France and Security Indo Pacific

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C M FRANCE AND SECURITY J CM IN THE INDO PACIFIC MJ

CMJ

N Foreword by the Minister for the Armed Forces

France pays particular attention to the Indo-Pacific region. Its stability is paramount for international security, as stated in the 2017 Defence and National Security Strategic Review. In the Indo-Pacific area, North Korea challenges the international community by conducting nuclear trials and ballistic missile tests, thereby breaching the resolutions of the United Nations Security Council. The military assertiveness of a growing number of established or emerging powers presents many challenges to multilateralism and increases the instability and unpredictability we are confronted with. Terrorism, which has severely struck Europe over the last few years, is reshaping and spreading to the Indo-Pacific. This worrying evolution requires a joint mobilisation of the international community. The maritime domain remains an area of tensions due to the challenging behaviour of some States with regards to United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the persistence of acts of piracy. Finally, the effects of climate change and environmental degradations represent a major issue in the Indo-Pacific, and as far as in the Antarctic, exacerbating security risks. These major challenges can only be overcome through cooperation. Upholding stability in the Indo-Pacific, which is a source of overall prosperity thanks to its economic dynamism, demographic growth and technological innovation, is essential. This has to be set within the framework of an international order based on dialogue and the respect of multilaterally set rules. As a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and a founding member of the European Union and NATO, France plays a specific role on the international stage. With territories and population in both the Indian and Pacific Oceans, France is a nation of the Indo-Pacific region and holds a distinctive place in this part of the world, from the African coastline to the seaboard of Americas. France permanently maintains sovereignty and presence forces in the region to defend its interests and to contribute to the stability of the region alongside its partners, primarily India, Australia, the United States, Japan as well as Malaysia, Singapore, New Zealand, Indonesia and Vietnam. With the 2019-2025 Military Programming Law, France started an exceptional military build-up to adapt its defence system to evolving security challenges. These challenges also make supporting the capacity building of our partners essential. The present document is a new edition of “France and security in the Asia-Pacific” published in 2016. It illustrates France’s policy on defence and security in the Indo- Pacific and demonstrates our country’s long-term unwavering commitment to developing strong linkages with the States of the region, in favour of our common security.

Florence Parly The security of the Indo-Pacific is a strategic challenge for France

he Indo-Pacific concentrates Terrorism remains a major and immediate concern. 60% of the world population and Despite military progress in Levant, the threat is France in the Indo-Pacific one third of international trade. reshaping and spreading to new regions, thriving on Key figures chaos, civil war, and the fragility of some States. France Its stability is crucial: any crisis or is engaged on the frontline of the international fight conflict in this area is likely to affect against terrorism, alongside countries of the Indo- 465 422 km² (including Terre Adélie) in the Indian adverselyT the interests of France as well as Pacific, in theatres of operations located in Africa and and Pacific Oceans. Europe’s. in the Levant. Almost 9 million km² of economic exclusive zone (world’s second largest EEZ) in the Indo-Pacific. The Indo-Pacific constitutes a maritime and land Multilateralism is increasingly challenged, especially geographical area, shaped by interactions around in the Indo-Pacific. Some major powers are choosing 1.5 million French citizens living in French strategic centres of gravity – India, China, Southeast postures that overtly favour power-based relations, overseas departments and territories. Asia, Australia. It comprises the Indian, Pacific and generating anxiety and unpredictability worldwide. At least 200,000 French Nationals living in the Southern Oceans and forms a security continuum The growing polarisation of the region threatens the Indo-Pacific States. spreading from the East African coastline to the upholding of the multilateral order that enabled the In 2017 : Western American seaboard. economic prosperity of the Indo-Pacific. The threat multiplier effect of climate change directly France exported up to 64.185 billion euros to France is rooted in the southern part of the Indian the Indo-Pacific (defence equipment not included), Ocean with the islands of Mayotte and La Réunion, concerns the Indo-Pacific. The most vulnerable countries will see their economic growth prospects i.e. 33.7% of French exports outside European Union the Scattered Islands and the French Southern and (14% overall). Antarctic Territories. France is also anchored in the highly reduced, whereas the most resilient ones, Pacific Ocean with its territories in New Caledonia, owing to their size or their power, will gain a France imported up to 93.049 billion euros from Wallis and Futuna, French Polynesia and Clipperton geostrategic advantage. the Indo-Pacific (defence equipment not included), Island. Our armed forces stationed overseas and our i.e. 41% of French imports outside European Union permanent military basing allow France to fulfil the (17% overall). security responsibilities of a resident power of the Indo-Pacific.

This region is not spared by the increasing tensions on the international level.

2 FRANCE IN THE INDOPACIFIC

nch im France’s FDI Stocks of Fre ports 7% in the Indo-Paci c (2016) = 1 ic lume of if erall vo goods ( €125bn c e ov exce Pa f th pt - o arm o am d en In t)

KAZAKHSTAN MONGOLIA UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN NORTH TURKMENISTAN TAJIKISTAN KOREA o SOUTH JAPAN f th KOREA e CHINA o AFGHANISTAN v e I ra n l d l v o PAKISTAN NEPAL BHUTAN ol -P um a e c BANGLA- o ifi f c DESH go = 1 INDIA BURMA VIET NAM od 4% LAOS s ( o exc f Fr ept ench exports THAILAND armament) PHILIPPINES Clipperton 2 CAMBODIA EEZ : 438,048 km SRI LANKA BRUNEI Indo-Paci c’s FDI Stocks MALAYSIA in France (2016) SINGAPORE Wallis & Futuna €35bn 2 French Polynesia Mayotte - Réunion - Scattered Islands INDONESIA PAPUA EEZ : 263,422 km EEZ : 4,852,122 km2 2 EEZ : 1,026,037 km EAST TIMOR NEW GUINEA SOLOMON ISLANDS 12,000 inhab. 270,500 inhab. Glorious Islands 1,058,065 inhab. Mayotte Tromelin VANUATU Marquesas Islands Juan de Nova FIDJI Society Tuàmotu Bassas da India Réunion Islands Europa AUSTRALIA New Caledonia Gambier 2 Scattered EEZ : 1,457,032 km Austral Islands Islands 256,000 inhab. Islands

