Hydrogen and Fuel Cells: Progress and Opportunities Sunita Satyapal, Director – Fuel Cell Technologies Office Hydrail Symposium Ontario, Canada – November 16, 2017 Basics

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 2 What is a fuel cell?

Takes hydrogen in and puts electricity and water vapor out

Produces electricity without combustion

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 3 What is Hydrogen?

Hydrogen is an energy carrier: Used as fuel or feedstock

Produced from diverse domestic resources and used in many applications

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 4 Hydrogen’s Energy Content High Energy by Mass, Low Energy by Volume

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 5 Why Hydrogen and Fuel Cells? Efficient Uses domestic fuels

. Internal combustion 20% - 30% Natural gas engine in a car . Renewable sources (wind, solar, biomass, etc.) Fuel cell in a car 60% . Nuclear . Coal Efficiency Convenient Quiet Clean

Refuels in minutes No noise in operation Zero tailpipe emissions Versatile and easily scalable

Transportation Stationary

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 6 Progress

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 7 Consistent Fuel Cell Market Growth Continues

600 Fuel Cell Power Shipped (MW) Worldwide

500

400

300

Megawatts (MW) Megawatts 200

100

0 2014 2015 2016 500 MW 62,000 Approximately fuel cell power fuel cell units $1.6 Billion shipped worldwide shipped worldwide fuel cell revenue

Source: DOE and E4Tech

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 8 For the first time in history….

Commercial fuel cell electric

Hyundai Tucson Fuel Cell SUV cars are here!

Nearly sold or leased 3,000 in the United States

Toyota Mirai No petroleum, no pollution Refuels in minutes More than 360 mi driving range Over 60 mpgge

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCYHonda & RENEWABLE Clarity ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 9 Life-Cycle Petroleum Use- Today’s Cars Low, Medium & High Petroleum Energy/Mile for 2015 Technology

FCE BEV ERE HEV ICE ICE HEV ERE BEV FCE Fuel Cell Electric Battery Electric Extended-Range Hybrid Electric Internal Combustion Engine Electric Current gasoline ICEV: 4300 Honda Civic 3523 Nissan Versa 3324 Chevy Cruze Diesel 3664 Honda Civic CNG 98 Toyota Prius 2353 Chevy Volt 1340 Nissan Leaf 113 Chevy Spark 109 Toyota Mirai (NG) 226 Toyota Mirai (33% Renewable) 178

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 Btu of Petroleum Energy per Mile

Joint VTO-FCTO Analysis Example Source: Program Record 16004 (https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/16004_life-cycle_ghg_oil_use_cars.pdf)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 10 Life-cycle Emissions- Today’s Cars Low, Medium & High Emissions/Mile for 2015 Technology

FCE BEV ERE HEV ICE ICE HEV ERE BEV FCE Fuel Cell Electric Battery Electric Extended-Range Hybrid Electric Internal Combustion Engine Electric Current gasoline ICEV: ~450 Honda Civic 360 Nissan Versa 343 Chevy Cruze Diesel 366 Honda Civic CNG 329 Toyota Prius 254 Chevy Volt 280 Nissan Leaf 230 Chevy Spark 216 Toyota Mirai (NG) 252 Toyota Mirai (33% Renewable) 187 160 210 260 310 360 410 Grams of CO2e per Mile Source: Program Record 16004 Joint VTO-FCTO Analysis Example (https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/16004_life-cycle_ghg_oil_use_cars.pdf)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 11 Catalyzing Early Markets for Fuel Cells

25,000

More than 7,500 20,000 backup power (BU) units

15,000 Credit: BMW Manufacturing

10,000 More than 16,000 forklifts 5,000 Total: 900 BU units 700 forklifts

0 SupportedWith DOE by prior SupportedWithout DOE by Credit: Fuel Cell Energy DOE funds industry U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 12 HeavyReal World Duty Vehicle Applications Applications – In theEmerging U.S. - Examples

Fuel cell buses in CA surpass 17M passengers

Fuel cell delivery and parcel trucks Industry demonstrates first starting deliveries in CA and NY heavy duty fuel cell truck in CA

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 13 StationaryReal World Power Applications Applications – In theEmerging U.S. – Examples

Fuel cells provided backup power during Fuel cells used to power Hurricane Sandy in the U.S. Northeast new World Trade Center in NYC

Fuel cell power for maritime ports Over 235 MW of fuel cell stationary power demonstrated in Honolulu, Hawaii installed across more than 40 US states

Photo Credit: Fukuoka Pref. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 14 U.S. Hydrogen Refueling Stations

California Over 30 open retail Funding for 100

Open - Retail Open Non-Retail In Progress Hub

Northeast Approx. 12 to 25 stations planned

Others with interest: Hawaii, Ohio, Texas, Colorado, South Carolina, and others

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 15 Global Expansion of Infrastructure

Examples: • U.S. and Canada • Japan • Germany • South Korea • Sweden, Norway Denmark, Netherlands • France, UK • China… just starting

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 16 Challenges

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 17 What can we learn from history?

