Comparative Wood Anatomy of Afromontane and Bushveld Species from Swaziland, Southern Africa

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Comparative Wood Anatomy of Afromontane and Bushveld Species from Swaziland, Southern Africa IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 11 (4), 1990: 319-336 COMPARATIVE WOOD ANATOMY OF AFROMONTANE AND BUSHVELD SPECIES FROM SWAZILAND, SOUTHERN AFRICA by J. A. B. Prior 1 and P. E. Gasson 2 1 Department of Biology, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London SW7 2BB, U.K. and 2Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, U.K. Summary The habit, specific gravity and wood anat­ of the archaeological research, uses all the omy of 43 Afromontane and 50 Bushveld well preserved, qualitative anatomical charac­ species from Swaziland are compared, using ters apparent in the charred modem samples qualitative features from SEM photographs in an anatomical comparison between the of charred samples. Woods with solitary ves­ two selected assemblages of trees and shrubs sels, scalariform perforation plates and fibres growing in areas of contrasting floristic com­ with distinctly bordered pits are more com­ position. Some of the woods are described in mon in the Afromontane species, whereas Kromhout (1975), others are of little com­ homocellular rays and prismatic crystals of mercial importance and have not previously calcium oxalate are more common in woods been investigated. Few ecological trends in from the Bushveld. wood anatomical features have previously Key words: Swaziland, Afromontane, Bush­ been published for southern Africa. veld, archaeological charcoal, SEM, eco­ The site of Sibebe Hill in northwest Swazi­ logical anatomy. land (26° 15' S, 31° 10' E) (Price Williams 1981), lies at an altitude of 1400 m, amidst a Introduction dramatic series of granite domes in the Afro­ Swaziland, one of the smallest African montane forest belt (White 1978). At least countries, lies in the subtropics between lati­ 1500 mm ofrain falls mainly during the sum­ tudes 25° and 27° S. Although its total area is mer months, when the mean temperature is only 17,565 Ian 2, large altitudinal differences 16.5 ° C. The high rainfall promotes the for­ from west to east result in a wide environ­ mation of a black, acidic hill peat typical of mental diversity. Ancient charcoal fragments the tropical, north-eastern mountain sourveld spanning the last 10,000 years were excavat­ (Acocks 1975). Moderate to severe frosts oc­ ed from two sites in the high, wet northwest cur during most winters, producing variable and low, dry northeast of the country, during periods of physiological drought. The lichen a multidisciplinary investigation of the covered trees and shrubs of the area cluster in detailed pattern of climatic change during the sheltered areas between the domes. They are Holocene period (Prior & Price Williams predominantly evergreen and include a high 1985). The fragments were identified by percentage of specific endemics. comparison with charred branchwood col­ Siphiso rock shelter is situated in north­ lected from 93 modern trees and shrubs of east Swaziland (26° 18' S, 31° 58' S), at an common occurrence around the two sites. altitude of 320 m. Vegetation in the area, de­ The modern taxa chosen, which represent scribed by Acocks (1975) as semiarid low­ over 60% of the woody flora of each area, veld, includes tropical bush and savanna spe­ were biassed in favour of those species cies known as Bushveld. An annual rainfall known to be carefully selected for burning varying between 500 and 700 mm and mean and for a range of utilitarian purposes today, summer temperatures in excess of 20° C lead as in the past. The present study, a byproduct to levels of evaporation which greatly exceed Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/2021 12:37:45PM via free access 320 IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 11 (4), 1990 precipitation. Upper soil levels become saline in diameter represent mature wood where and calcrete modules, composed of calcium further changes in cambial initial length and carbonate, are deposited at varying soil changes in most other cambial products are depths. Some woody species typically occur negligible. 1-2 cm3 cubes cut from each wood on the shallow, raw mineral soils or lithosols sample were embedded in washed silver sand mantling the slopes; others, particularly mi­ in crucibles and charred by heating in a muf­ crophyllous legumes, characterise the black, fle furnace at 450 0 C for 30 minutes. They alkaline, hydromorphic vertisols of the bot­ were cooled in the sand to minimise ash for­ tomlands (Young 1976). On both soil types, mation, then scored and manually fractured in a high proportion of species are deciduous three planes of section. Fractured pieces were and many show xeromorphic characters. mounted on aluminium stubs with Durofix, All the charred branch wood was examin­ desiccated for at least 24 h and coated with ed by scanning electron microscopy. The use 40 nm of gold in an atmosphere of argon, of charred material inevitably presents prob­ using