French Sub-Antarctic Amterdam & and Antarctic Territories Saint-Paul Islands NEW ZEALAND EEZ : 2,070,343 km2

Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands 200,000 French Nationals living in the Indo-Paci c fewer than from 3,000 from 10,000 more than 3,000 to 10,000 to 30,000 30,000

Terre French Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Adélie Main Security Challenges in the Indo-Pacific

he 2017 French Strategic Review is little doubt that accessibility to deep underwater emphasises the rapid and intense resources, the expansion of power projection and, in A Commitment to Security at All Levels evolution of the threats identified in parallel, of anti-access / area denial capabilities, and the centrality of cyberspace and satellite equipment, the 2013 White Paper: terrorism, the France is playing a major role in the United Nations are going to exacerbate rivalries between States in the Security Council and within the European Union to worrying return of rivalry and power Indo-Pacific. ensure the full and effective implementation of sanctions assertiveness, the weakening of the rule of law T Facing those challenges, France is developing a against the North Korean regime. This approach should and multilateralism as well as the increase of network of strategic partnerships in the Indo-Pacific coerce the regime to cease its proliferating activities and unconventional challenges. with countries such as India, Australia, Japan, Malaysia, to return to the negotiation table. Singapore, New Zealand, Indonesia and Vietnam. North Korea’s ballistic and nuclear programs do not France supports the strict application of the United only threaten Northeast Asian stability but also the To deal with those risks and tensions, France supports Nations Convention on Law of the Sea. France, as a international order and the non-proliferation regime. and wishes to contribute to the building of a regional first-rank maritime and naval power, regularly exercises security architecture. In addition to being active in In the South China Sea, the large-scale land its right of maritime and air navigation wherever it is several multilateral dialogue platforms of the Indo- reclamation activities and the militarisation of needed, in particular in the Indo-Pacific region. Pacific, France has taken steps to work closer with the contested archipelagos have changed the status quo ADMM+, a structure which gathers Defence Ministers and increased tensions. The potential consequences of The French Armed Forces in the Indo-Pacific also play an of ASEAN and its “Plus” Partner countries. this crisis have a global impact considering that one active role in operations against illegal trafficking third of the world trade transits through this strategic By getting closer to the ADMM+, France would bring (drugs, illegal fishing, etc.). region. Such a case highlights how multilateralism is to the Indo-Pacific its experience as a permanent As for the struggle against climate change, France questioned by assertive policies which are threatening member of the United Nations Security Council, its the stability of the whole region. operational know-how and a major contribution to has been instrumental to reach the Paris Agreement in the establishment of an area of peace and stability, 2016. In the defense field, France has organised the first Terrorism is another challenge. The end of Daech does based on the full respect of international law. international conference “The implications of Climate not mean the end of this global threat due to Foreign Change for Defence” ahead of the COP21. Fighters returning home and the spread of terrorism to new regions such as South Asia and South-East Asia.

Scientific and technological breakthroughs are bringing in new opportunities, but also new risks. There

4 ENJEUXSECURITY SÉCURITAIRES ISSUES IN THE EN INDO PACIFIC INDO PACIFIQUE

RUSSIA RUSSIE Zones deof disputes contestation ZonesZone of de illicit tra cs tracking illicites (pêche, (drugs, drogue) shing) EtatsNuclear dotés weapons de l’arme States nucléaire KAZAKHSTAN KAZAKHSTAN MONGOLIAMONGOLIE EtatsStates disposant that are not de l’armeparties nucléaire to the NPT non signataireswith nuclear du weapons Traité de non-prolifération (TNP) UZBEKISTANOUZBÉKISTAN KourilesSouth Kuril Islands / NORTH Northern Territories EtatCountry proliférant that unilaterally s’étant retiré withdrew du TNP from KYRGYZSTANKIRGHIZSTAN KOREACORÉE the NPT TURKMÉ- DU NORD JAPON TURKMENISTANNISTAN TAJIKISTANTADJIKISTAN JAPAN PrésenceTerrorist presence terroriste CORÉE Dokdo/ 1 CachemireKashmir CHINE SOUTH Takeshima 3 DU SUD AFGHA- CHINA KOREA BordersFrontières challenged contestées by par a neighbouring un Etat riverain State AFGHANISTANNISTAN 2 Arunachal Pradesh ClosedFrontière border fermée NEPALNÉPAL BHOUTAN Senkaku/ PAKISTAN BHUTAN Diaoyu PAKISTAN BANGLADESHBANGLADESH Taïwan 1 - CachemireKashmir under sous Pakistani contrôle control, pakistanais, claimed revendiqué by India par l’Inde BIRMANIEBURMA VIETNAMVIET NAM 2 - CachemireKashmir under sous Indian contrôle control, indien, claimed revendiqué by Pakistan par le Pakistan LAOSLAOS 3 - CachemireKashmir under sous Chinese contrôle control, chinois, claimed revendiqué by India par l’Inde INDIAINDE THAILANDTHAÏLANDE Paracels CAMBODIACAMBODGE PHILIPPINES Spratley PHILIPPINES ClippertonClipperton SRISRI LANKA LANKA MICRONESIA MARSHALLILES PALAOSPALAU MICRONÉSIE ISLANDS MALAISIEMALAYSIA BRUNEIBRUNEI MARSHALL KIRIBATI SINGAPOURSINGAPORE NAURUNAURU KIRIBATI INDONESIA INDONÉSIE PAPUAPAPOUASIE- NEWNOUVELLE-GUINÉE GUINEA TUVALUTUVALU EAST TIMORTIMOR ILES SALOMON Mayotte Glorious ORIENTAL GlorieusesIslands Wallis & Futuna Marquesas Mayotte TromelinTromelin Îles FIDJI SAMOASAMOA Polyn MarquisesIslands VANUATUVANUATU Wallis Féresni FIDJI ec fh P

et Futuna NIUE Îles ra ol I Society n y

l de la Société ç n e a e NIUE Islands i s s La Réunion Nouvelle Tuàmotu s Réunion New TONGA Archipel e ia E Calédonie TONGA p Caledonia des Tuàmotu a AUSTRALIA Gambier Scatteredr AUSTRALIE Austral Islands Islandsse IslandsÎles s Îles Gambier Australes

