DOCSLIB.ORG

Cladostemon Kirkii | Plantz Africa South African National Biodiversity Institute

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cladostemon Kirkii | Plantz Africa South African National Biodiversity Institute PlantZAfrica - SANBI Cladostemon kirkii | Plantz Africa South African National Biodiversity Institute pza.sanbi.org Cladostemon kirkii | Plantz Africa Introduction How is it possible that a tree with such attractive flowers should bear fruits with such an awful stench? Description Description Cladostemon kirkii is a deciduous tree up to 6 m tall. The bark is yellowish and grey, rough, adhering, marked by narrow fissures forming thin scales. The leaves arise singly at each node, and each has three leaflets; the common petiole is 50-200 mm long. The blade of each leaflet is 40-150 x 20-70 mm, ovate to elliptical, widest above or below the middle, with narrow tips and bases, and the surface is hairy below. Flowers are borne in spikes at or near the tips of branches. There are 4 free, narrowly ovate sepals which are much smaller than the petals, 15-30 x 1.5-5 mm. There are 4 free, ovate petals, white with pink veins; a large pair 35-45 x 25-35 mm, and a smaller pair15--30 x 1.5--5 mm. The common stalk bearing the stamens and ovary is 90-130 mm long. The fruit is fleshy, buff-brown and evil-smelling even when young; 170-220 x 70-120 mm, gourd-shaped. The seeds are mid-brown, 8-13 mm long and wide. Conservation Status Status Printed from: http://www.plantzafrica.com 1 of 4 2017/01/05 03:35 PM PlantZAfrica - SANBI Cladostemon kirkii | Plantz Africa South African National Biodiversity Institute As may be expected for a tree whose range is so wide in tropical Africa (see below), the survival of the Tonga kierie is under no known threat, and it does not feature at all in SANBI's plant Red Data lists. Distribution and habitat Distribution description The Tonga-kierie occurs in the East African region from near St. Lucia in Zululand (Kwazulu-Natal) to the Kilifi District, north of Mombasa in Kenya. It spreads from the coast inland as far as Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is a tree of lowland dry forest, woodland and secondary scrub, according to Elffers et al. (1964), and may therefore be expected to be at least moderately drought tolerant, but sensitive to cold and unable to endure frost. Derivation of name and historical aspects History Cladostemon is a genus consisting of the single species described here. The name is derived from the Greek words klados, a branch and stemon, a stamen, and indicates that the stamens branch off a long and conspicuous androphore; this structure also holds the gynophore with the ovary at its tip, well away from the rest of the flower. The specific epithet commemorates the fact that Sir John Kirk (1832-1922) made the first recorded collection and observations of this tree in the Tete District of Mozambique, while accompanying David Livingstone's expedition down the Zambezi. Kirk went on to become British Consul in Zanzibar, where he lived and botanized for many years. He is commemorated in the names of many plant species, as well as a genus and a scientific journal, both called Kirkia. The family Capparaceae, to which Cladostemon belongs, includes 39 genera and 650 species, mostly resident in warm, dry places. The genus Cleome provides several garden ornamentals, and Capparis spinosa is grown for its flower-buds, which are pickled and sold as capers. Ecology Ecology As mentioned below, the roots are eaten by bush pigs. The size and form of the fruits suggests that they would be eaten by large, herbivorous mammals which, presumably, interpret the smell very differently to the way humans do. In the absence of any evidence, one wonders about the possibility of the seeds being dispersed by elephants, bush pigs or rhino. The flowers are sweetly scented, with white petals, which is classically what one finds in cases of pollination by night-flying creatures. The long androgynophore holding both stamens and stigmas far from the rest of the flower suggests at least a partial adaptation to bat rather than moth pollination, though the sweet scent suggests the reverse. Clearly, there is scope for someone to make observations to determine which of these actually does pollinate these trees. It is also possible that the trees are pollinated co-incidentally by bats hunting insects which are attracted by the scent of the flowers. Printed from: http://www.plantzafrica.com 2 of 4 2017/01/05 03:35 PM PlantZAfrica - SANBI Cladostemon kirkii | Plantz Africa South African National Biodiversity Institute Uses Use Williams (1992) reports a ceremonial use of plants in Mozambican burial ritual, and a medicinal use in treating ophthalmia in the same country. The wood is reported (Killick 1970) to be brittle, and there are no accounts of its usefulness. Pooley, quoted by Williams (1992), reports that in Ndumu Game Reserve, bush pigs grub up the roots and eat them, and the trees coppice where the roots are damaged. It is curious