he has carried out the extractions, the fractionations and the isolation of pure compounds, as well as the structure elucidation. He has not performed the biological assays. viii Abbreviations AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome All Allose 13C-NMR Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane CHCl3 Chloroform COSY Correlation Spectroscopy δ Chemical shift DEPT Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer EtOAc Ethylacetate gal Galactose glc Glycose 1H-NMR Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HMBC Hetero Multiple Bond Coherence HMQC Hetero Multiple Quantum Coherence IC50 Inhibitory Concentration of 50% Me Methyl group MeOH Methanol NOESY Nuclear Overhauser Spectroscopy ix Acknowledgement I would like to express my sincerest thanks to: - My supervisor Olov Sterner, for giving me the opportunity to carry out a phytochemical project in his research group for providing an extraordinary working environment, as well as for the open doors to discuss problems, most them related with the structural elucidation of the isolated compounds. - My co-supervisor Amalia A. Uamusse, I am grateful for introducing me into the fascinating field of Natural Products, and encouraging discussions in this field with other Mozambican Institutions. - SIDA/Sarec and Eduardo Mondlane University for the financial support, as well as, the ISP for supporting coordination between the Lund University and Eduardo Mondlane University. - Maria Levin and Bodil Eliasson, for the help and support during all the 5 years spent at Lund. - Karl-Erik Berquist and Anders Sundin for your help with NMR and computer problems, Sofia Essén by helping me with Mass Spectrometry, and Katarina Fredrikson with your help with chemicals. - Past and present OS group members: Marcelo, Dan, Rodrigo, Zilma, Eira, Ivan, Maribel, Mariela thank for your collaboration and friendship during this period. - To all CAS members thank you. - Special thanks goes to my family for their unconditional support. Muito Obrigado. - To all Mozambican friends, Obrigado. x Content Popular summary ................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Validating the Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants in Maputaland to Treat Skin Diseases
    Validating the traditional use of medicinal plants in Maputaland to treat skin diseases Sibongile Nciki Student number: 712730 A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the degree of Master of Science October, 2015 0 Declaration I, Sibongile Nciki declare that this dissertation is my own work. It is being submitted in fulfilment for the degree of Master of Science at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at this or any other University. …………………………….. Sibongile Nciki …………………………….. Date i Dedication To my loving mother and siblings, Nikeziwe, Mzee and Phiwe. Thank you for your continual support, tireless faith and confidence in my abilities. ii Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS), German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD-NRF) scholarship, University of the Witwatersrand Postgraduate Merit Award and Faculty Research Committee. This project would not have been possible without their financial assistance. To my supervisor, Prof S. van Vuuren, I express my deepest gratitude for your invaluable advice, comments and follow up from the beginning to the completion of this work. If it wasn’t for your hard work and dedication in cooperation with your students, it would not have been possible to see this project to completion. To my co-supervisor, Dr D. van Eyk, there are no words enough to describe my gratitude towards you. You have been incredibly patient and supportive in completing the pharmacology part of this project. I truly appreciate your kindness and being a listener during frustrating times.