NOUVELLE NEW ZEALAND AmterdamIles Amterdam & ZÉLANDE Saint-Paulet Saint-Paul Islands

CrozetArchipel Islands Crozet KerguelenÎles Kerguelen Islands A significant French military presence

rance’s military presence in the Indo- In the Pacific Ocean, the French Armed Forces in New Caledonia (FANC) and in French Polynesia Pacific is adapted to its defence and To optimize its presence in this vast area, France relies on security needs. Permanently, 7,000 (FAPF) operate 2 surveillance frigates equipped with 1 helicopter each, 3 patrol vessels, 2 multi- joint regional commands: personnel are stationed throughout mission ships, 5 maritime surveillance aircrafts, 4 the whole area: 4,100 in the Indian tactical transport aircrafts and 5 helicopters. • COMSUP FAZSOI : Commander of the French Armed Ocean and 2,900 in the Pacific Ocean. Forces in the South of the Indian Ocean. F Furthermore, France maintains a close network Depending on periods, an additional 700 of eighteen resident and non-resident defence • COMSUP FANC : Commander of the French Armed sailors can be deployed. attachés accredited in 33 countries of Asia and Forces in New Caledonia. Oceania. With the help of deputy defence attachés, These forces ensure the protection and safety of “armament” attachés, permanent advisors in • COMSUP FAPF/ALPACI : Commander of the French French territories, as well as the surveillance of our charge of military cooperation and a liaison officer Armed Forces in French Polynesia and Commander exclusive economic zones. They undertake HADR at U.S. PACOM, they develop the bilateral defence of the Pacific Ocean maritime zone. operations, fight against trafficking, contribute to cooperation in all aspects. the “Action of the State at Sea” and are involved in • COMSUP FFEAU/ALINDIEN : Commander of the a number of defence cooperation activities in all A French Navy officer is embedded in the French Armed Forces in the United Arab Emirates aspects. Information Fusion Centre (IFC), the Singaporean and Commander of the Indian Ocean maritime zone. centre which has regional competencies and is In the north of the Indian Ocean, the French forces responsible for the surveillance of sea lanes of stationed in the United Arab Emirates (FFEAU) and For further details on the areas of responsibility, see map communication in Asia. This officer is also a liaison in Djibouti (FFDj) field 6 multirole Rafale combat page 7. officer at the Regional Humanitarian Assistance and aircraft (UAE), 4 Mirage-2000 combat aircraft Disaster Relief Coordination Centre, whose goal is to (Djibouti), 8 helicopters and 1 tactical transport address the military aspect of assistance operations. aircraft.

In the south of the Indian Ocean, the French Armed Forces (FAZSOI) are divided between La Réunion and Mayotte islands and use 2 surveillance frigates equipped with 1 helicopter each, 1 multi-mission ship, 2 patrol vessels (including 1 polar patrol vessel) and 2 tactical transport aircrafts.

6 LAFRENCH PRÉSENCE MILITARY MILITAIRE PRESENCE FRANÇAISE IN THE ENINDO PACIFIC INDO PACIFIQUE

Enceintes de dialogue de défense Defence dialoguesauxquelles in which participe France is la involved France SPDMM - South Pacic Defence Ministers’ Meeting ♦ ♦ SPDMM - South Paci c Defence Ministers’ Meeting Shangri-La Dialogue ♦♦ Shangri-La Dialogue Tokyo Defense Forum ♦♦ Tokyo Defense Forum ♦ JIDD - Jakarta International Defense Dialogue KAZAKHSTAN ♦ JIDD - Jakarta International Defense Dialogue Putrajaya Forum ♦♦ Putrajaya Forum SDD - Seoul Defense Dialogue ♦♦ SDD - Seoul Defense Dialogue Ulaanbaatar Dialogue MONGOLIAMONGOLIE ♦ Ulaanbaatar Dialogue APICC - Asia Pacic Intelligence Chiefs Conference ♦ ♦ APICC - Asia Paci c Intelligence Chiefs Conference KIRGHIZSTAN CHODS - Chiefs of Defence Seminar OUZBÉKISTANUZBEKISTAN ♦♦ CHODS - Chiefs of Defence Seminar CHINACHINE IONS - Indian Ocean Naval Symposium TURKMÉNISTANTURKMENISTAN ♦♦ IONS - Indian Ocean Naval Symposium TADJIKISTAN PCGF - Pacic Coast Guard Forum CORÉESOUTH DU KOREA SUD ♦♦ PCGF - Paci c Coast Guard Forum AFGHANISTAN JAPONJAPAN QUAD - Quadrilateral Defence Coordination Group ♦ ♦ QUAD - Quadrilateral Defence Coordination Group MPAT - Tempest Express ♦♦ MPAT - Tempest Express ArmedForces Forces françaises in the United aux PAKISTAN ♦ WPNS - Western Pacic Naval Symposium ArabEmirats Emirates Arabes (FFEAU) Unis (FFEAU) Maritime Zone ♦ WPNS - Western Paci c Naval Symposium NÉPALNEPAL Zone maritime ♦ South West Pacic Heads of Maritime Forces meeting INDIA ALPACI ♦ South West Paci c Heads of Maritime Forces meeting ALPACI 1 naval1 base base 650650 6 6 1 1 BANGLADESH navale VIETNAM INDE LAOS BIRMANIE GuamGuam PHILIPPINES (U.S.A)(E.U) HawaïHawaï THATHAÏILANDELAND (E.U)(U.S.A.) CAMBODGECAMBODIA SRI LANKA Clipperton ForcesArmed françaises Forces MALAYSIAMALAISIE BRUNEI inà DjiboutiDjibouti (FFDj)(FFDj) MALDIVES SINGAPOURSINGAPORE

