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Dissolved Iron in the Vicinity of the Crozet Islands, Southern Ocean

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Dissolved Iron in the Vicinity of the Crozet Islands, Southern Ocean ARTICLE IN PRESS Deep-Sea Research II ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2 Dissolved iron in the vicinity of the Crozet Islands, Southern Ocean He´le` ne Planquettea,Ã, Peter J. Stathama, Gary R. Fonesb, Matthew A. Charettec, C. Mark Moored, Ian Saltera, Florence H. Ne´de´leca, Sarah L. Taylora, M. Frenche, A.R. Bakere, N. Mahowaldf, T.D. Jickellse aNational Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 3ZH, UK bSchool of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, UK cWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA dUniversity of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK eSchool of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK fNational Centre for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307, USA Received 17 October 2006; received in revised form 30 March 2007; accepted 26 June 2007 Abstract The annual phytoplankton bloom occurring north of the Crozet Plateau provides a rare opportunity to examine the hypothesis that natural iron fertilization can alleviate high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) conditions normally associated with the Southern Ocean. Therefore, during CROZet natural iron bloom and EXport experiment (CROZEX), a large multidisciplinary study performed between November 2004 and January 2005, measurements of total dissolved iron (DFep0.2 mm) were made on seawater from around the islands and atmospheric iron deposition estimated from rain and aerosol samples. DFe concentrations were determined by flow injection analysis with N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (DPD) catalytic spectrophotometric detection. DFe concentrations varied between 0.086 and 2.48 nM, with low values in surface waters. Enrichment of dissolved iron (41 nM) at close proximity to the islands suggests that the plateau and the associated sediments are a source of iron. Waters farther north also appear to be affected by this input of coastal and shelf origin, although dissolved iron concentrations decrease as a function of distance to the north of the plateau with a gradient of 0.07 nM kmÀ1 at the time of sampling. Using lateral and vertical diffusion coefficients derived from Ra isotope profiles and also estimates of atmospheric inputs, it was then possible to estimate a DFe concentration of 0.55 nM to the north of the islands prior to the bloom event, which is sufficient to initiate the bloom, the lateral island source being the largest component. A similar situation is observed for other Sub-Antarctic Islands such as Kerguelen, South Georgia, that supply dissolved iron to their surrounding waters, thus enhancing chlorophyll concentrations. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Dissolved iron, Crozet Islands, Southern Ocean, HNLC 1. Introduction ÃCorresponding author. The hypothesis that iron (Fe) can act as a limiting E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Planquette). micro-nutrient in high-nutrient low-chlorophyll 0967-0645/$ - see front matter r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.019 Please cite this article as: Planquette, H., et al., Dissolved iron in the vicinity of the Crozet Islands, Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research II (2007), doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.019 ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 H. Planquette et al. / Deep-Sea Research II ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] (HNLC hereafter) regions is now generally accepted Sites of natural and continuous fertilization of Fe and has been investigated on a number of occasions do exist where there is permanent interaction between (Boyd et al., 2000, 2007; de Baar et al., 2005). The Fe water masses and margins of landmasses; this hypothesis originally proposed by Martin (1990) has phenomenon is generally called ‘‘the island mass led to numerous studies that all demonstrate that the effect’’. Several previous studies (Croot et al., 2004a; addition of Fe to HNLC waters causes an increase in de Baar et al., 1999; de Jong et al., 1998; Lo¨scher, phytoplankton productivity. Subsequent investigations 1999; Sarthou et al., 1997) have inferred Fe-fertilized into Fe’s role in phytoplankton physiology also have phytoplankton blooms around island systems in the revealed important findings. Among them, one can cite Southern Ocean such as South Georgia (Korb et al., its role in photosynthetic and respiratory electron 2004; Moore and Abbott, 2002), Kerguelen (Blain transport, nitrate reduction, and chlorophyll synthesis et al., 2001, 2002, 2007; Bucciarelli et al., 2001), (Sunda and Huntsman, 1995, 1997). The broader Bouvet (Croot et al., 2004a)andtheCrozetIslands implication is that in HNLC waters, the presence of Fe (Metzletal.,1999; Sedwick et al., 2002). can increase the efficiency of the biological pump and Therefore, the two-leg CROZet natural Fe bloom promote drawdown of atmospheric carbon dioxide and EXport experiment (CROZEX) cruise on RRS (CO2)(Bakker