    [Show full text]
  • Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy
    Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy KwaZulu-Natal South Africa Protected Area Management Plan AUTHORISATION This Management Plan for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is approved: TITLE NAME SIGNATURE AND DATE KwaZulu-Natal MEC: Department of Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs RECOMMENDED This Management Plan for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is recommended for approval by: TITLE NAME SIGNATURE AND DATE Chief Executive Officer: Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Chairperson: Biodiversity Conservation Operations Management Committee Management Authority Prepared by 45 Ridge Road Howick P O Box 14310 HOWICK 3290 Tel: 082 804 4412 Email: [email protected] Citation Martindale, G., and Naylor, S. (2018) Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Management Plan. Version 1.0. TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHORISATION TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABBREVIATIONS 1) BACKGROUND 1 1.1 Purpose of the plan 1 1.2 Structure of the plan 3 1.3 Alignment with METT 3 1.4 Introduction 4 1.5 The values of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 5 1.6 Adaptive management 7 2) DESCRIPTION OF MUN-YA-WANA CONSERVANCY AND ITS CONTEXT 8 2.1 The history of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 8 2.2 The legal context for the management of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 12 2.3 Ecological context of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 14 2.4 Cultural and heritage context of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 34 2.5 Socio-economic role of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 35 2.6 The regional and local planning context of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 39 2.7 Operational management within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 43 2.8 Management effectiveness in Mun-Ya-Wana
    [Show full text]
  • Using the Checklist N W C
    Using the checklist • The arrangement of the checklist is alphabetical by family followed by genus, grouped under Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons. • All species and synonyms are arranged alphabetically under genus. • Accepted names are in bold print while synonyms or previously-used names are in italics. • In the case of synonyms, the currently used name follows the equals sign (=), and only refers to usage in Zimbabwe. • Distribution information is included under the current name. • The letters N, W, C, E, and S, following each listed taxon, indicate the known distribution of species within Zimbabwe as reflected by specimens in SRGH or cited in the literature. Where the distribution is unknown, we have inserted Distr.? after the taxon name. • All species known or suspected to be fully naturalised in Zimbabwe are included in the list. They are preceded by an asterisk (*). Species only known from planted or garden specimens were not included. Mozambique Zambia Kariba Mt. Darwin Lake Kariba N Victoria Falls Harare C Nyanga Mts. W Mutare Gweru E Bulawayo GREAT DYKEMasvingo Plumtree S Chimanimani Mts. Botswana N Beit Bridge South Africa The floristic regions of Zimbabwe: Central, East, North, South, West. A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants edited by Anthony Mapaura & Jonathan Timberlake Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 33 • 2004 • Recommended citation format MAPAURA, A. & TIMBERLAKE, J. (eds). 2004. A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematics of Capparaceae and Cleomaceae: an Evaluation of the Generic Delimitations of Capparis and Cleome Using Plastid DNA Sequence Data1
    682 Systematics of Capparaceae and Cleomaceae: an evaluation of the generic delimitations of Capparis and Cleome using plastid DNA sequence data1 Jocelyn C. Hall Abstract: The phylogenetic relationships in Capparaceae and Cleomaceae were examined using two plastid genes, ndhF and matK, to address outstanding systematic questions in the two families. Specifically, the monophyly of the two type genera, Capparis and Cleome, has recently been questioned. Capparaceae and Cleomaceae were broadly sampled to assess the generic circumscriptions of both genera, which house the majority of species for each family. Phylogenetic reconstruc- tions using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods strongly contradict monophyly for both type genera. Within Capparaceae, Capparis is diphyletic: the sampled species belong to two of the five major lineages recovered in the family, which corresponds with their geographic distribution. One lineage contains all sampled New World Capparis and four other genera (Atamisquea, Belencita, Morisonia, and Steriphoma) that are distributed exclusively in the New World. The other lineage contains Capparis species from the Old World and Australasia, as well as the Australian genus, Apo- phyllum. Species of Cleome are scattered across each of four major lineages identified within Cleomaceae: (i) Cleome in part, Dactylaena, Dipterygium, Gynandropsis, Podandrogyne, and Polanisia;(ii) Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Del.; (iii) Cleome arabica L., and Cleome ornithopodioides L.; and (iv) Cleome in part, Cleomella, Isomeris, Oxystylis, and Wislizenia. Resolution within and among these major clades of Cleomaceae is limited, and there is no clear correspond- ence of clades with geographic distribution. Within each family, morphological support and taxonomic implications of the molecular-based clades are discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Cladostemon Kirkii | Plantz Africa South African National Biodiversity Institute
    PlantZAfrica - SANBI Cladostemon kirkii | Plantz Africa South African National Biodiversity Institute pza.sanbi.org Cladostemon kirkii | Plantz Africa Introduction How is it possible that a tree with such attractive flowers should bear fruits with such an awful stench? Description Description Cladostemon kirkii is a deciduous tree up to 6 m tall. The bark is yellowish and grey, rough, adhering, marked by narrow fissures forming thin scales. The leaves arise singly at each node, and each has three leaflets; the common petiole is 50-200 mm long. The blade of each leaflet is 40-150 x 20-70 mm, ovate to elliptical, widest above or below the middle, with narrow tips and bases, and the surface is hairy below. Flowers are borne in spikes at or near the tips of branches. There are 4 free, narrowly ovate sepals which are much smaller than the petals, 15-30 x 1.5-5 mm. There are 4 free, ovate petals, white with pink veins; a large pair 35-45 x 25-35 mm, and a smaller pair15--30 x 1.5--5 mm. The common stalk bearing the stamens and ovary is 90-130 mm long. The fruit is fleshy, buff-brown and evil-smelling even when young; 170-220 x 70-120 mm, gourd-shaped. The seeds are mid-brown, 8-13 mm long and wide. Conservation Status Status Printed from: http://www.plantzafrica.com 1 of 4 2017/01/05 03:35 PM PlantZAfrica - SANBI Cladostemon kirkii | Plantz Africa South African National Biodiversity Institute As may be expected for a tree whose range is so wide in tropical Africa (see below), the survival of the Tonga kierie is under no known threat, and it does not feature at all in SANBI's plant Red Data lists.