1,4501450 4 1 8 INDONESIAINDONÉSIE EAST TIMOR PAPOUASIEPAPUA-NEW Forces armées Mayotte -NOUVELLE-GUINEA Armed Forces in ORIENTAL Îles enFrench Polynésie Polynesia française (FAPF) (FAPF) -GUINÉE MarquisesMarquesas FIDJI Islands Tromelin VANUATU Wallis SAMOA P s oly s Maritime Zone et& Futuna néFr d Zone maritime senc e ie h 1,1801180 33 55 33 ns f Po a r Îles ra l ALINDIEN Society ly a n s ALINDIEN n I de la Société ç p Islands a e E i s d Tuàmotu s LaRéunion Réunion TONGA e ia e s Armed Forces in Archipel r e l Forces armées en des Tuàmotu e I New-Caledonia (FANC) TONGA Îles t Gambier t Nouvelle-Calédonie (FANC) Gambier a Islands

c Îles S Austral Islands 1,660 4 4 4 Australes ZonePermanent de responsabilité Area of Responsibility permanente ForcesArmed armées Forces dans in the la Southzone 1660 4 4 4 SudIndian de l’océan Ocean Indien Zone (FAZSOI) COMSUP FAPF IlesAmterdam Amterdam AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIE & Saint-Paulet Saint-Paul Islands 20002,000 55 22 22 NOUVELLENEW AttachésDefence Attachésde défense ZÉLANDEZEALAND AttachésNon-resident de défense Defence non Attachés résidents AttachésArmament d’armement Attachés ArchipelCrozet CrozetIslands KerguelenÎles Kerguelen Islands O cierFrench Liaisonfrançais O cer de liaison - U.S. USPACOM PACOM PermanentZone de responsabilitéArea of Responsibility permanente O cierFrench Liaisonfrançais O cer de liaison - IFC IFC and et CRFIM CRFIM COMSUPCOMSUP FANC FANC PrincipalesMain French escales Navy Ships port calls ZonesRegional de Commandscommandement ForcesPresence de Forcesprésence ZonePermanent de responsabilité Area of Responsibility permanente XYZ XYZ ouor Sovereignty de souveraineté Forces COMSUP FAZSOI AN UNWAVERING COMMITMENT TO MARITIME SECURITY Maritime security: a global issue

Vancouver

Tianjin Busan Tokyo rance has the world’s second largest cooperation engagements and on the optimisation of Shanghai Nagoya Los Angeles resources. Action of the State at Sea exclusive economic zone (11 million Ningbo of km2) after the United States. Its UNITED STATES Information sharing between regional security actors is The “Action of the State at Sea” is a specifically French Dubaï Shenzhen OF AMERICA essential to ensure the security of the maritime domain Jeddah EEZ is essentially located in the administrative and operational set-up that aims at Guangzhou 4 in its entirety. France pursues a remarkable cooperation Jawaharlal Pacific (67%) and in the Indian protecting the French interests at sea, while ensuring Salalah with Australia and New Zealand in the South Pacific, Manille Ocean (26%). the coordinated action of the Navy, the national police, the Hawaï F in relation to the United States and the QUAD forum Ho Chi Minh (U.S.A.) national gendarmerie, the customs and the civil security With a presence in all the oceans, France faces (Quadrilateral Defense Coordination Group). agencies. Colombo Clipperton increasing constraints on the exercise of its sovereignty, France has a liaison officer in the Information Fusion Kuala Lumpur the surveillance of its maritime domain, the control Each government department is responsible for the SINGAPORE of on-going maritime activities and the sustainable Centre (IFC) of Singapore. This regional centre is dedicated to the surveillance of the maritime routes implementation of its own activities, and also participates protection of the blue economy. Within a difficult to the others’ at the request of the maritime Prefect geostrategic context, the safety of our maritime in Asia. It supports the regional centre for the fusion of maritime information located in Madagascar. This last in charge of coordination. France has three maritime FRANCE domain and, more broadly, the safety of the high sea, Glorious centre gathers knowledge of maritime situation on the prefectures on its metropolitan territory, and five Islands Wallis & 4 are major issues. Piracy, terrorism, trafficking activities, Mayotte Tromelin Futuna Marquesas Islands Western part of the Indian Ocean, from the Suez Canal commanders in charge posted overseas. Juan illegal fishery, cyber-attack, and pollution, are among de Nova MADAGASCAR Tuàmotu to the Cape of Good Hope. In 2016, France and India Bassas da India Frenc the many threats that we face. New h P The Action of the State at Sea covers a large diversity of Réunion ol initiated a dialogue on maritime security issues. It led to Europa AUSTRALIA Caledonia Society yn e public interest missions, including the protection of Islands s The securitisation of the seas and oceans increases the signature, in March 2018, by the two heads of State Scattered 4 ia sovereign rights and of the national interests, maritime Islands Gambier the need for cooperation between states and as part of a Joint Vision on the Indian Ocean, which illustrates Austral Islands Islands of regional organisations, within the framework of the their common approach to the Indo-Pacific. safety, the enforcement of maritime law, the control of fisheries, the fight against illicit activities and the United Nation Convention on the law of the sea. This Amterdam & is in this context that the European Union adopted, in As a spatial, maritime and air power, France possesses protection of the environment. Saint-Paul Islands high-level intelligence gathering means and significant 2014, a strategy on maritime safety, which France in Because of its unique components, the French Navy – NEW ZEALAND turn adopted at the national level in 2015. force projection platforms. It is therefore able to contribute to each aspect of international security “Marine nationale” has a major role in the control of high 4 4 Quadrilateral Defence Coordination Group (QUAD) The vastness of the maritime spaces in the Indo-Pacific with its allies and partners, mainly Europeans. This is sea areas, in their three dimensions: under the sea, on Crozet Islands illustrated by the French regular participation to the the sea and in the air. It fights against illicit trafficking, in French Liaison O cer U.S. PACOM represents a specific challenge. France has made a Kerguelen Islands counter piracy operation Atalanta. particular effort in the establishment of a network cooperation with the States that are also engaged in this French Liaison O cer IFC and CRFIM of maritime surveillance centred on multilateral global fight. Areas of intense engagement for maritime security (ght against drug tra cking, illegal shery, piracy) Main trading ports Main maritime routes 8 AN UNWAVERING COMMITMENT TO MARITIME SECURITY