a Polaron E5000 diode sputter coater. lems in the interpretation of certain wood ana­ Stubs were examined in a Philips SEM tomical characters such as the thickness of 500 and photographed at magnifications lignified walls and the number of crystals between 50 x and 6400 x. At least fifteen to present. Great care was taken to distinguish twenty photographs were taken of each charring artefacts from genuine anatomical wood. characters of taxonomic importance (Prior & For each set of photographs numbered Alvin 1983). Charring results in differential characters were recorded, according to the shrinkage of the tissues of the wood. Al­ list of microscopic features (I AW A Commit­ though this invalidates any quantitative ana­ tee 1989). Maximum and minimum ray widths tomical measurements, the large amount of were noted for most specimens and are in­ qualitative information remaining in the char­ cluded in the Appendix. The specific gravity coal enabled each wood to be clearly identi­ of most of the woods was determined either fied, using the list of microscopic features for by measuring the ratio of the oven-dry weight hardwoods recently published (IA WA Com­ to the weight of water displaced by the green mittee 1989). Only one species, the softwood volume or by reference to Kromhout (1975) Podocarpus latifolius, an important compo­ or Van Wyk (1984). The habit of each spe­ nent of the vegetation occurring amongst the cies was determined either by field observa­ granite domes of Sibebe Hill, could not be tion or by reference to Palmer (1977) or Van characterised in this way. Every wood is de­ Wyk (1984). The distinction between trees scribed in coded form in the Appendix. A and shrubs is not always clear in relation to comparison is made of the vessel, fibre, axial the species of southern Africa. In this paper, parenchyma and ray characters which pre­ plants with a woody stem of 3 m or more in dominate in the two distinct tropical montane height are called trees, though these are fre­ and tropical lowland areas. quently multi-stemmed, particularly under conditions of climatic stress, which induce Materials and Methods natural coppicing. The arrangement of the Wood samples from 43 Afromontane spe­ families and the nomenclature of species used cies and 50 Bushveld species were collected at in the Appendix follows Coates Pal grave the beginning of several dry seasons. Vege­ (1983). tative voucher specimens of each were col­ lected in duplicate for authentication at the Results Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and at the Bo­ The habit and specific gravity of Afromon­ tanical Research Institute, Pretoria. Branch­ tane and B ushveld species are compared in wood samples were between 4 and 6 em in the table. Anatomical features of particular diameter. Wood of this size was selected ecological significance, such as the compara­ since it equates best with archaeological tive number of species with exclusively soli­ samples. Baas (1973), in his detailed study tary vessels, scalariform perforation plates, of !lex, concludes that wood samples of 5 cm fibres with distinctly bordered pits, predom- Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/2021 12:37:45PM via free access Prior & Gasson - Wood anatomy of Afromontane and Bushveld species 321 Table showing comparative ecological trends in Afromontane and Bushveld species. Qualitative character Afromontane species Bushveld species (%) (%) Tree 58 68 Shrub 42 32 Evergreen 65 32 Deciduous 26 60 Tardily deciduous 9 8 Growth ring boundaries distinct 7 14 Basic specific gravity 0.40-0.75 21 16 Basic specific gravity> 0.75 35 56 Unknown 44 28 Vessels exclusively solitary 39 14 Perforations scalariform 19 2 Intervessel pits scalariform 12 0 Intervessel pits opposite 14 0 Intervessel pits alternate 93 100 Vestured pits 26 36 Vessel-ray pits + distinct borders 81 80 Vessel-ray pits + reduced/simple borders 21 22 Vessels + helical thickenings 5 0 Fibres with distinctly bordered pits 46 20 Septate fibres present 39 26 Fibres very thin-walled 21 14 Fibres thin- to thick-walled 91 96 Fibres very thick-walled 14 22 Parenchyma very rare 24 20 Parenchyma predominantly apotracheal 72 64 Parenchyma vasicentric to aliform and confluent 16 36 Parenchyma banded 16 30 Rays homocellular 12 28 Very narrow rays (1-3 cells wide) 84 92 Ray height> 1 mm 14 8 Crystals present 33 58 Silica bodies present 5 4 Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/2021 12:37:45PM via free access 322 IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 11 (4), 1990 inantly apotracheal and paratracheal axial commonly arranged in radial multiples of parenchyma or homocellular rays are also four or more are three times more frequent in listed. Features which are of rare occurrence the cooler, Afromontane area (see Appendix). or of less ecological significance are only In this area too, 39% of all species have 90% shown in the Appendix. These include the or more of solitary vessels. The comparable storying of one or more elements, vessel figure for the semiarid Bushveld sample is grouping other than solitary and the occur­ only 14%.
