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Diabetes and Medicinal Plants: a Literature Review
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIDIABETIC COMPOUNDS FROM BRACHYLAENA DISCOLOR DC Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science By Sabeen Abdalbagi Elameen Adam School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg Supervisor: Professor Fanie R. van Heerden August 2017 ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus, which is a metabolic disease resulting from insulin deficiency or diminished effectiveness of the action of insulin or their combination, is recognized as a major threat to human life. Using drugs on a long term to control glucose can increase the hazards of cardiovascular disease and some cancers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new, safe, and effective antidiabetic drugs. Traditionally, there are several plants that are used to treat/control diabetes by South African traditional healers such as Brachylaena discolor. This study aimed to isolate and identify antidiabetic compounds from B. discolor. The plant materials of B. discolor was collected from University of KwaZulu-Natal botanical garden. Plant materials were dried under the fume hood for two weeks and ground to a fine powder. The powder was extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (1:1). To investigate the antidiabetic activity, the prepared extract was tested in vitro for glucose utilization in a muscle cell line. The results revealed that blood glucose levels greater than 20 mmol/L, which measured after 24 and 48 hours of the experimental period, three fractions had positive (*p<0.05) antidiabetic activity compared to the control. The DCM:MeOH (1:1) extract of B. discolor leaves was subjected to column chromatography, yielding five fractions (A, B, C, D, and E). -
Brachylaena Elliptica and B. Ilicifolia (Asteraceae): a Comparative Analysis of Their Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 2020, 10, 223-229 223 Brachylaena elliptica and B. ilicifolia (Asteraceae): A Comparative Analysis of their Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities Alfred Maroyi* Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa Abstract: Brachylaena elliptica and B. ilicifolia are shrubs or small trees widely used as traditional medicines in southern Africa. There is need to evaluate the existence of any correlation between the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of the two species. Therefore, in this review, analyses of the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia are presented. Results of the current study are based on data derived from several online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as scientific publications, books, dissertations, book chapters and journal articles. The articles published between 1941 and 2020 were used in this study. The leaves and roots of B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia are mainly used as a mouthwash and ethnoveterinary medicines, and traditional medicines for backache, hysteria, ulcers of the mouth, diabetes, gastro-intestinal and respiratory problems. This study showed that sesquiterpene lactones, alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, flavonols, phenols, proanthocyanidins, saponins and tannins have been identified from aerial parts and leaves of B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia. The leaf extracts and compounds isolated from the species exhibited antibacterial, antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities. There is a need for extensive phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies of crude extracts and compounds isolated from B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia. -
A Contemporary Assessment of Tree Species in Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, Southern India
Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2017, 7(2): 30-46 Article A contemporary assessment of tree species in Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, Southern India M. Sathya, S. Jayakumar Environmental Informatics and Spatial Modeling Lab, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India E-mail: [email protected] Received 28 December 2016; Accepted 5 February 2017; Published online 1 June 2017 Abstract Tree species inventory was carried out in five forest types of Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve (STR). The forest type was divided into homogenous vegetation strata (HVS) based on the altitude, temperature, precipitation and forest types. A total of 8 ha area was sampled using 0.1 ha (20m 50m) plot and all tree species ≥ 1cm girth at breast height (gbh) within the plot were enumerated. In all, 4614 individuals were recorded that belonged to 122 species representing 90 genera and 39 families. Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, and Combretaceae were the species-rich families. The mean stand density of STR was 577 ha-1, but it varied from 180 ha-1 to 779 ha-1. Similarly, the mean basal area of the STR was 14.51 m2ha-1 which ranged between 8.41 m2 ha-1 and 26.96 m2 ha-1. The stem count was low at the lowest girth class (1-10 cm gbh) and high at 20-30 cm gbh in all the forest types. Anogeissus latifolia was the dominant species in the semi- evergreen and deciduous forest types while Chloroxylon swietenia was dominant in the thorn forest. -