that two of the flora accounts cited in the references (Elffers et al. 1964 and Wild 1960) make no mention of the egregious smell of the fruits, but those who have smelt them not only do not forget the stench, but will go a long way to avoid repeating the experience. Growing Cladostemon kirkii Grow If your garden is less than the size of a small country, your neighbours will hate you passionately and with good reason for the smell of the fruits. As a garden plant, this tree belongs only in the deepest of no-go areas, and the best advice for a private gardener is rather plant something else. It therefore comes as no surprise that young plants are not listed in any of the handbooks for the Botanical Society annual Durban plant sale. However, the tree books and Flowering Plants plate cited below suggest that this tree is a worthy subject for frost-free gardens large and small. It is said to be easily grown from seed, cuttings and root division, and desirable for the texture, form and sweet scent of the flowers. Quite how one prevents fruit set remains unrecorded. If pressed for a suitable garden situation for this tree, I would be inclined to say somewhere else, far away, unless the gardener has no sense of smell and a passionate hatred of the neighbours. In a botanical garden, one might look for in or on the edge of a thicket of trees which likewise require a warm dry climate, such as many of the African thorn trees. The undergrowth in such a thicket would probably be semi-succulent and tough. "On the other hand, I have it on good authority (Elsa Pooley, pers. comm.) that the fruits are only objectionable when detached from the tree. As the form of the tree is attractive and the flowers sweetly scented, Mrs Pooley is strongly in favour of this small tree as a garden subject in warm areas. It is only necessary to remember not to touch the fruits when they are present." No pests or diseases are known for this tree. References Balkwill, K., Boon, R., Coates Palgrave, M., Glen, H., Jordaan, M., Lötter, M., Schmidt, E. & Thomas, V. 2004. SAPPI Tree spotting lifer list. Jacana, Johannesburg. Coates Palgrave, M. 2002. Keith Coates Palgrave Trees of southern Africa, edn 3. Struik, Cape Town. Elffers, J., Graham, R.A. & DeWolf, G.P. 1964. Cladostemon. Flora of tropical East Africa. Capparidaceae : 70-72. Crown Agents, London. Glen, H.F. 2004. SAPPI What's in a name? Jacana, Johannesburg. Killick, D.J.B. 1970. Cladostemon. Flora of southern Africa 13: 140-142. Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria. Mabberley, D.J. 2002. The plant-book. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pooley, E.S. 1993. The complete field guide to trees of Natal, Zululand and Transkei. Natal Flora Publications Trust, Printed from: http://www.plantzafrica.com 3 of 4 2017/01/05 03:35 PM PlantZAfrica - SANBI Cladostemon kirkii | Plantz Africa South African National Biodiversity Institute Durban. Von Breitenbach, F. 1965. The indigenous trees of southern Africa. Government Printer, Pretoria. Wild, H. 1960. Capparidaceae. Flora zambesiaca 1: 194-245. Crown Agents, London. Williams, R. 1993. Cladostemon kirkii. The Flowering Plants of Africa 52: t. 2079. Credits Hugh Glen KwaZulu-Natal Herbarium May 2007 Printed from: http://www.plantzafrica.com 4 of 4 2017/01/05 03:35 PM.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Validating the Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants in Maputaland to Treat Skin Diseases
    Validating the traditional use of medicinal plants in Maputaland to treat skin diseases Sibongile Nciki Student number: 712730 A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the degree of Master of Science October, 2015 0 Declaration I, Sibongile Nciki declare that this dissertation is my own work. It is being submitted in fulfilment for the degree of Master of Science at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at this or any other University. …………………………….. Sibongile Nciki …………………………….. Date i Dedication To my loving mother and siblings, Nikeziwe, Mzee and Phiwe. Thank you for your continual support, tireless faith and confidence in my abilities. ii Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS), German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD-NRF) scholarship, University of the Witwatersrand Postgraduate Merit Award and Faculty Research Committee. This project would not have been possible without their financial assistance. To my supervisor, Prof S. van Vuuren, I express my deepest gratitude for your invaluable advice, comments and follow up from the beginning to the completion of this work. If it wasn’t for your hard work and dedication in cooperation with your students, it would not have been possible to see this project to completion. To my co-supervisor, Dr D. van Eyk, there are no words enough to describe my gratitude towards you. You have been incredibly patient and supportive in completing the pharmacology part of this project. I truly appreciate your kindness and being a listener during frustrating times.