    [Show full text]
  • Key to the Checklist
    Key to the checklist • The checklist is divided into four broad categories: pteridophytes, gymnosperms, monocotyledons, and dicotyledons. • Families are arranged in alphabetical order under each plant group. • Genera and species are also arranged alphabetically. • The currently accepted generic and species names are in bold print. • Synonyms are indicated by italic script. Synonyms are listed twice: in the alphabetical listing followed by the accepted current name, as well as in parentheses under the current name. • Species names preceded by an asterisk (*) are exotic plants, some of which have become naturalised in Zambian ecosystems. • Genera and species marked ◆ indicate that they have been cited ex lit. for Zambia by Leistner (2004). • The abbreviations following the plant names indicate the provinces where species have been recorded. These provinces differ from those recognized in Flora zambesiaca. For a complete listing of districts in each province, see page 10. Ce Central Province N Northern Province Co Copperbelt Province Nw North-western Province E Eastern Province S Southern Province Lp Luapula Province W Western Province Ls Lusaka Province Distr? Distribution unknown A checklist of Zambian vascular plants A checklist of Zambian vascular plants by P.S.M. Phiri Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 32 • 2005 • Recommended citation format PHIRI, P.S.M. 2005. A checklist of Zambian vascular plants. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 32. SABONET, Pretoria. Produced and published by Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET) c/o South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X101, 0001, Pretoria Printed in 2005 in the Republic of South Africa by Capture Press, Pretoria, (27) 12 349-1802 ISBN 99916-63-16-9 © 2005 SABONET.
    [Show full text]
  • CAPPARACEAE Boscia Is an African Genus Except for One Species, B
    59 CAPPARACEAE N otes on Boscia Boscia is an African genus except for one species, B. arabica Pest., which occurs in southern Arabia. Most of the species occur in drier parts, but no representatives are found in north-western Africa. Boscia is very similar to the genus Maerua as also pointed out by De Wolf in Kew Bull. 16: 80 (1962). The flowers of the two genera are very similar, but in Boscia petals are usually absent, the receptacle tube is very short and the androgynophore practically non-existent. All these characters are not found in the genus Capparis and it is thus surprising that a few South African species of Boscia have remained included in Capparis for such a long time. Burchell, Trav. 1 (1822) described them and Sonder in FI. Cap. 1:60 (1860) did not recognize how different these species were from the rest of Capparis and, instead, placed a few species of Maerua with apetalous flow'ers in the genus Boscia. At the time the latter genus was not well defined, but soon afterwards Oliver, FI. Trop. Afr. 1:92 (1868), gave the genus full recognition and a few South African species such as B. foetida Schinz were correctly identified and described in the genus Boscia. Pestalozzi in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6, Appl. 3: 1-152 (1898) undertooK the first general investigation of the genus, particularly its anatomy. His study was, however, greatly limited by the small amoun- of material used. Gilg & Benedict in Bot. Jahrb. (1915) revised all the African Capt paraceae. They transferred Capparis albitrunca Burch, to the genus Boscia, but not the very similar species C.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Checklist of the Coastal Forests of Kenya, East Africa
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 147: 1–191 (2020) Checklist of coastal forests of Kenya 1 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.147.49602 CHECKLIST http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research An annotated checklist of the coastal forests of Kenya, East Africa Veronicah Mutele Ngumbau1,2,3,4, Quentin Luke4, Mwadime Nyange4, Vincent Okelo Wanga1,2,3, Benjamin Muema Watuma1,2,3, Yuvenalis Morara Mbuni1,2,3,4, Jacinta Ndunge Munyao1,2,3, Millicent Akinyi Oulo1,2,3, Elijah Mbandi Mkala1,2,3, Solomon Kipkoech1,2,3, Malombe Itambo4, Guang-Wan Hu1,2, Qing-Feng Wang1,2 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Gar- den, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China 2 Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (SA- JOREC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 4 East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, P. O. Box 45166 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Corresponding author: Guang-Wan Hu ([email protected]) Academic editor: P. Herendeen | Received 23 December 2019 | Accepted 17 March 2020 | Published 12 May 2020 Citation: Ngumbau VM, Luke Q, Nyange M, Wanga VO, Watuma BM, Mbuni YuM, Munyao JN, Oulo MA, Mkala EM, Kipkoech S, Itambo M, Hu G-W, Wang Q-F (2020) An annotated checklist of the coastal forests of Kenya, East Africa. PhytoKeys 147: 1–191. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.147.49602 Abstract The inadequacy of information impedes society’s competence to find out the cause or degree of a prob- lem or even to avoid further losses in an ecosystem.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections by Lay People in Northern Maputaland, Kwazulu–Natal Province, South Africa ⁎ H
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com South African Journal of Botany 78 (2012) 12–20 www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb Medicinal plants used for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections by lay people in northern Maputaland, KwaZulu–Natal Province, South Africa ⁎ H. De Wet a, , V.N. Nzama a, S.F. Van Vuuren b a Department of Botany, University of Zululand, Private Bag 1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa b Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa Received 12 January 2011; received in revised form 6 April 2011; accepted 8 April 2011 Abstract This ethnobotanical study on plants used for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections was undertaken to document the knowledge by lay people in a rural community in northern Maputaland, South Africa. The focus was on the medicinal plants which are growing in and around the immediate vicinity of the homesteads. Thirty three plant species were recorded as being used for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhoea (drop or ugcusulu), external and internal sores caused by sexually transmitted infections, genital warts (cauliflower or umhluma) and syphilis. Nine plants (Bridelia cathartica subsp. cathartica, Cladostemon kirkii, Erianthemum dregei, Euphorbia hypericifolia, Ipomoea batatas, Krauseola mosambicina, Mimusops caffra, Opuntia stricta and Sarcophyte sanguinea subsp. sanguinea) were recorded for the first time in the literature world wide as a treatment for sexually transmitted infections. Five new vernacular names were documented for B. cathartica subsp. cathartica, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Clematis brachiata, E. hypericifolia and Pyrenacantha kaurabassana. The 33 plant species are used in 23 different combinations of two or more plants per herbal remedy.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Anatomy of Brassicales: New Information, New Evolutionary Concepts
    Bot. Rev. DOI 10.1007/s12229-016-9161-2 Wood Anatomy of Brassicales: New Information, New Evolutionary Concepts Sherwin Carlquist1,2 1 Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, 1212 Mission Canyon Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA 2 Author for Correspondence; e-mail: [email protected] # The New York Botanical Garden 2016 Abstract Wood anatomical data for the 19 families of Brassicales are presented, based on light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), arranged according to recent molecular phylogenetic evidence. Because of large species numbers and diversity in ecology and growth form, Brassicales are an ideal case study group for understanding wood evolution. Features newly reported include vestured pits in Cleomaceae, Koeberliniaceae, Pentadiplandraceae, Salvadoraceae, and Setchellanthaceae. Vesturing of primary xylem helices is shown for Raphanus (first report in angiosperms). Fiber dimorphism is newly reported in some genera of the crown group (Capparaceae + Cleomaceae + Brassicaceae). The fiber-tracheid is proba- bly the ancestral imperforate tracheary element type for Brassicales, and from it, libriform fibers, living fibers (including septate fibers), and tracheids have likely been derived. The Baileyan concept of unidirectional evolution from tracheids to libriform fibers must have many exceptions in angiosperms, and tracheids are not uniform. Tracheids