Recommended publications
  • New Insights on Above Ground Biomass and Forest Attributes In
    Forest Ecology and Management 399 (2017) 235–246 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forest Ecology and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco New insights on above ground biomass and forest attributes in tropical montane forests ⇑ Aida Cuni-Sanchez a, , Marion Pfeifer b, Rob Marchant c, Kim Calders d,e, Cathrine L. Sørensen a, Patrícia V. Pompeu f, Simon L. Lewis d,g, Neil D. Burgess a,h a Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark b School of Biology, Newcastle University, Ridley Building 2, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK c York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems, Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK d Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK e Earth Observation, Climate and Optical Group, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK f Department of Forestry, Federal University of Lavras, PO Box 3037, Lavras, Brazil g School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK h United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Center, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, UK article info abstract Article history: Despite the potential of tropical montane forests to store and sequester substantial amounts of carbon, Received 5 November 2016 little is known about the above ground biomass (AGB) and the factors affecting it in these ecosystems, Received in revised form 15 May 2017 especially in Africa. We investigated the height-diameter allometry, AGB, and related differences in Accepted 16 May 2017 AGB to taxonomic and structural forest attributes in three distinct forest types (dry, mixed species and elfin) in three mountains of northern Kenya.
    [Show full text]
  • Diabetes and Medicinal Plants: a Literature Review
    ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIDIABETIC COMPOUNDS FROM BRACHYLAENA DISCOLOR DC Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science By Sabeen Abdalbagi Elameen Adam School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg Supervisor: Professor Fanie R. van Heerden August 2017 ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus, which is a metabolic disease resulting from insulin deficiency or diminished effectiveness of the action of insulin or their combination, is recognized as a major threat to human life. Using drugs on a long term to control glucose can increase the hazards of cardiovascular disease and some cancers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new, safe, and effective antidiabetic drugs. Traditionally, there are several plants that are used to treat/control diabetes by South African traditional healers such as Brachylaena discolor. This study aimed to isolate and identify antidiabetic compounds from B. discolor. The plant materials of B. discolor was collected from University of KwaZulu-Natal botanical garden. Plant materials were dried under the fume hood for two weeks and ground to a fine powder. The powder was extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (1:1). To investigate the antidiabetic activity, the prepared extract was tested in vitro for glucose utilization in a muscle cell line. The results revealed that blood glucose levels greater than 20 mmol/L, which measured after 24 and 48 hours of the experimental period, three fractions had positive (*p<0.05) antidiabetic activity compared to the control. The DCM:MeOH (1:1) extract of B. discolor leaves was subjected to column chromatography, yielding five fractions (A, B, C, D, and E).
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity and Ecology of Afromontane Rainforests with Wild Coffea Arabica L
    Feyera Senbeta Wakjira (Autor) Biodiversity and ecology of Afromontane rainforests with wild Coffea arabica L. populations in Ethiopia https://cuvillier.de/de/shop/publications/2260 Copyright: Cuvillier Verlag, Inhaberin Annette Jentzsch-Cuvillier, Nonnenstieg 8, 37075 Göttingen, Germany Telefon: +49 (0)551 54724-0, E-Mail: [email protected], Website: https://cuvillier.de General introduction 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The term biodiversity is used to convey the total number, variety and variability of living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur (Wilson 1988; CBD 1992; Rosenzweig 1995). The concept of biological diversity can be applied to a wide range of spatial and organization scales, including genetics, species, community, and landscape scales (Noss 1990; Austin et al. 1996; Tuomisto et al. 2003). It is becoming increasingly apparent that knowledge of the role of patterns and processes that determine diversity at different scales is at the very heart of an understanding of variation in biodiversity. Processes influencing diversity operate at different spatial and temporal scales (Rosenzweig 1995; Gaston 2000). A variety of environmental events and processes, including past evolutionary development, biogeographic processes, extinctions, and current influences govern the biodiversity of a particular site (Brown and Lomolino 1998; Gaston 2000; Ricklefs and Miller 2000). Biodiversity is valued and has been studied largely because it is used, and could be used better, to sustain and improve human well-being (WWF 1993; WCMC 1994). However, there has been a rapid decline in the biodiversity of the world during the past two to three decades (Wilson 1988; Whitmore and Sayer 1992; Lugo et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Brachylaena Elliptica and B. Ilicifolia (Asteraceae): a Comparative Analysis of Their Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
    Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 2020, 10, 223-229 223 Brachylaena elliptica and B. ilicifolia (Asteraceae): A Comparative Analysis of their Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities Alfred Maroyi* Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa Abstract: Brachylaena elliptica and B. ilicifolia are shrubs or small trees widely used as traditional medicines in southern Africa. There is need to evaluate the existence of any correlation between the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of the two species. Therefore, in this review, analyses of the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia are presented. Results of the current study are based on data derived from several online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as scientific publications, books, dissertations, book chapters and journal articles. The articles published between 1941 and 2020 were used in this study. The leaves and roots of B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia are mainly used as a mouthwash and ethnoveterinary medicines, and traditional medicines for backache, hysteria, ulcers of the mouth, diabetes, gastro-intestinal and respiratory problems. This study showed that sesquiterpene lactones, alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, flavonols, phenols, proanthocyanidins, saponins and tannins have been identified from aerial parts and leaves of B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia. The leaf extracts and compounds isolated from the species exhibited antibacterial, antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities. There is a need for extensive phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies of crude extracts and compounds isolated from B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Extent and Transformation of South Africa's
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by South East Academic Libraries System (SEALS) Research in Action South African Journal of Science 97, May/June 2001 179 remote sensing applications in South Comparison of extent and Africa. This is a hierarchical framework designed to suit South African conditions, transformation of South Africa’s and incorporates known land-cover types that can be identified in a consistent woodland biome from two national and repetitive manner from high- resolution satellite imagery such as Land- databases sat TM and SPOT.The ‘natural’vegetation classes are based on broad, structural M.W. Thompsona*, E.R. Vinka, D.H.K. Fairbanksb,c, A. Ballancea types only, and are not intended to be and C.M. Shackletona,d equivalent to a floristic or ecological vege- tation classification. It is important to understand that a HE RECENT COMPLETION OF THE SOUTH Fairbanks et al.5 combination of both the NLC database’s TAfrican National Land-Cover Database This paper compares the distribution ‘Woodland’ and ‘Thicket, Bushland, and the Vegetation Map of South Africa, and location of woodland and bushveld- Bush-Clump & Tall Fynbos’ land-cover Swaziland and Lesotho, allows for the first type vegetation categories defined within classes were used in the comparison with time a comparison to be made on a national scale between the current and potential the NLC data, and the equivalent the DEAT defined ‘Savanna Biome’. The distribution of ‘natural’ vegetation resources. ‘Savanna Biome’ class defined within the inclusion of the NLC’s ‘Thicket, Bushland This article compares the distribution and DEAT’s ‘VegetationMap’ data.
    [Show full text]
  • National Forests Act: List of Protected Tree Species
    6 No. 37037 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 22 NOVEMBER 2013 GOVERNMENT NOTICES GOEWERMENTSKENNISGEWINGS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES DEPARTEMENT VAN LANDBOU, BOSBOU EN VISSERYE No. 877 22 November 2013 NOTICE OFOF THETHE LISTLIST OFOF PROTECTEDPROTECTED TREE TREE SPECIES SPECIES UNDER UNDER THE THE NATIONAL NATIONAL FORESTS ACT, 19981998 (ACT(ACT NO No. 84 84 OF OF 1998) 1998) By virtue of powers vested in me under Section 15(3) of the National Forests Act, 1998, I, Tina Joemat-Pettersson, Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries hereby publish a list of all protected trees belonging to a particular species under Section 12(1) (d) set out in Schedule below. The effect of this declaration is that in terms of Section 15(1) of the National Forests Act, 1998, no person may cut, disturb, damage or destroy any protected tree or possess, collect, remove, transport, export, purchase, sell, donate or in any other manner acquire or dispose of any protected tree or any forest product derived from a protected tree, except under a licence or exemption granted by the Minister to an applicant and subject to such period and conditions as may be stipulated. Contravention of this declaration is regarded as a first category offence that may result in a person who is found guilty of being sentenced to a fine or imprisonment for a period up to three years, or to both a fine and imprisonment. SCHEDULE A / BYLAE A Botanical Name English Other Common Names National Common Afrikaans (A), Northern SothoTree Names (NS),SouthernSotho (S),Number Tswana (T), Venda (V), Xhosa (X), Zulu (Z) Acacia erioloba Camel thorn Kameeldoring (A) / Mogohlo (NS) / 168 Mogotlho (T) Acacia haematoxylon Grey camel thorn Vaalkameeldoring (A) / Mokholo (T) 169 Adansonia digitata Baobab Kremetart (A) /Seboi (NS)/ Mowana 467 (T) Afzelia quanzensis Pod mahogany Peulmahonie (A) / Mutokota (V) / 207 lnkehli (Z) Balanites subsp.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Vegetation Types of the Soutpansberg Conservancy and the Blouberg Nature Reserve, South Africa