et al., 2001, 2005; Boyd et al., 2004; Discovery in the austral summer of 2004/2005 in the Law et al., 2006; Martin, 1990). waters surrounding the Crozet Islands provided an The Southern Ocean is subjected to these HNLC excellent opportunity to examine how the natural conditions and is depicted as the largest potential sources of Fe, originating either from the islands sink of anthropogenic CO2 in the global ocean directly or from the relatively shallow surrounding (Martin, 1990; Tre´guer and Pondaven, 2001) and as sediments, could relieve Fe stress and therefore a key system in the context of climate change promote phytoplankton growth, particularly by the (Sarmiento et al., 1998). However, due to the larger cells typically responsible for the export of existence of distinct regional sub-systems differing particulate carbon and nitrogen. in their physical and biological properties (Arrigo Within the Sub-Antarctic region of the Southern et al., 1998; Tre´guer and Jacques, 1992), this ocean Ocean, between the Polar and Subtropical water should not be viewed as one entity. masses, the volcanic Crozet archipelago located on a There have been numerous scientific investiga- shallow plateau on the eastern flank of the southwest tions conducted over the last decade to try and Indian Ocean ridge comprises two main islands in the understand the relationship between Fe and the east and three smaller islands 100 km to the west. The biogeochemical functioning of HNLC regions. Crozet area exhibits high concentrations of chlorophyll Recently, several in situ Fe-enrichment experiments during austral spring and summer (Fiala et al., 2003) in the Southern Ocean (e.g., SOIREE (Bakker et al., to the north of the islands, and is particularly suited to 2005; Boyd et al., 2000), SOFEX (Buesseler et al., a study of Fe distributions, because of the way in 2004; Coale et al., 2004), EISENEX (Boye´et al., which the topography and the zonal winds constrain 2005; Croot et al., 2005)), that are summarized by the local circulation patterns and the extent of the de Baar et al. (2005) and Boyd et al. (2007), have bloom (Pollard and Read, 2001; Pollard et al., 2002). highlighted the importance of Fe availability for In the present paper, new data on dissolved Fe phytoplankton communities in this region. How- (DFep0.2 mm) distributions around the Crozet ever, as pointed out by Chisholm (2000), such Islands are presented. Particular emphasis has been artificial enrichments cannot represent natural placed on the sources of Fe to the upper water processes effectively, since the perturbation could column, and on the different processes that drive the lead to many unintended side effects such as distribution of Fe, such as biological uptake, mixing changing the structure of the marine ecosystem, or with deeper waters, advection of Fe-rich waters generating greenhouse gases other than CO2. from the islands and atmospheric inputs. Most Fe inputs to the remote global surface waters are derived from aeolian dust, with the 2. Sampling and methods largest sources (e.g., Saharan desert) being in the northern hemisphere (Sarthou et al., 2003). How- 2.1. Study area ever, such atmospheric inputs are estimated to be small in the Southern Ocean (Jickells et al., 2005) Seawater and atmospheric samples were collected although very few data exist for this region. during the CROZEX cruises (D285 and D286) on Please cite this article as: Planquette, H., et al., Dissolved iron in the vicinity of the Crozet Islands, Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research II (2007), doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.019 ARTICLE IN PRESS H. Planquette et al. / Deep-Sea Research II ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 3 board RRS Discovery between 3 November 2004 2.2.2. DFe and 21 January 2005. The research area was located Prior to the cruise, storage sample bottles were around the Iˆles Crozet (451950 and 461500S, 501330 soaked in 2% (v/v) aqueous Decon detergent for 3 and 521580E), which are the surface projections of days and subsequently soaked for 3 days each in the Crozet Plateau (1220 km Â600 km) situated 50% HCl (v/v) and 50% (v/v) HNO3 (Fisher approximately 2000 km south east of South Africa Scientific). In between steps, the bottles were rinsed on the edge of the Southern Ocean. Stations were with Milli-Q water. After removal from the acid established for water sampling and physical ob- bath, the sample bottles were rinsed with sub-boiled servations at strategic points in areas to the north- distilled water. The sample bottles were filled with west, north-east, in close proximity and directly Milli-Q water acidified with quartz sub-boiling south of the two main islands, Iˆle de la Possession distilled HCl (Q-HCl) and stored in clean zipper and Iˆle de l’Est. The stations sampled and their seal polyethylene bags in a class-100 clean-air positions are shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1. Station laboratory. Polycarbonate filters were soaked for 2 M3 was sampled several times, providing an weeks in 10% v/v Q-HCl, rinsed and stored in sub- opportunity to assess the temporal evolution of boiled distilled water.
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