occur in Emblingiaceae, Koeberliniaceae, Pentadiplandraceae, Stixaceae, and Tropaeolaceae. Synapomorphies can be identified, as in the Akaniaceae— Tropaeolaceae clade (rays of two sizes, living fibers, scalariform perforation remnants) and the Moringaceae-Caricaceae clade (ground tissue of wood composed of thin- walled fibers or similar parenchymatous cells). Wood of Brassicales is mostly not paedomorphic, although paedomorphic characters suggesting secondary woodiness occur within the families Brassicaceae (abundance of upright ray cells, raylessness), Caricaceae, Cleomaceae, and Moringaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Savanna Fire and the Origins of the “Underground Forests” of Africa
    SAVANNA FIRE AND THE ORIGINS OF THE “UNDERGROUND FORESTS” OF AFRICA Olivier Maurin1, *, T. Jonathan Davies1, 2, *, John E. Burrows3, 4, Barnabas H. Daru1, Kowiyou Yessoufou1, 5, A. Muthama Muasya6, Michelle van der Bank1 and William J. Bond6, 7 1African Centre for DNA Barcoding, Department of Botany & Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524 Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; 2Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 ave Docteur Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Quebec, Canada; 3Buffelskloof Herbarium, P.O. Box 710, Lydenburg, 1120, South Africa; 4Department of Plant Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20 Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa; 5Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida campus, Florida 1710, Gauteng, South Africa; 6Department of Biological Sciences and 7South African Environmental Observation Network, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Western Cape, South Africa *These authors contributed equally to the study Author for correspondence: T. Jonathan Davies Tel: +1 514 398 8885 Email: [email protected] Manuscript information: 5272 words (Introduction = 1242 words, Materials and Methods = 1578 words, Results = 548 words, Discussion = 1627 words, Conclusion = 205 words | 6 figures (5 color figures) | 2 Tables | 2 supporting information 1 SUMMARY 1. The origin of fire-adapted lineages is a long-standing question in ecology. Although phylogeny can provide a significant contribution to the ongoing debate, its use has been precluded by the lack of comprehensive DNA data. Here we focus on the ‘underground trees’ (= geoxyles) of southern Africa, one of the most distinctive growth forms characteristic of fire-prone savannas. 2. We placed geoxyles within the most comprehensive dated phylogeny for the regional flora comprising over 1400 woody species.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Status and Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Conserving Boni Forest, Garissa County, North Eastern Kenya
    BIODIVERSITY STATUS AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS IN CONSERVING BONI FOREST, GARISSA COUNTY, NORTH EASTERN KENYA Rose Sirali Antipa A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy [Environmental Studies] of the University of Nairobi October 2015 DECLARATION I DECLARE THAT THIS IS MY ORIGINAL WORK AND IT HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR EXAMINATION IN ANY OTHER UNIVERSITY --------------------------------------------- ------------- Rose Sirali Antipa [Ph.D. CANDIDATE] Date THIS THESIS HAS BEEN SUBMITTED FOR EXAMINATION WITH OUR APPROVAL UNIVERSITY SUPERVISORS ---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ Prof. Richard S. Odingo [Ph.D. SUPERVISOR] Date ---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ Dr. Francis Mwaura [Ph.D. SUPERVISOR] Date i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADA Advanced Data Analysis ANOVA Analysis of Variance CBD Convention on Biodiversity CBO Community Based Organization CFAs Community Forest Associations COP Conference of Parties DEAP Dristrict Environment Action Plan DRSRS Department of Remote Sensing and Resource Surveys EDA Exploratory Data Analysis EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act ESA Environmentally Significant Area FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation GCM General Circulation Models GIS Geographic Infomation System GPS Global Positioning System ICRAF International Center for Research and Agro Forestry IEK Indigenous Environmental Knowledge IKS Indigenous knowledge Systems INPE The Brazilian National Institute
    [Show full text]