Major Vegetation Types of the Soutpansberg Conservancy and the Blouberg Nature Reserve, South Africa
Original Research MAJOR VEGETATION TYPES OF THE SOUTPANSBERG CONSERVANCY AND THE BLOUBERG NATURE RESERVE, SOUTH AFRICA THEO H.C. MOSTERT GEORGE J. BREDENKAMP HANNES L. KLOPPER CORNIE VERWEy 1African Vegetation and Plant Diversity Research Centre Department of Botany University of Pretoria South Africa RACHEL E. MOSTERT Directorate Nature Conservation Gauteng Department of Agriculture Conservation and Environment South Africa NORBERT HAHN1 Correspondence to: Theo Mostert e-mail: [email protected] Postal Address: African Vegetation and Plant Diversity Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 ABSTRACT The Major Megetation Types (MVT) and plant communities of the Soutpansberg Centre of Endemism are described in detail, with special reference to the Soutpansberg Conservancy and the Blouberg Nature Reserve. Phytosociological data from 442 sample plots were ordinated using a DEtrended CORrespondence ANAlysis (DECORANA) and classified using TWo-Way INdicator SPecies ANalysis (TWINSPAN). The resulting classification was further refined with table-sorting procedures based on the Braun–Blanquet floristic–sociological approach of vegetation classification using MEGATAB. Eight MVT’s were identified and described asEragrostis lehmanniana var. lehmanniana–Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra Blouberg Northern Plains Bushveld, Euclea divinorum–Acacia tortilis Blouberg Southern Plains Bushveld, Englerophytum magalismontanum–Combretum molle Blouberg Mountain Bushveld, Adansonia digitata–Acacia nigrescens Soutpansberg -
Re-Vegetation and Rehabilitation Plan
APPENDIX A RE-VEGETATION AND REHABILITATION PLAN FOR THE PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF AN ADDITIONAL BIDVEST TANK TERMINAL (BTT) RAIL LINE AT SOUTH DUNES, WITHIN THE PORT OF RICHARDS BAY, KWAZULU-NATAL November 2016 Prepared for: Prepared by: Transnet National Ports Authority Acer (Africa) Environmental Consultants P O Box 181 P O Box 503 Richards Bay Mtunzini 3900 3867 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... ii 1. PURPOSE .................................................................................................................................... 1 2. SCOPE ......................................................................................................................................... 1 3. LEGISLATION AND STANDARDS .............................................................................................. 1 3.1 National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act 107 of 1998) ................................... 2 3.2 Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 of 1983 ..................................................... 2 3.3 Environment Conservation Act 73 of 1989 ......................................................................... 2 3.4 National Forests Act, 1998 (Act 84 of 1998) ...................................................................... 2 3.5 Natal Nature Conservation Ordinance (Ordinance 15 of 1974) ......................................... 3 4. DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................ -
"Plant Anatomy". In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
Plant Anatomy Introductory article Gregor Barclay, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago Article Contents . Introduction Plant anatomy describes the structure and organization of the cells, tissues and organs . Meristems of plants in relation to their development and function. Dermal Layers . Ground Tissues Introduction . Vascular Tissues . The Organ System Higher plants differ enormously in their size and appear- . Acknowledgements ance, yet all are constructed of tissues classed as dermal (delineating boundaries created at tissue surfaces), ground (storage, support) or vascular (transport). These are meristems arise in the embryo, the ground meristem, which organized to form three vegetative organs: roots, which produces cortex and pith, and the procambium, which function mainly to provide anchorage, water, and nutri- produces primary vascular tissues. In shoot and root tips, ents;stems, which provide support;and leaves, which apical meristems add length to the plant, and axillary buds produce food for growth. Organs are variously modified to give rise to branches. Intercalary meristems, common in perform functions different from those intended, and grasses, are found at the nodes of stems (where leaves arise) indeed the flowers of angiosperms are merely collections of and in the basal regions of leaves, and cause these organs to leaves highly modified for reproduction. The growth and elongate. All of these are primary meristems, which development of tissues and organs are controlled in part by establish the pattern of primary growth in plants. groups of cells called meristems. This introduction to plant Stems and roots add girth through the activity of anatomy begins with a description of meristems, then vascular cambium and cork cambium, lateral meristems describes the structure and function of the tissues and that arise in secondary growth, a process common in organs, modifications of the organs, and finally describes dicotyledonous plants (Figure 2). -