Vancouver

Tianjin Busan Tokyo Shanghai Nagoya Los Angeles

Ningbo UNITED STATES Dubaï Shenzhen OF AMERICA Jeddah Guangzhou 4 Jawaharlal Salalah Manille Hawaï Ho Chi Minh (U.S.A.)

Colombo Clipperton Kuala Lumpur SINGAPORE

Glorious FRANCE Islands Wallis & 4 Mayotte Tromelin Futuna Marquesas Islands Juan de Nova MADAGASCAR Tuàmotu Bassas da India Frenc New h P Réunion ol Europa AUSTRALIA Caledonia Society yn e Islands s Scattered 4 ia Islands Gambier Austral Islands Islands

Amterdam & Saint-Paul Islands NEW ZEALAND 4 Crozet Islands 4 Quadrilateral Defence Coordination Group (QUAD) French Liaison O cer U.S. PACOM Kerguelen Islands French Liaison O cer IFC and CRFIM Areas of intense engagement for maritime security (ght against drug tra cking, illegal shery, piracy) Main trading ports Main maritime routes OUZBÉKISTAN 2015 2018 FRENCH FORCES ACTIVITIES IN THE INDO PACIFIC KIRGHIZSTAN TURKMÉNISTAN

MONGOLIA TADJIKISTAN SOMALIA KAZAKHSTAN CANADA FOCUS ASTROLABE DEPLOYMENT 2018 Khaan Quest UZBEKISTAN INDONESIA

KYRGYZSTAN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NORTH KOREA AFGHANISTAN Réunion TURKMENISTAN JAPAN TAJIKISTAN MADA Key Resolve GASCAR - Ulchi Freedom CHINE Guardian AUSTRALIA AFGHANISTAN SOUTH KOWEIT SOUTH " AFRICA CHAMMAL OPERATION KOREA Je a CVBG 2015 - 2016 CHINA n NÉPAL ) n 5 e KUWEIT PAKISTAN 1 d 0 NEPAL 2 F ’A ( S r PAKISTAN BHUTAN V c n e " o n i d BARHEIN BARHAIN s M Armed Forces in the United is ém QATAR INDIA i M i s a s QATAR INDE " i i Arab Emirates (FFEAU) o BANGLADESH rc re ANTARCTIC n MEXICO NEW ZEALAND

’A (

650 personnel d 2 ( 2 e 0 BANGLADESH

SAUDI Varuna BURMA n 1 0

OMAN - VIETNAM n 5 1 ARABIA LAOS ea ) 7

Garuda J ) - " Shakti THAILAND ARABIE Rimpac "Je PHILIPPINES OMAN GUATEMALA anne - HONDURAS d’A Cobra Gold Pacific Partnership LAOS FOCUS SOUTH CHINA SEA rc" SAOUDITE M CAMBODIA Clipperton EL SALVADOR DJIBOUTI iss NICARAGUA ion (2 BIRMANIE 01 8) COSTA RICA PANAMA SRI LANKA PALAU MICRONESIA MARSHALL PHILIPPINES ISLANDS THAILAND Armed Forces in Djibouti (FFDj) F VIETNAM REM BRUNEI M P MALAYSIA 1,450 personnel ATALANTA rovence (2015) OPERATION COLOMBIA SINCE 2008 CAMBODIA SINGAPORE KIRIBATI KENYA INDONESIA MALDIVES F ECUADOR PAM NAURU S Pr PAPUA airia 03.2015 l (20 NEW 17) Komodo GUINEA SOLOMON TUVALU Armed Forces in PERU TANZANIA FR EAST ISLANDS FrenchGE Polynesia (FAPF) SRI LANKA EM TIMOR Wallis & AO Tromelin M Futuna 1,180 personnelM J A ean u FS F ne d ve Ve SAMOA R ’Arc rg nd E MALAYSIA BRUNEI Mayotte ne ém CASTOR Marquesas M ( iai MISSION Islands M 20 re ( La 17 201 2018 WINSTON F Prov 015 Réunion ) 8) renc ence 2 MADAGASCAR VANUATU 02.2016 h P MALAYSIA MOZAMBIQUE FIDJI ol yn e AUSTRALIA NIUE s TONGA Society ia Scattered New Islands Tuàmotu CHILE INDONESIA "Jeanne Caledonia INDONESIA Islands FAKIR d’Arc" M KENYAGITA FS Prairial ission Pitch Black Gambier MALDIVES (2016) 04.2018 (2016) - 02.2018 Islands FS Prairial (2018) Kakadu Equateur Austral Islands - Takafula Croix du Sud Marara French Navy deployments in: SOUTH organised by France organised by France AFRICA Armed Forces in the South 2015 2016 2017 2018 Indian Ocean Zone (FAZSOI) 2,000 personnel Amterdam & FREMM : multi-mission destroyer / FS : surveillance frigate / Saint-Paul Islands PP : polar patrol vessel PP L’As Armed Forces in trolabe French Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (2018) New-Caledonia (FANC) NEW 1,660 personnel Military Operations ZEALAND Xyz Military exercices in which France is involved