    [Show full text]
  • Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy
    Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy KwaZulu-Natal South Africa Protected Area Management Plan AUTHORISATION This Management Plan for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is approved: TITLE NAME SIGNATURE AND DATE KwaZulu-Natal MEC: Department of Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs RECOMMENDED This Management Plan for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is recommended for approval by: TITLE NAME SIGNATURE AND DATE Chief Executive Officer: Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Chairperson: Biodiversity Conservation Operations Management Committee Management Authority Prepared by 45 Ridge Road Howick P O Box 14310 HOWICK 3290 Tel: 082 804 4412 Email: [email protected] Citation Martindale, G., and Naylor, S. (2018) Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Management Plan. Version 1.0. TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHORISATION TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABBREVIATIONS 1) BACKGROUND 1 1.1 Purpose of the plan 1 1.2 Structure of the plan 3 1.3 Alignment with METT 3 1.4 Introduction 4 1.5 The values of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 5 1.6 Adaptive management 7 2) DESCRIPTION OF MUN-YA-WANA CONSERVANCY AND ITS CONTEXT 8 2.1 The history of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 8 2.2 The legal context for the management of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 12 2.3 Ecological context of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 14 2.4 Cultural and heritage context of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 34 2.5 Socio-economic role of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 35 2.6 The regional and local planning context of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 39 2.7 Operational management within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 43 2.8 Management effectiveness in Mun-Ya-Wana
    [Show full text]
  • Using the Checklist N W C
    Using the checklist • The arrangement of the checklist is alphabetical by family followed by genus, grouped under Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons. • All species and synonyms are arranged alphabetically under genus. • Accepted names are in bold print while synonyms or previously-used names are in italics. • In the case of synonyms, the currently used name follows the equals sign (=), and only refers to usage in Zimbabwe. • Distribution information is included under the current name. • The letters N, W, C, E, and S, following each listed taxon, indicate the known distribution of species within Zimbabwe as reflected by specimens in SRGH or cited in the literature. Where the distribution is unknown, we have inserted Distr.? after the taxon name. • All species known or suspected to be fully naturalised in Zimbabwe are included in the list. They are preceded by an asterisk (*). Species only known from planted or garden specimens were not included. Mozambique Zambia Kariba Mt. Darwin Lake Kariba N Victoria Falls Harare C Nyanga Mts. W Mutare Gweru E Bulawayo GREAT DYKEMasvingo Plumtree S Chimanimani Mts. Botswana N Beit Bridge South Africa The floristic regions of Zimbabwe: Central, East, North, South, West. A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants edited by Anthony Mapaura & Jonathan Timberlake Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 33 • 2004 • Recommended citation format MAPAURA, A. & TIMBERLAKE, J. (eds). 2004. A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematics of Capparaceae and Cleomaceae: an Evaluation of the Generic Delimitations of Capparis and Cleome Using Plastid DNA Sequence Data1
    682 Systematics of Capparaceae and Cleomaceae: an evaluation of the generic delimitations of Capparis and Cleome using plastid DNA sequence data1 Jocelyn C. Hall Abstract: The phylogenetic relationships in Capparaceae and Cleomaceae were examined using two plastid genes, ndhF and matK, to address outstanding systematic questions in the two families. Specifically, the monophyly of the two type genera, Capparis and Cleome, has recently been questioned. Capparaceae and Cleomaceae were broadly sampled to assess the generic circumscriptions of both genera, which house the majority of species for each family. Phylogenetic reconstruc- tions using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods strongly contradict monophyly for both type genera. Within Capparaceae, Capparis is diphyletic: the sampled species belong to two of the five major lineages recovered in the family, which corresponds with their geographic distribution. One lineage contains all sampled New World Capparis and four other genera (Atamisquea, Belencita, Morisonia, and Steriphoma) that are distributed exclusively in the New World. The other lineage contains Capparis species from the Old World and Australasia, as well as the Australian genus, Apo- phyllum. Species of Cleome are scattered across each of four major lineages identified within Cleomaceae: (i) Cleome in part, Dactylaena, Dipterygium, Gynandropsis, Podandrogyne, and Polanisia;(ii) Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Del.; (iii) Cleome arabica L., and Cleome ornithopodioides L.; and (iv) Cleome in part, Cleomella, Isomeris, Oxystylis, and Wislizenia. Resolution within and among these major clades of Cleomaceae is limited, and there is no clear correspond- ence of clades with geographic distribution. Within each family, morphological support and taxonomic implications of the molecular-based clades are discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Key to the Checklist