    Original Research MAJOR VEGETATION TYPES OF THE SOUTPANSBERG CONSERVANCY AND THE BLOUBERG NATURE RESERVE, SOUTH AFRICA THEO H.C. MOSTERT GEORGE J. BREDENKAMP HANNES L. KLOPPER CORNIE VERWEy 1African Vegetation and Plant Diversity Research Centre Department of Botany University of Pretoria South Africa RACHEL E. MOSTERT Directorate Nature Conservation Gauteng Department of Agriculture Conservation and Environment South Africa NORBERT HAHN1 Correspondence to: Theo Mostert e-mail: [email protected] Postal Address: African Vegetation and Plant Diversity Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 ABSTRACT The Major Megetation Types (MVT) and plant communities of the Soutpansberg Centre of Endemism are described in detail, with special reference to the Soutpansberg Conservancy and the Blouberg Nature Reserve. Phytosociological data from 442 sample plots were ordinated using a DEtrended CORrespondence ANAlysis (DECORANA) and classified using TWo-Way INdicator SPecies ANalysis (TWINSPAN). The resulting classification was further refined with table-sorting procedures based on the Braun–Blanquet floristic–sociological approach of vegetation classification using MEGATAB. Eight MVT’s were identified and described asEragrostis lehmanniana var. lehmanniana–Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra Blouberg Northern Plains Bushveld, Euclea divinorum–Acacia tortilis Blouberg Southern Plains Bushveld, Englerophytum magalismontanum–Combretum molle Blouberg Mountain Bushveld, Adansonia digitata–Acacia nigrescens Soutpansberg
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Forcing of Tree Growth in Dry Afromontane Forest Fragments of Northern Ethiopia: Evidence from Multi-Species Responses Zenebe Girmay Siyum1,2* , J
    Siyum et al. Forest Ecosystems (2019) 6:15 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-019-0178-y RESEARCH Open Access Climate forcing of tree growth in dry Afromontane forest fragments of Northern Ethiopia: evidence from multi-species responses Zenebe Girmay Siyum1,2* , J. O. Ayoade3, M. A. Onilude4 and Motuma Tolera Feyissa2 Abstract Background: Climate-induced challenge remains a growing concern in the dry tropics, threatening carbon sink potential of tropical dry forests. Hence, understanding their responses to the changing climate is of high priority to facilitate sustainable management of the remnant dry forests. In this study, we examined the long-term climate- growth relations of main tree species in the remnant dry Afromontane forests in northern Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess the dendrochronological potential of selected dry Afromontane tree species and to study the influence of climatic variables (temperature and rainfall) on radial growth. It was hypothesized that there are potential tree species with discernible annual growth rings owing to the uni-modality of rainfall in the region. Ring width measurements were based on increment core samples and stem discs collected from a total of 106 trees belonging to three tree species (Juniperus procera, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidate and Podocarpus falcatus). The collected samples were prepared, crossdated, and analyzed using standard dendrochronological methods. The formation of annual growth rings of the study species was verified based on successful crossdatability and by correlating tree-ring widths with rainfall. Results: The results showed that all the sampled tree species form distinct growth boundaries though differences in the distinctiveness were observed among the species.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesotho Fourth National Report on Implementation of Convention on Biological Diversity
    Lesotho Fourth National Report On Implementation of Convention on Biological Diversity December 2009 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB African Development Bank CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCF Community Conservation Forum CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CMBSL Conserving Mountain Biodiversity in Southern Lesotho COP Conference of Parties CPA Cattle Post Areas DANCED Danish Cooperation for Environment and Development DDT Di-nitro Di-phenyl Trichloroethane EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan ERMA Environmental Resources Management Area EMPR Environmental Management for Poverty Reduction EPAP Environmental Policy and Action Plan EU Environmental Unit (s) GA Grazing Associations GCM Global Circulation Model GEF Global Environment Facility GMO Genetically Modified Organism (s) HIV/AIDS Human Immuno Virus/Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome HNRRIEP Highlands Natural Resources and Rural Income Enhancement Project IGP Income Generation Project (s) IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources LHDA Lesotho Highlands Development Authority LMO Living Modified Organism (s) Masl Meters above sea level MDTP Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation and Development Project MEAs Multi-lateral Environmental Agreements MOU Memorandum Of Understanding MRA Managed Resource Area NAP National Action Plan NBF National Biosafety Framework NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NEAP National Environmental Action
