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World Bank Document 'N OA- N> N a C '>$~ 's Public Disclosure Authorized ~~~~~~ N~~~~~~~~~ N>C~~>~NN>N>kC ~~NEN»2 At>~ ~ ~ ~ 194 U N> NSptmbr»99 N> ,»»» >•e»»>-»~~~~~~~~~f;z ~z Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Biodiversity and Cultural Property in the Management of Limestone Resources Lessons from East Asia Jaap Vermeulen Tony Whitten The World Bank Washington, D.C. © 1999 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing September 1999 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the coun- tries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data includ- ed in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dis- semination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. Permission to photocopy items for internal or personal use, for the internal or per- sonal use of specific clients, or for educational classroom use is granted by the World Bank, provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.; telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470.Please contact the Copyright Clearance Center before photocopying items. For permission to reprint individual articles or chapters, please fax a request with complete information to the Republication Department, Copyright Clearance Center, fax 978-750-4470. All other queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, World Bank, at the address above or faxed to 202-522-2422. Cover photos by Dean Smart and Tony Whitten. Jaap Vermeulen currently works at the Natural History Museum, Leiden, the Netherlands. Tony Whitten is Senior Biodiversity Specialist in the Environment and Social Development Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region, the World Bank. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Biodiversity and cultural property in the management of limestone resources / edited by Jaap Vermeulen, Tony Whitten. p. cm. - (Directions in development series) Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-8213-4508-7 1. Limestone industry-Environmental aspects-East Asia. 2. Biological diversity conservation-East Asia. 3. Cultural property-Protection-East Asia. I. Vermeulen, Jaap, 1955- . II. Whitten, Tony, 1953- . III. Series: Directions in development (Washington, D.C.) OH545.M52855 1999 333.6'5516'0954-dc2l 99-29545 CIP Contents Foreword .................................... iv Acknowledgments ............................. vi Summary ................................... viii 1 Background and Policy Context ................... 1 2 Karst: Processes and Landforms ................... 5 3 Life in Karst Regions ........................... 11 4 Some Major Groups of Karst Organisms ........... 21 5 Archaeological, Geological, Aesthetic, and Cultural Values .............................. 46 6 Economic Importance .......................... 58 7 Threats ...................................... 67 8 Vulnerability to Disturbance ..................... 76 9 Impact Assessment and Site Selection .82 10 Impact Mitigation .89 11 Options for the National Management of Limestone Resources .96 Endnotes .99 Bibliography .100 Annex .117 iii Foreword As East Asia pulls itself from the grips of a major financial crisis, envi- ronmental managers and planners have an opportunity to better inte- grate environmental concerns with their governments' long-term devel- opment goals. The World Bank is working with its clients to facilitate this process, and to help them shift their growth paradigms toward more environmentally sustainable development. Limestone is found in all East Asian countries, and cement, the chief limestone product, is a common barometer of economic progress. Many WVorldBank-financed infrastructure projects use cement, often in consid- erable quantities, and are subject to careful screening to ensure compli- ance with the World Bank's environmental safeguard policies. Until now, the focus of the impact assessments has been on the immediate project area, or, when cement factories themselves are scrutinized, on the dust and noise emitted by the plants. Today, however, the perspectives have changed and we look at the broader "area of influence" of the project, and, as this report shows, there is more than dust and noise requiring attention. Environmental assessments have generally overlooked the impact of projects on the limestone-source areas. Limestone regions are remarkable for both their highly characteristic biodiversity and their importance as ancient and modern cultural heritage sites. Elements of these biological and cultural resources have considerable economic value, particularly at the local level. By ignoring these characteristics, development activities have directly and indirectly eliminated species and cultural sites, even when this could have been avoided had relatively simple preventive steps been taken. The report draws attention to two key aspects of lime- stone resource management that could help minimize impacts: (i) the selection of an appropriate site for exploitation, and (ii) the management of selected sites during and after quarrying. For example, sites already disturbed, without caves, or in a large connected area of limestone should be favored, and rational exploitation strategies should be developed iv FOREWORD V within the context of regional inventories and assessments of limestone resources. In addition, during and after quarrying, there exists a range of management options, from reducing blasting impacts to restoring sites, that can recapture many of the original values. Through a wide distribution of this report among the various stake- holders-infrastructure engineers, environmental assessment profession- als, biodiversity specialists, archaeologists and other cultural property specialists-the future management of limestone resources of East Asia would receive much needed attention. I am very pleased that IUCN-The World Conservation Union has col- laborated closely with us during the preparation of this report. KristalinaGeorgiezu Sector Manager Environment and Social Development East Asia and Pacific Region Note: An annotated set of maps at a scale of 1:1,000,000(1:4,000,000 for China) showing limestone outcrops in East Asia will be available in late 1999. For details please contact Tony Whitten on +1-202-522-7147, [email protected]. Acknowledgments Two groups of people have been central to the gathering and interpreta- tion of information presented within this technical paper. The first set comprises the team* hired to write the subject reports: Wim Bergmans (the Netherlands, IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Netherlands Committee)-bats, Geoffrey Davison (Malaysia, World Wide Fund for Nature-molluscs, Louis Deharveng (France, CNRS-National Center for Scientific Research)-arthropods, Ian Glover (the United Kingdom, University College London)-archaeology, Guido Keijl (the Netherlands, IUCN Netherlands Committee)-bats, Ruth Kiew (Singapore, Singapore Botanic Gardens)-flowering plants, Maurice Kottelat (Switzerland)- fish, Willem Meijer (the United States, University of Kentucky)-mosses Nina Sengupta (the United States, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)-environmental assessment procedures, George Strong (the United Kingdom, British Geological Survey)-geology, and Jaap Vermeulen (the Netherlands, Leiden University, Rijksherbarium)-mol- luscs, botany, geology. The second group comprises those who made important contribu- tions, either during the Bangkok meeting or in reviewing draft versions of this document: Nigel Dudley (the United Kingdom, Equilibrium), Barbara French (the United States, Bat Conservation International), Hans Friederich (Vietnam, IUCN), Roy Garrett (Vietnam, Morning Star Cement Company-Holderbank), Jeff Green (the United States, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources), John Gunn (the United Kingdom, University of Huddersfield), Elery Hamilton-Smith (Australia, Chair, IUCN-World Commission on Protected Areas [WCPAI Working Group on Cave and Karst Protection), David Hanrahan (the United States, World Bank), Frank Howarth (the United States, Bishop Museum), Zakir Hussain (Thailand, IUCN), Robby Ko (Indonesia, Federation of Indonesian Speleological Activities), Lim Chan Koon (the United Kingdom, University of Kent, Canterbury), Dennis Long (Vietnam, International Finance Corporation [IFC]), Robert Mather (Thailand, vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii World Wildlife Fund), Colin McQuistan (Thailand, Thailand Environment Institute), Frank Momberg (Vietnam, Fauna and Flora International), Alexander Monastyrskii (Vietnam, Vietnam-Russia Tropical Research Centre), Peter Neame (the United States, IFC), Minh Huan Nguyen (Vietnam, Nghi Son Cement Company), Pisit Na Patalung (Thailand, Zoological Parks Organisation), Vivien Rosa Ratnawati (Indonesia, Environmental Impact Management Agency), Sompoad Srikomasatara (Thailand, Mahidol University), Dean I. Smart (Thailand, Royal Forestry Department), Frederick D. Stone (the United States, Hawaii Community College), Hans
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