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 18 Henry Ford’s Quadricycle in 1896 to Model T in 1908

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 19 DOE Cost Status and Targets for R&D Fuel Cell R&D Hydrogen R&D System Production, Delivery & Dispensing Onboard Storage (700-bar compressed system) + $180/kW $16/gge+ $24/kWh to $10/gge

$50/kW+ $17/kWh 100K/yr $7.5*/gge 100K/yr + to $15/kWh $45/kW $5**/gge 500K/yr 500K/yr $40/kW <$4/gge $10/kWh 2020 Targets High-Volume Projection Low-Volume Estimate *Based on Electrolysis **Based on NG SMR + Preliminary, updates underway Onboard storage cost status from DOE Program Record 15013 Note: Graphs not drawn to scale and are for illustration purposes only. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 20 Market Segmentation Analysis- DOE Study Underway

FCEV costs: favorable in larger size classes and higher driving range

Year 2040: FCEV minus PEV-X Cost

50 mi. 100 mi. 150 mi. 200 mi. 250 mi. 300 mi. 350 mi. Two-seaters Minicompacts Subcompacts Compacts Midsize Cars Large Cars Small Station Wagons Pass Van SUV Std Pickup Small Pickup

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 21 The Hydrogen Infrastructure Challenge

• Cost • Reliability • Availability

A hydrogen fueling station in San Francisco, CA. | Photo courtesy of the California Fuel Cell Partnership

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 22 Opportunities

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 23 H2 at Scale Energy System

*Illustrative example, not comprehensive Source: NREL

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 24 H2@Scale Energy System H2 at Scale Energy System

Geothermal

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 25 Changing Energy Resource Mix for Electricity - Example

Installed Capacity in Texas

Source: ERCOT

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 26 Hydrogen as a medium for storing intermittent energy

Gigawatt-scale energy storage and long discharge duration

Preliminary analysis- to be updated

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 27 Example of H2 and Electrolyzer Benefits

H2 can be cost effective for long duration storage

Preliminary analysis- to be updated

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 28 Examples: Large-scale Hydrogen Projects Worldwide

Germany 2016: 6-MW wind-to- H2 plant using electrolyzers Austria 2017: 6-MW electrolyzer Electrolyzer for ammonia commissioned for steel plant production at U. Minnesota

100 MW Electrolyzer World’s largest salt cavern 60-MW fuel cell park in South in development for for hydrogen storage Korea- world’s largest! petrochemical industry commissioned in TX in 2017

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 29 A Global Initiative Supporting H2 The Hydrogen Council

Investment Members Over $10B Over 20 companies

towards representing hydrogen and Over $1.3T in revenues fuel cells and 2.06M jobs More information: hydrogeneurope.eu U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 30 H2@Scale:H2@Scale: Nationwide Nationwide Resource Resource Assessment Assessment

Labs assess resource availability. Most regions have sufficient resources.

Red: Only regions where projected industrial & transportation demand exceeds supply.

Lab PIs: Mark Ruth, Bryan Pivovar, Richard Boardman, et al

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 31 Opportunities: Rail

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 32 Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in Rail Sector

• Examples- RD&D projects over the years: • Asia: Japan, Taiwan, China, Dubai • Europe: Spain, Germany • Africa: South Africa • North America: U.S. and Canada

See: International Hydrail Conferences • Three segments: Application dependent • Long distance freight and inter-city (over 3MW systems) • Intra-city and regional rail systems (light and commuter rail) • Short distance industrial (mining, railyard shunters)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 33 Demonstrations – Examples

China Germany

Several Fuel Cell Trams Planned Trains to operation in early 2018 Capacity: 285 passengers Capacity: 300 passengers Maximum speed: 70 km/hr. Maximum speed: 140 km/hr.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 34 Annual Costs – Passenger Rail – UC Davis Study

Hydrogen fuel technology cost is slightly higher than the diesel, LNG, and biodiesel, but much less than catenary electric technology

Assumptions: Liquid Hydrogen Cost: $5.16-$9.03/gallon Vehicle Cost: $8.05-$9.95 million/locomotive + Tender car Source: Isaac, Raphael et al. UC Davis (2016)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 35 Emissions Reduced - Passenger and Freight Rail

Potential: 70% reduction with hydrogen via electrolysis with CA grid mix

Source: Isaac, Raphael et al. UC Davis (2016)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 36 CollaborationAheadAhead and Resources

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 37 DOE Resources: H2 Safety Information Sharing

H2Tools.org : A one stop resource for hydrogen safety

h2tools.org • Site visit tracking shows a global reach: • Includes resources on 50% of visits are international! safety best practices, first • Over 31,000 site visits in the first year alone responder training, and • Training resource translated into H2 codes & standards Japanese

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 38 Collaboration Opportunities: Data Sharing Data Validation of Real World Applications through the NREL’s NFCTEC • Data products provide insights on technology improvements, issues and gaps

NFCTEC: The National Fuel Cell Technology Evaluation Center To Participate Example: Sources of H2 Infrastructure Maintenance [email protected]

Models “Toolbox” Online • Financial, technical and economic models covering H2 infrastructure, jobs, and more. • Visit: energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen -analysis-toolbox Most maintenance related to compressors and dispensers

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 39 Collaboration Tools: Increasing Awareness Celebrate Hydrogen & Share Information Fuel Cell Day using ready-to-use H2 October 8 or 10/8 and fuelCelebrate cell training (Held on its very own atomic- weight-day) Hydrogenresources & Fuel Cell Day on 10/8 or October 8 (Held on its very own atomich2tools.org- Download slide deck for free at at: Learn more: energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/downloads energy.gov/eere/fuelcells /increase-your-h2iq-training-resource

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 40 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 41 Thank You

Dr. Sunita Satyapal Director Fuel Cell Technologies Office [email protected]

energy.gov/eere/fuelcells

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 42