XYZ XYZ Presence Forces or Sovereignty Forces Southern 1,000 km Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Katipo 2 days of navigation France’s main defence partners / Other defence partners 10 Environmental security: a shared responsibility

roughts, floods and rising water Agreement (22 April 2016). The French Ministry France is able to permanently perform assessments levels, coral reefs erosion are for the Armed Forces set up, in November 2016, a combining maritime surveillance and environmental not just natural events. They are geopolitical observatory of the security and defence security issues thanks to its Navy Officer in Singapore challenges of climate change. This Observatory embedded in the Information Fusion Centre (IFC) also military events. They redraw monitors a coordinated study gathering the States and in the Regional Humanitarian Assistance and maps, create new tensions, party to the South Pacific Defense Ministers’ Meeting Disaster Relief Coordination Centre (RHCC). displace population. (SPDMM), which aims at assessing the impact of D In order to implement a pragmatic and efficient long- climate change on the regional defence cooperation. The increase in frequency and intensity of extreme term policy of environmental security preventive weather events, the depletion of fishing resources The outcome of this study will be immediately measures, France is focusing on three lines of and water stress hinder the resilience of States, used to optimize the implementation of the FRANZ action: in-depth assessment of environmental risks, generate new illicit trafficking and lead to high scale Agreements, signed on 1992 by Australia, France sponsoring of targeted scientific programs and sanitary risks. By creating new security vulnerabilities, and New Zealand to coordinate civil and military organisation of regional seminars to raise awareness these phenomena bring new conflicts. The Indo- assistance on Pacific island countries affected by and encourage mobilisation. Theses paths open new Pacific area is particularly concerned. natural disasters. The more frequent use of this fields of cooperation with Indo-Pacific States. mechanism highlights the increasing pressure on the In her speech given at the Munich Security armed forces. France wishes in priority to hold dialogue with the Conference in February 2018, the French Minister stakeholders committed to sustainable development for the Armed Forces, Mrs Florence Parly, announced This stronger pressure is also noticeable on the and security in Southeast Asia, which it believes to be that France would get engaged in “an entire sector maritime domain awareness. As a member of the a centre of gravity with regards to economy, ecology of environmental security preventive measures”, that QUAD (Quadrilateral defence Coordination Group) and security for the whole Indo-Pacific. From that should be “a guide of cautiousness and a guide for – along with the United States, Australia and New perspective, France organised two conferences in action”. Zealand –, whose objective is to coordinate the 2017, in Vietnam and in Indonesia, and will pursue security effort in the Pacific, France supports island this course of action in other ASEAN Member States. France has been playing a pioneering role in the nations in establishing a sustainable management strategic integration of the link between defence of their natural resources, particularly fisheries. There and environment, after organising, in 2015, the first is little doubt that the constant, and worrying, rise international conference at ministerial level dedicated of overfishing in the South Pacific will expend to to the defence and security consequences of climate the South of the Indian Ocean and to the Southern change, and after contributing to reaching the Paris Ocean, and as far as the shoreline of Antarctica.

12 LESENVIRONMENTAL ENJEUX DE LA SECURITYSÉCURITÉ CHALLENGESENVIRONNEMENTALE IN THE INDO PACIFIC EN INDO PACIFIQUE

UNITEDÉTATS UNIS STATES RUSSIA OFD’AMÉRIQUE AMERICA ECNVIRONMENTALARTOGRAPHIE RISKDES MAPPINGRISQUES ENVIRONNEMENTAUX KnowledgeConnaissance and et Anticipation anticipation CANADA TheL’établissement establishment d’une of an cartographieIndo-Paci c environmentaldes risques KAZAKHSTAN riskenvironnementaux mapping, within de thel’Indopaci que, framework ofdans multilateral le cadre MONGOLIA cooperation,de coopérations is a priority.multilatérales, France constitue and Australia une havepriorité. set UZBEKISTAN upLa Francea dedicated et l’Australie structure ont in mis order en toplace jointly une assess structure the KYRGYZSTAN NORTHCORÉE leveldédiée of riska n ind’évaluer the Indian conjointement and the Southern le niveau Oceans de – TURKMENISTAN KOREADU NORD JAPAN TAJIKISTAN risque en océan Indien et dans l’océan Austral – CORÉESOUTH JAPON cyclones, shing resources, pandemics, migrations, CHINA DUKOREA SUD sea-levelcyclones, rise. ressources halieutiques, pandémies, AFGHANISTAN CHINE migrations, élévation du niveau des mers. NEPAL PAKISTAN BHUTAN BANGLADESH BANGLADESH PROGRAMMEAR TAILED « ODWITBARGE ROUSSEROGRAM » INDIA VIETVIETNAM NAM Taïwan “B - G ” P INDE BIRMANIEBURMA Alerte précoce des cyclones LAOSLAOS HawaïHawai Early warning alerts for cyclones PHILIPPINES (U.S.A.)(E.U.) THAÏLANDETHAILAND L’observationAn accurate observation ne du of migratorycomportement birds couldd’oiseaux bring CAMBODIACAMBODGE ILES migrateurs peut apporter des informations vitales, PHILIPPINES MARSHALL vital information, complimentary to satellite data, in SOMALIASOMALIE MICRONÉSIEMICRONESIA MARSHALL SRI LANKA PALAOSPALAU ISLANDS complémentaires des données satellitaires, dans le SRI LANKA BRUNEI order to prepareClipperton people and armed forces for climate- MALAISIEMALAYSIA BRUNEI KIRIBATI cadreinduced de naturalla préparation catastrophes. des populations The “Bar-tailed et des Godwit” forces SINGAPOURSINGAPORE NAURUNAURU KIRIBATI PAPUAPAPOUASIE- arméesProgram, auxmonitored catastrophes by the Nationalnaturelles Museum d’origine for MALDIVES INDONESIA NEWNOUVELLE-GUINÉE GUINEA TUVALU INDONÉSIE SOLOMONILES TUVALU climatique.Natural History Le programme with the support « Barge of rousse the Ministry », piloté for par the le EASTTIMOR TIMOR ISLANDSSALOMON MuséumArmed Forces national and d’histoire the Ministry naturelle for avececological le soutien and MayotteMayotte ORIENTAL Wallis Tromelin VANUATU et Futuna des ministères des armées et de la transition écologique Tromelin & Futuna PFroelynncéh Inclusive Transition, emphasises France’s will to protect MOZAM FIDJI SAMOA s Pieo MOZAM SAMOA flryan et solidaire, illustre la volonté de la France de protéger BIQUE VANUATU neç its nationals and to contribute to human security in the BIQUE MADAGASCAR sai MADAGASCAR ais