Sand Mine Near Robertson, Western Cape Province
SAND MINE NEAR ROBERTSON, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE BOTANICAL STUDY AND ASSESSMENT Version: 1.0 Date: 06 April 2020 Authors: Gerhard Botha & Dr. Jan -Hendrik Keet PROPOSED EXPANSION OF THE SAND MINE AREA ON PORTION4 OF THE FARM ZANDBERG FONTEIN 97, SOUTH OF ROBERTSON, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE Report Title: Botanical Study and Assessment Authors: Mr. Gerhard Botha and Dr. Jan-Hendrik Keet Project Name: Proposed expansion of the sand mine area on Portion 4 of the far Zandberg Fontein 97 south of Robertson, Western Cape Province Status of report: Version 1.0 Date: 6th April 2020 Prepared for: Greenmined Environmental Postnet Suite 62, Private Bag X15 Somerset West 7129 Cell: 082 734 5113 Email: [email protected] Prepared by Nkurenkuru Ecology and Biodiversity 3 Jock Meiring Street Park West Bloemfontein 9301 Cell: 083 412 1705 Email: gabotha11@gmail com Suggested report citation Nkurenkuru Ecology and Biodiversity, 2020. Section 102 Application (Expansion of mining footprint) and Final Basic Assessment & Environmental Management Plan for the proposed expansion of the sand mine on Portion 4 of the Farm Zandberg Fontein 97, Western Cape Province. Botanical Study and Assessment Report. Unpublished report prepared by Nkurenkuru Ecology and Biodiversity for GreenMined Environmental. Version 1.0, 6 April 2020. Proposed expansion of the zandberg sand mine April 2020 botanical STUDY AND ASSESSMENT I. DECLARATION OF CONSULTANTS INDEPENDENCE » act/ed as the independent specialist in this application; » regard the information contained in this -
RHIZOPHORACEAE Ceriops Tagal(Perr.) C.B. Rob. Synonyms
Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia Part 2: DESCRIPTIONS – Trees & shrubs 1'(9./'.1 "$ $ 235 "¨π∞∂∑∫ª®Æ®≥ /¨ππ "! 1∂© Synonyms : Ceriops australis White, Ceriops boiviniana Tul., Ceriops candolleana Arn., Ceriops candolleana var. sasakii Hayata, Ceriops candolleana var. spathulata Blume, Ceriops forsteniana, Ceriops lucida Miq., Ceriops pauciflora Benth., Ceriops somalensis Chiovenda, Ceriops tagal var. australis White, Ceriops timoriensis Domin, Mangium caryophylloides Rumph., Rhizophora candel (non L.) Blanco, Rhizophora tagal Perr., Rhizophora timoriensis DC. Vernacular name(s) : Tengar, Tengah (Mal.), Tangar, Tingih, Palun, Parun, Bido-bido (Ind.), Magtongod, Pakat, Rungon, Tagasa, Tangal, Tanggal, Tangal lalaki, Tigasan, Tungod - Tangal (Phil.), Madame (Myan.), Dà vôi (Viet.), Prong, Prong daeng (Thai.), Smerkrohorm (Camb.) Description : Small tree or shrub up to 6 m tall, occasionally to 15(-25) m, with a grey, occasionally brown, smooth bark and with a flanged stem base. The tree often has small stilt roots. The rounded, glossy-green leaves measure 5.5-10 by 2-3.5 cm, are obovate-elliptic and often have an inwardly-curled margin. The 5-10 flowered, pendulous flower head measures 2 by 10-20. It has a long, slender stalk, is resinous and occurs at the ends of new shoots or in the axils on older ones. Calyx lobes are erect in flower, recurved in fruit, 4-5 mm long, with a 2 mm long tube. Flowers are white and soon turn brown. Petals are linked via marginal hairs and have a top that bears three trumpet-shaped lobes, 0.5 mm across. The stamens have long, slender filaments that extend far beyond the blunt anthers. -
Assessment of Genetic Variations in Cordia Africana (Lam) in Sudan Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Marker
Yasir et al., Sudan Academy of Sciences Journal, No. 10, 2015, 72-33 ISSN 1816-8272 Copyright © 2015 SAPDH Assessment of Genetic Variations in Cordia africana (Lam) in Sudan Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Marker Yasir M. Abdelrahim1, Hind A. Babiker2, Mutaman A. Abdelgader1, Elnur E. Abdelrahman2 and Eisa E. El Gaali 3 Abstract Cordia (Cordia africana) is one of the important forest trees in Sudan. The study was carried out to assess the genetic diversity among four accessions of C. africana growing naturally in different geographical areas in Sudan using DNA molecular markers. The DNA was extracted from 250 mg of fresh leaf materials and subjected to PCR using 10 RAPD primers. The primers generated 45 polymorphic bands out of 64 total bands. Application of INTYS PC21- program in the cluster analysis, showed two diverse groups among the examined accessions. High similarity was observed between Ad-Damazin and Kas accessions (77%). Cordia species from Ad-Damazin, Kas and Zalingei populations formed a cluster group, whereas the species from Diling was diverged from them. The tested accessions of C. africana were found to have considerable genetic diversity. These results indicate that RAPD could be efficiently used for studying genetic diversity of wild plant species. Keywords :Cordia africana, RAPD marker, Genetic variation, DNA. Introduction Cordia africana is a flowering tree of the family Boraginaceae (Nadja et al., 2002). The tree is native to tropical Africa. In Sudan, the tree is known as “gumbail” and widespread in Ad-Damazin, Darfur and Kordofan (Drummond, 1981). C. africana is fast-growing tree valued for food, firewood and in manufacturing of high quality furniture (Bekele-Tesemma et al., 1993). -
(OUV) of the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area