    [Show full text]
  • Trees and Plants for Bees and Beekeepers in the Upper Mara Basin
    Trees and plants for bees and beekeepers in the Upper Mara Basin Guide to useful melliferous trees and crops for beekeepers December 2017 Contents Who is this guide for? .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction to the MaMaSe Project .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Market driven forest conservation initiatives in the Upper Mara basin ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Water, apiculture, forests, trees and livelihoods ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Types of bees ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 How this
    [Show full text]
  • I UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE
    UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE BIOLOGIA DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÂNICA ANDRÉA MACÊDO CORRÊA CITOTAXONOMIA DE REPRESENTANTES DA SUBFAMÍLIA RUBIOIDEAE (RUBIACEAE) NOS CERRADOS DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biologia para obtenção do Título de Doutor em Biologia Vegetal Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Eliana Regina Forni-Martins Campinas 2007 i ii Campinas, 02 de Março de 2007 BANCA EXAMINADORA Drª. Eliana Regina Forni-Martins – Orientadora Drª. Maria Angélica Maciel Martinho Ferreira Drª. Sigrid Luiza Jung Mendaçolli Drª. Neiva Isabel Pierozzi Dr. João Semir Drª. Luiza Sumiko Kinoshita - Suplente ______________________________________ Dr. Ricardo Lombelo - Suplente ______________________________________ Drª. Júlia Yamagishi Costa - Suplente ______________________________________ iii À minha família, de valor inestimável. iv AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho foi concluído graças ao apoio e dedicação de várias pessoas, que contribuíram direta ou indiretamente para sua realização. Agradeço então: A Deus; À minha família, Agostinho e Aracilda, meus pais, Araceli e Junior, meus irmãos, Otávio Augusto, meu sobrinho, pelo apoio, mesmo à distância; Ao meu marido Emerson, pelo apoio, companheirismo e auxílio nas coletas no campo; À Drª. Eliana, minha orientadora, que novamente confiou no meu trabalho, ensinando e ajudando em diversos momentos; À Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Biossistemática, pela infra-estrutura que possibilitou a realização desse trabalho; Ao curso de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal; À FAPESP (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo), pela bolsa de doutorado concedida e os auxílios fornecidos a Drª. Eliana, possibilitando a realização dessa pesquisa; Ao CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico) pelo auxílio concedido a Drª.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Map of Standardized Terrestrial Ecosystems of Africa
    Major contributors to this publication include: The Association of American Geographers is a nonprofit scientific and educational society with a membership of over 10,500 individuals from more than 60 countries. AAG members are geographers and related professionals who work in the public, private, and academic sectors to advance the theory, methods, and practice of geography. This booklet is published by AAG as a special supplement to the African Geographical Review. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was created in 1879 as a science agency charged with providing information and understanding to help resolve complex natural resource problems across the nation and around the world. The mission of the USGS is to provide relevant, impartial scientific information to 1) describe and understand the Earth, 2) minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters, 3) manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources, and 4) enhance and protect our quality of life. NatureServe is an international conservation nonprofit dedicated to providing the sci- entific basis for effective conservation action. NatureServe’s network in the Americas includes more than 80 member institutions that collect and maintain a unique body of scientific knowledge about the species and ecosystems. The information products, data management tools, and biodiversity expertise that NatureServe’s scientists, technologists, and other professionals provide help meet local, national, and global conservation needs. The Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources for Development (RCMRD) was es- tablished in Nairobi, Kenya in 1975 to provide quality Geo-Information and allied Information Technology products and services in environmental and resource manage- ment for sustainable development in our member countries and beyond.
    [Show full text]