I NIUE e ses ressortissants et de contribuer à la sécurité humaine l NIUE S Indo-Paci c. e cs a Réunion TONGA E La Réunion NouvelleNew en Indo-Paci que. tpt ea CalédonieCaledonia rre sde AUSTRALIA sI AUSTRALIE sl FRANCEFRANCE an d s IlesAmterdam Amterdam and Saint-Paulet Saint-Paul Islands CHILECHILI

ArchipelCrozet Islands Crozet NOUVELLE NEWZÉLANDE ZEALAND KerguelenÎles Kerguelen Islands

“MINITIATIVEARINE L«EGACY PATRIMOINE” INITIATIVE MARITIME » CrisisPrévention prevention des crises Le bassin maritime d’Asie du Sud-Est connaît une diminu- ZoneOver shing de surpêche area The shing resources of the Southeast Asian sea basin aretion depleting préoccupante signi cantly. des ressources The spread halieutiques. of shing eets La ZoneArea vulnerable vulnérable to à larising montée water des levels eaux towardsdispersion the des economic ottilles exclusive de pêche zones vers of thirdles Stateszones ZoneArea exposed exposée toaux cyclones cyclones alreadyéconomiques leads Indo-Paci cexclusives d’États Nations tiers to provoquestrengthen déjà their le durcissement des politiques sécuritaires des États de AccordsFRANZ Agreements FRANZ security policy. France fosters closer dialogue with its Partnersl’Indo-Paci que. to identify La France jointly se propose priority d’approfondir preventive le OcierRHCC-embedded français de French liaison Liaison RHCC Ocer measuresdialogue avec that sesneed partenaires to be undertaken. pour identi er conjointe- ContributeursContributors to aux environmental études de sécurité security environnementale studies ment les mesures préventives prioritaires à entreprendre. Global commons: a challenge for multilateralism

ivalry among states is growing over need for increased alertness, in order to ensure that the the access to strategic shared areas. Antarctic is not turned into an area of competition. The French ambitious The lack of regulation in some fields In the spatial field, the multiplication of public and cyberdefense policy (spatial, cyber) or the challenges private actors has several effects: it trivialises the access posed to the established rules in to the exo-atmospheric space, increases the risk of The 2018 Strategic Review on Cyber Defense builds up a robust national apparatus for the adequate protection of others (maritime space, air domain and polar proliferation, intensifies industrial competition, and R fuels interstate rivalry. data. It seeks several objectives: regions) call for a reinforcement of multilateral A better integration of our cyber defense Within cyberspace, the frequency, scope and dialogues in order to promote stability. means, based on better coordination between the technological sophistication of malicious actions different services involved. Some of the fundamental provisions of the United increase. Some States support these actions and Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea are not therefore get closer to the use of force and armed The strengthening of our cyber protection respected in the China seas. There is a strong need attack, which could result in important damages. device; the reinforcement of the State networks for an international mobilisation to counter the resiliency and of operators of vital importance, as progressive weakening of the law of the sea that could Counterterrorism and cyber security policies focus on well as of other essential services. lead to the rise of interstate tensions. the detention, cross-referencing and exploitation of digital information in order to protect personal data, to The regulation of cyberspace, through the The issue of freedom of civil and military circulation trace and counter cyber-attacks. respect and implementation of international law also concerns the airspace. Along with maritime areas, and of certified standards of behaviour. Faced with these new global challenges, France airspace is increasingly subjected to the risk of illicit A reinforcement of our technical, structural will continue to promote the rule of law based on trafficking and terrorism. The diminution of interstate and operational cooperation with our allies and the United Nations Charter over the use of force in trust could contribute to increasing these threats. partners, mainly within the European Union and international relations. The demilitarised Antarctic region is characterised by NATO. its status of “natural reserve dedicated to peace and science”. This status is questioned by some powerful states coveting the primary raw materials of the continent, as well as the mineral and fishery resources of the Southern Ocean. The difficulty of establishing extended protected maritime areas within the framework of the Antarctic treaty system illustrates the

14 “L’Astrolabe”, a polar patrol vessel committed to the Antarctic Naval and Air Treaty System Power projection