Handout 2 Natural Heritage Criteria and the Attributes of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area The notes that follow were derived by deconstructing the original 1988 nomination document to identify the specific themes and attributes which have been recognised as contributing to the Outstanding Universal Value of the Wet Tropics. The notes also provide brief statements of justification for the specific examples provided in the nomination documentation. Steve Goosem, December 2012 Natural Heritage Criteria: (1) Outstanding examples representing the major stages in the earth’s evolutionary history Values: refers to the surviving taxa that are representative of eight ‘stages’ in the evolutionary history of the earth. Relict species and lineages are the elements of this World Heritage value. Attribute of OUV (a) The Age of the Pteridophytes Significance One of the most significant evolutionary events on this planet was the adaptation in the Palaeozoic Era of plants to life on the land. The earliest known (plant) forms were from the Silurian Period more than 400 million years ago. These were spore-producing plants which reached their greatest development 100 million years later during the Carboniferous Period. This stage of the earth’s evolutionary history, involving the proliferation of club mosses (lycopods) and ferns is commonly described as the Age of the Pteridophytes. The range of primitive relict genera representative of the major and most ancient evolutionary groups of pteridophytes occurring in the Wet Tropics is equalled only in the more extensive New Guinea rainforests that were once continuous with those of the listed area. -
Volume 3: Operational Phase Empr
Volume 3: Operational Phase EMPr Sibaya 5: EIA 5809 August 2014 Tongaat Hulett Developments (Pty) Ltd Volume 3: Operational Phase EMPr 286854 SSA RSA 10 1 EMPr Vol 3 August 2014 Volume 3: Operational Phase EMPr Sibaya 5: EIA 5809 Sibaya 5: EIA 5809 August 2014 Tongaat Hulett Developments (Pty) Ltd PO Box 22319, Glenashley, 4022 Mott MacDonald PDNA, 635 Peter Mokaba Ridge (formerly Ridge Road), Durban 4001, South Africa PO Box 37002, Overport 4067, South Africa T +27 (0)31 275 6900 F +27 (0) 31 275 6999 W www.mottmacpdna.co.za Sibaya 5: EIA 5809 Contents Chapter Title Page 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General ___________________________________________________________________________ 1 1.2 Node 5 – Site Location & Development Proposal ___________________________________________ 1 2 Operational Phase EMPr 2 3 Contact Details 4 Appendices 6 Appendix A. Landscape & Rehabilitation Plan _______________________________________________________ 7 286854/SSA/RSA/10/1 August 2014 EMPr Vol 3 Volume 3: Operational Phase EMPr Sibaya 5: EIA 5809 1 Introduction 1.1 General This document should be reviewed in conjunction with the Environmental Scoping Report and Environmental Impact Report (EIR) (EIA 5809). It is the intention that this document addresses the issues pertaining to the planning and development of the roads and infrastructure of Node 5 of the Sibaya Precinct. 1.2 Node 5 – Site Location & Development Proposal Node 5 comprises the development area to the east of the M4 above the southern portion of Umdloti (west of the Mhlanga Forest). It consists of commercial/ mixed use sites, 130 room hotel/ resort as well as low and medium density residential sites. -
Phylogenetic Study of African Combretaceae R. Br. Based on /.../ A
BALTIC FORESTRY PHYLOGENETIC STUDY OF AFRICAN COMBRETACEAE R. BR. BASED ON /.../ A. O. ONEFELY AND A. STANYS ARTICLES Phylogenetic Study of African Combretaceae R. Br. Based on rbcL Sequence ALFRED OSSAI ONEFELI*,1,2 AND VIDMANTAS STANYS2,3 1Department of Forest Production and Products, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Ibadan, 200284 Ibadan, Nigeria. 2Erasmus+ Scholar, Institute of Agricultural and Food Science Vytautas Magnus University, Agricultural Aca- demy, Akademija, LT-53361 Kaunas district, Lithuania. 3Department of Orchard Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Babtai, LT-54333 Kaunas district, Lithuania. *Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] Phone number: +37062129627 Onefeli, A. O. and Stanys, A. 2019. Phylogenetic Study of African Combretaceae R. Br. Based on rbcL Se- quence. Baltic Forestry 25(2): 170177. Abstract Combretaceae R. Br. is an angiosperm family of high economic value. However, there is dearth of information on the phylogenetic relationship of the members of this family using ribulose biphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) gene. Previous studies with electrophoretic-based and morphological markers revealed that this family is phylogenetically complex. In the present study, 79 sequences of rbcL were used to study the phylogenetic relationship among the members of Combretaceae of African origin with a view to provide more information required for the utilization and management of this family. Multiple Sequence alignment was executed using the MUSCLE component of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Version X Analysis (MEGA X). Transition/Transversion ratio, Consistency index, Retention Index and Composite Index were also determined. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Maximum parsimony (MP) and Neighbor joining methods.