    Key to the checklist • The checklist is divided into four broad categories: pteridophytes, gymnosperms, monocotyledons, and dicotyledons. • Families are arranged in alphabetical order under each plant group. • Genera and species are also arranged alphabetically. • The currently accepted generic and species names are in bold print. • Synonyms are indicated by italic script. Synonyms are listed twice: in the alphabetical listing followed by the accepted current name, as well as in parentheses under the current name. • Species names preceded by an asterisk (*) are exotic plants, some of which have become naturalised in Zambian ecosystems. • Genera and species marked ◆ indicate that they have been cited ex lit. for Zambia by Leistner (2004). • The abbreviations following the plant names indicate the provinces where species have been recorded. These provinces differ from those recognized in Flora zambesiaca. For a complete listing of districts in each province, see page 10. Ce Central Province N Northern Province Co Copperbelt Province Nw North-western Province E Eastern Province S Southern Province Lp Luapula Province W Western Province Ls Lusaka Province Distr? Distribution unknown A checklist of Zambian vascular plants A checklist of Zambian vascular plants by P.S.M. Phiri Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 32 • 2005 • Recommended citation format PHIRI, P.S.M. 2005. A checklist of Zambian vascular plants. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 32. SABONET, Pretoria. Produced and published by Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET) c/o South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X101, 0001, Pretoria Printed in 2005 in the Republic of South Africa by Capture Press, Pretoria, (27) 12 349-1802 ISBN 99916-63-16-9 © 2005 SABONET.
    [Show full text]
  • CAPPARACEAE Boscia Is an African Genus Except for One Species, B
    59 CAPPARACEAE N otes on Boscia Boscia is an African genus except for one species, B. arabica Pest., which occurs in southern Arabia. Most of the species occur in drier parts, but no representatives are found in north-western Africa. Boscia is very similar to the genus Maerua as also pointed out by De Wolf in Kew Bull. 16: 80 (1962). The flowers of the two genera are very similar, but in Boscia petals are usually absent, the receptacle tube is very short and the androgynophore practically non-existent. All these characters are not found in the genus Capparis and it is thus surprising that a few South African species of Boscia have remained included in Capparis for such a long time. Burchell, Trav. 1 (1822) described them and Sonder in FI. Cap. 1:60 (1860) did not recognize how different these species were from the rest of Capparis and, instead, placed a few species of Maerua with apetalous flow'ers in the genus Boscia. At the time the latter genus was not well defined, but soon afterwards Oliver, FI. Trop. Afr. 1:92 (1868), gave the genus full recognition and a few South African species such as B. foetida Schinz were correctly identified and described in the genus Boscia. Pestalozzi in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6, Appl. 3: 1-152 (1898) undertooK the first general investigation of the genus, particularly its anatomy. His study was, however, greatly limited by the small amoun- of material used. Gilg & Benedict in Bot. Jahrb. (1915) revised all the African Capt paraceae. They transferred Capparis albitrunca Burch, to the genus Boscia, but not the very similar species C.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Checklist of the Coastal Forests of Kenya, East Africa
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 147: 1–191 (2020) Checklist of coastal forests of Kenya 1 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.147.49602 CHECKLIST http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research An annotated checklist of the coastal forests of Kenya, East Africa Veronicah Mutele Ngumbau1,2,3,4, Quentin Luke4, Mwadime Nyange4, Vincent Okelo Wanga1,2,3, Benjamin Muema Watuma1,2,3, Yuvenalis Morara Mbuni1,2,3,4, Jacinta Ndunge Munyao1,2,3, Millicent Akinyi Oulo1,2,3, Elijah Mbandi Mkala1,2,3, Solomon Kipkoech1,2,3, Malombe Itambo4, Guang-Wan Hu1,2, Qing-Feng Wang1,2 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Gar- den, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China 2 Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (SA- JOREC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 4 East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, P. O. Box 45166 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Corresponding author: Guang-Wan Hu ([email protected]) Academic editor: P. Herendeen | Received 23 December 2019 | Accepted 17 March 2020 | Published 12 May 2020 Citation: Ngumbau VM, Luke Q, Nyange M, Wanga VO, Watuma BM, Mbuni YuM, Munyao JN, Oulo MA, Mkala EM, Kipkoech S, Itambo M, Hu G-W, Wang Q-F (2020) An annotated checklist of the coastal forests of Kenya, East Africa. PhytoKeys 147: 1–191. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.147.49602 Abstract The inadequacy of information impedes society’s competence to find out the cause or degree of a prob- lem or even to avoid further losses in an ecosystem.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections by Lay People in Northern Maputaland, Kwazulu–Natal Province, South Africa ⁎ H
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com South African Journal of Botany 78 (2012) 12–20 www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb Medicinal plants used for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections by lay people in northern Maputaland, KwaZulu–Natal Province, South Africa ⁎ H. De Wet a, , V.N. Nzama a, S.F. Van Vuuren b a Department of Botany, University of Zululand, Private Bag 1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa b Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa Received 12 January 2011; received in revised form 6 April 2011; accepted 8 April 2011 Abstract This ethnobotanical study on plants used for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections was undertaken to document the knowledge by lay people in a rural community in northern Maputaland, South Africa. The focus was on the medicinal plants which are growing in and around the immediate vicinity of the homesteads. Thirty three plant species were recorded as being used for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhoea (drop or ugcusulu), external and internal sores caused by sexually transmitted infections, genital warts (cauliflower or umhluma) and syphilis. Nine plants (Bridelia cathartica subsp. cathartica, Cladostemon kirkii, Erianthemum dregei, Euphorbia hypericifolia, Ipomoea batatas, Krauseola mosambicina, Mimusops caffra, Opuntia stricta and Sarcophyte sanguinea subsp. sanguinea) were recorded for the first time in the literature world wide as a treatment for sexually transmitted infections. Five new vernacular names were documented for B. cathartica subsp. cathartica, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Clematis brachiata, E. hypericifolia and Pyrenacantha kaurabassana. The 33 plant species are used in 23 different combinations of two or more plants per herbal remedy.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Anatomy of Brassicales: New Information, New Evolutionary Concepts
    Bot. Rev. DOI 10.1007/s12229-016-9161-2 Wood Anatomy of Brassicales: New Information, New Evolutionary Concepts Sherwin Carlquist1,2 1 Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, 1212 Mission Canyon Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA 2 Author for Correspondence; e-mail: [email protected] # The New York Botanical Garden 2016 Abstract Wood anatomical data for the 19 families of Brassicales are presented, based on light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), arranged according to recent molecular phylogenetic evidence. Because of large species numbers and diversity in ecology and growth form, Brassicales are an ideal case study group for understanding wood evolution. Features newly reported include vestured pits in Cleomaceae, Koeberliniaceae, Pentadiplandraceae, Salvadoraceae, and Setchellanthaceae. Vesturing of primary xylem helices is shown for Raphanus (first report in angiosperms). Fiber dimorphism is newly reported in some genera of the crown group (Capparaceae + Cleomaceae + Brassicaceae). The fiber-tracheid is proba- bly the ancestral imperforate tracheary element type for Brassicales, and from it, libriform fibers, living fibers (including septate fibers), and tracheids have likely been derived. The Baileyan concept of unidirectional evolution from tracheids to libriform fibers must have many exceptions in angiosperms, and tracheids are not uniform. Tracheids occur in Emblingiaceae, Koeberliniaceae, Pentadiplandraceae, Stixaceae, and Tropaeolaceae. Synapomorphies can be identified, as in the Akaniaceae— Tropaeolaceae clade (rays of two sizes, living fibers, scalariform perforation remnants) and the Moringaceae-Caricaceae clade (ground tissue of wood composed of thin- walled fibers or similar parenchymatous cells). Wood of Brassicales is mostly not paedomorphic, although paedomorphic characters suggesting secondary woodiness occur within the families Brassicaceae (abundance of upright ray cells, raylessness), Caricaceae, Cleomaceae, and Moringaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Savanna Fire and the Origins of the “Underground Forests” of Africa