Territories (TAAF) and the Freedom of maritime French Polar Institute and air navigation is a Paul-Emile Victor (IPEV). fundamental principle of Her mission consists in international relations, ensuring the logistic guaranteed by the United supply by sea of the two Nations Convention on the Law Of the Sea (UNCLOS). scientific stations Dumont © EMA/Armée de l’air d’Urville and Concordia (a This principle is essential France detains Power of time while embarking Franco-Italian station). to the credibility of the projection capabilities navalized Rafale fighter These stations are managed, decisions made by the that only a limited jets as well as Hawkeye from a functional and United Nations Security number of States are airborne early warning a research program Council, each time they able to avail themselves. and control aircrafts. The perspective, by the IPEV are to be enforced by The Carrier Strike Group interoperability with the (jointly with the Programma military means. It also centred on the aircraft French Air Force (Rafale, contributes to the strategic Nazionale Di Richerche in carrier “Charles de Gaulle” strategic airlift A400M, autonomy of States, which Antarctiche in Concordia). can be deployed over tanker aircrafts A330- is beneficial to maintaining all the seas of the MRTT, etc.) and with the © Marine Nationale The preservation of a rules-based international globe, for long periods allied U.S. forces in the order. 178 years after the to the spectrum of their the international status Indo-Pacific is absolute. expedition led by the capabilities: ice navigation. of Antarctica and the It is notably ensured French Navy Captain This mission has been Southern Ocean - “Nature by strategic satellite systems, which are Dumont d’Urville, the carried out strictly in Reserve dedicated to first man ever to set foot accordance with the implemented under the peace and science” - is a set of international rules on Antarctica (20 January framework defined by the priority for France. 1840), the French Navy is Antarctic Treaty System. framing the use of the back in Terre Adélie. outer space. This polar patrol vessel France is particularly With the maiden voyage is the result of a attached to the principled of “L’Astrolabe”, in partnership between the management of the global November 2017, the French Navy, the French commons through legal French Armed Forces Administration for Sub- procedures and dialogue. added a new competency Antarctic and Antarctic © Marine Nationale GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FRENCH ORDERS 2012-2016 Structuring partnerships in the armament sphere Near and Middle East Asia 34,1% 24,091.2 M€ Central Asia Africa 499.7 M€ 3,6% North-East Asia Oceania 2,202.5 M€ 1,1% rance is the sixth largest economy The armament cooperation policy of France is A long-term capacity support Americas in the world. It has comprehensive characterised by its experience, its openness to The establishment of trust-based relations 5,1% and independent military resources, industrial cooperation, transfer of technology and expertise, as well as the provision of long-term between France and its partners is a prerequisite Other as illustrated by its autonomous training, logistics support and assistance. for all armament contracts. It is pre-requisite for 1,7% design and manufacturing of nuclear such long-term engagements, which represent deterrence capabilities, satellites, fighter France is the fourth-largest armament exporter a significant human, technical and budgetary Europe F and contributes to building and modernising 6,9% Near and investment for the importer. aircraft, submarines, ships, tanks, combat its allies and partners’ defense capabilities. In Middle East vehicles, missiles of all kinds, and all equipment the Indo-Pacific, Australia, India, Malaysia and France’s objective is to develop a close and long- 47,4% contributing to C4ISR (Computerized Command, Singapore are France’s most important Partners. term relationship in order to create favourable Control, Communication, Intelligence, Surveillance, France is also developing cooperation in this field conditions for the conclusion of structuring trade deals for the bilateral relationship. Contracts Reconnaissance). with most of the Indo-Pacific States and attends on a regular basis to the defense equipment signed with India, Australia as well as those with MAIN PARTNERS OF FRANCE IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC AS REGARDS TO ARMAMENTS This capacity is unique in Europe, based on strong exhibitions organised in the region. Malaysia and Singapore constitute some examples and innovative industrial resources. Its defense of this approach. in millions of euros (2008-2017) technological and industrial base is made of a By strengthening its partnerships, France is This engagement comes with the development of dozen world-class firms and around 4,000 small materialising in a concrete manner its cooperation a long-term political dialogue. and medium companies. Sustaining the vitality policy in the military sphere, a key element of its AUSTRALIA 776 of this ecosystem is a major concern to protect foreign policy. The on-going momentum allows French sovereignty. capitalising on armament communities to foster interoperability and to consider joint operations. INDONESIA 1,357 Guaranteeing the supply and the operational readiness of armed forces’ equipment, in France exports control policy is strict and in line SOUTH KOREA 1,540 particular of those engaged in the deterrence with its international commitments and the policy, is a condition for French freedom of action. principles of transparency as well as protection of human rights. These efforts aim at preserving In this respect, it constitutes a pillar of its strategic MALAYSIA 1,807 autonomy, as it was reaffirmed in the Strategic international stability. Review on defense and National Security. Oceania INGAPORE 2,352 566.7 M€ S South Asia 10,473.4 M€ INDIA 13,411

16 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FRENCH ORDERS 2012-2016

Near and Middle East Asia 34,1% 24,091.2 M€ Central Asia Africa 499.7 M€ 3,6% North-East Asia Oceania 2,202.5 M€ 1,1% Americas 5,1% Other 1,7% Europe 6,9% Near and Middle East 47,4%

MAIN PARTNERS OF FRANCE IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC AS REGARDS TO ARMAMENTS in millions of euros (2008-2017)

AUSTRALIA 776

INDONESIA 1,357

SOUTH KOREA 1,540

MALAYSIA 1,807

Oceania INGAPORE 2,352 566.7 M€ S South Asia 10,473.4 M€ INDIA 13,411 © Nicolas FERNANDEZ / Marine nationale © Olivier RAVENEL / Armée de l’air

© Loïc BERNARDIN / Marine nationale © Marine nationale Editorial board Directorate General for International Relations and Strategy Philippe Errera (Director General) Commander Jérôme Chardon (Head of Asia-Pacific Desk) Mariam Pontoni (Asia-Pacific Desk), Lucie Lelyon (Graphic design)

DICoD Commander Jérôme Baroë (Head of the Publications Office) Jean-François Munier (Head of Production) Cover: Jean-Charles Mougeot