    SAVANNA FIRE AND THE ORIGINS OF THE “UNDERGROUND FORESTS” OF AFRICA Olivier Maurin1, *, T. Jonathan Davies1, 2, *, John E. Burrows3, 4, Barnabas H. Daru1, Kowiyou Yessoufou1, 5, A. Muthama Muasya6, Michelle van der Bank1 and William J. Bond6, 7 1African Centre for DNA Barcoding, Department of Botany & Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524 Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; 2Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 ave Docteur Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Quebec, Canada; 3Buffelskloof Herbarium, P.O. Box 710, Lydenburg, 1120, South Africa; 4Department of Plant Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20 Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa; 5Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida campus, Florida 1710, Gauteng, South Africa; 6Department of Biological Sciences and 7South African Environmental Observation Network, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Western Cape, South Africa *These authors contributed equally to the study Author for correspondence: T. Jonathan Davies Tel: +1 514 398 8885 Email: [email protected] Manuscript information: 5272 words (Introduction = 1242 words, Materials and Methods = 1578 words, Results = 548 words, Discussion = 1627 words, Conclusion = 205 words | 6 figures (5 color figures) | 2 Tables | 2 supporting information 1 SUMMARY 1. The origin of fire-adapted lineages is a long-standing question in ecology. Although phylogeny can provide a significant contribution to the ongoing debate, its use has been precluded by the lack of comprehensive DNA data. Here we focus on the ‘underground trees’ (= geoxyles) of southern Africa, one of the most distinctive growth forms characteristic of fire-prone savannas. 2. We placed geoxyles within the most comprehensive dated phylogeny for the regional flora comprising over 1400 woody species.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Status and Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Conserving Boni Forest, Garissa County, North Eastern Kenya
    BIODIVERSITY STATUS AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS IN CONSERVING BONI FOREST, GARISSA COUNTY, NORTH EASTERN KENYA Rose Sirali Antipa A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy [Environmental Studies] of the University of Nairobi October 2015 DECLARATION I DECLARE THAT THIS IS MY ORIGINAL WORK AND IT HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR EXAMINATION IN ANY OTHER UNIVERSITY --------------------------------------------- ------------- Rose Sirali Antipa [Ph.D. CANDIDATE] Date THIS THESIS HAS BEEN SUBMITTED FOR EXAMINATION WITH OUR APPROVAL UNIVERSITY SUPERVISORS ---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ Prof. Richard S. Odingo [Ph.D. SUPERVISOR] Date ---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ Dr. Francis Mwaura [Ph.D. SUPERVISOR] Date i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADA Advanced Data Analysis ANOVA Analysis of Variance CBD Convention on Biodiversity CBO Community Based Organization CFAs Community Forest Associations COP Conference of Parties DEAP Dristrict Environment Action Plan DRSRS Department of Remote Sensing and Resource Surveys EDA Exploratory Data Analysis EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act ESA Environmentally Significant Area FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation GCM General Circulation Models GIS Geographic Infomation System GPS Global Positioning System ICRAF International Center for Research and Agro Forestry IEK Indigenous Environmental Knowledge IKS Indigenous knowledge Systems INPE The Brazilian National Institute
    [Show full text]
  • Master Sheet Page 1
    Master Sheet Species Plant Family English Common Name Origin Block Grid Acalypha glabrata Euphorbiaceae Forest False-nettle; uThovothi Southern Africa Y M9 Acalypha glabrata Euphorbiaceae Forest False-nettle; uThovothi Southern Africa Y M9 Acalypha glabrata Euphorbiaceae Forest False-nettle; uThovothi Southern Africa Y N10 Acalypha glabrata Euphorbiaceae Forest False-nettle; uThovothi Southern Africa Y N10 Acalypha glabrata Euphorbiaceae Forest False-nettle; uThovothi Southern Africa Y N9 Acalypha sonderiana Euphorbiaceae Thorny False-nettle KZN C D6 Acalypha sonderiana Euphorbiaceae Thorny False-nettle KZN C D6 Acca sellowiana Myrtaceae Pineapple Guava S America S I8 Acokanthera oblongifolia Apocynaceae Dune Poison-bush; iNhlungunyembe Eastern coastal S.A. C C6 Acokanthera oblongifolia Apocynaceae Dune Poison-bush; iNhlungunyembe Eastern coastal S.A. U J10 Acokanthera oblongifolia Apocynaceae Dune Poison-bush; iNhlungunyembe Eastern coastal S.A. U J10 Acokanthera oblongifolia Apocynaceae Dune Poison-bush; iNhlungunyembe Eastern coastal S.A. U J10 Acokanthera oblongifolia Apocynaceae Dune Poison-bush; iNhlungunyembe Eastern coastal S.A. T M9 Acokanthera oblongifolia Apocynaceae Dune Poison-bush; iNhlungunyembe Eastern coastal S.A. D L3 Acokanthera oblongifolia Apocynaceae Dune Poison-bush; iNhlungunyembe Eastern coastal S.A. C C6 Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Fabaceae Pink Cedar India;Burma S H9 Adansonia digitata Malvacae Baobab S. and Trop. Afr. T N8 Adansonia digitata Malvacae Baobab S. and Trop. Afr. V F10 Adansonia digitata Malvacae Baobab
    [Show full text]