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New Edition Yiewfinder Topics

South Africo

The Roinbow Nation of the Cape

compiled ond edited by Cloudio Drowe

L Langenscheidt

Berlin. München. Wien .Zürich. New York Viewfinder Topics

U nterrichtsmoteriolien fur die Sekundo rstufe I I Soulh Africo The Rainbow Nafion ol fhe CaPe

Herausgeber: Prof. em. Dr. Dr. h.c. Dr. h.c. Peter Freese Autorin: Dr. Claudia Drawe Projekt-Team'. Dr. Martin Arndt, Münster Prof. Dr. Mita Banerjee, Siegen David Beal, M. 4., Bochum Cornelia Becker, Bremen Dr. Peter Dines, Cert. Ed., Ludwigsburg Prof. i. R. Dr. Hanspeter Dörfel, Ludwigsburg Prof. Dr. Sabine Doff, Frankfurt / Main Dr. Claudia Drawe, Essen OStR Dieter Düwel, Castrop-Rauxel Prof, em. Dr. Dr. h.c. Dr. h.c. Peter Freese, Paderborn Dr. Carin Freywald t Dr. Christine Gottstein-Strobl, Eichstätt Jennifer von der Grün, B. A., Dortmund OStR Ulrich Imig, Wildeshausen OStR Reimer Jansen, Oyten-Sagehorn Dr. Michael Mitchell, M. 4., Reken und Warwick Prof. Dr. Michael Porsche, Paderborn StD i. E. Detlef Rediker, Lippstadt StD Dr. Peter-J. Rekowski, Kirchhain StD i.K. Peter Ringeisen, M. 4., Amberg Karl Sassenberg, Münster StD Henning Scholz I StD Dr. Annegret Schrick, Essen OStR Ekkehard Sprenger, Kiel StR Susanne Stadler, Wiesbaden OStD Dr. Dietrich Theißen I Donald Turner, M. A. T Prof. Dr. Latrenz Volkmann, Jena Philip Wade, M.4., Cert. Ed., Amberg

V er la g s r e daktio n: Dr . B eatrix Finke Visuelles Konzept, Loyout und Produktion'. Barbara Slowik, Atelier S., München

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O Printed in Germany O o ISBN: 978-3-526-5 1068-0 O Contents

South Africa - Facts and Figures p.4 I Claudia Drawe: The Khoikhoi at the Cape p.6 Info:VOC p.7 2 Claudia Drawe: The first settlement at the Cape p.9 Info: Jan van Riebeeck p. 10

3 Hermann Giliomee/Bernard Mbenga: Moving northwards - the Great Trek* p. 11 Info: Voortrekker leaders ...... p.12 4 Claudia Drawe: The battte for control - the South African War p. 13 Info: Treaty of Vereeniging .. p. 15

5 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom p. 16 Info: The ANC p.17 6 The Freedom Charter - a constitution for the future? * p. 18 7 I James Matthews: "The Park" p.2l I I fne Sharpeville Massacre* p.24 9 I Nehon Mandela: "I am prepared to die" * p.26 l0 I Steve Biko: "The definition of Black Consciousness" p.29 It Dan Moyane: The Soweto Uprising and its aftermath* p.32 Info: Soweto Uprising p.33

12 "Vote of the century opens era of hope" p.34 Info: Political parties in t994 p. 35 I3 I Nehon Mandela's statement at his presidential inauguration * p.36 I4 Antjie Krog: Country of My Skull Info:TRC p.40 r5 Thabo Mbeki: Statement on behalf of the ANC * p.42 Info: The election in2009 p.45 tó Zakes Mda: "Outsiders" p.46

17 Phaswane MpezWelcome to Our Hillbrow p.49 I8 Crime-ridden South Africax p.51 t9 Hermann Giliomee/Bernard Mbenga: South Africa's economy in the 20'h and 21"' centuries * p.53 20 Arthur Maimane: "The changing faces of Jo'burg" p.55 Info: Drummagazine p.57

211 K. Sello Duiker: The QuietViolence of Dreams 22t Christopher SaundersÆ'{icholas Southey: Sports in South Africa* 23t Phaswane Mpe: "An Ode to Bafana Bafana"

* Titles provided by the editor

South Africa J F

Cloudio Drowe I The Khoikhoi of lhe Cope When the Dutch Eost lndio Compony (Vereenigde Oost-lndische Compognie or VOC) ond with it the first Europeons orrived of the Cope of Good Hope in 1ó52, they did not find on "empty" lond os they cloimed loter on, but encountered ond troded with the Khoikhoi who lived there Little is known obout the Khoikhoi ond lhe Son ond Their troditions. During oportheid this port of history wos lefl out or wos not considered importont, but historions ore now concentroting their reseorch on the time before lhe onivol of Europeons to gother knowledge obout these eorly inhobiTonis of the Cope ond their woy of life.

Khoikhoi lineages and polities. (Hermann Giliomee / Bernard 2s Mbenga: New History of South Africa, Cape Town: Tafelberg, 2007,p.21.) The term "San" was given to the hunter-gatherers by the Khoikhoi, 30 while the Dutch settlers referred to them as "Bushmen". The Dutch called the Khoikhoi "Hottentots". Both terms are often used in historical documents. Nowadays 35 the term "Khoisan" is also often used because both indigenous groups interacted and integrated with each other, so that a clear distinction became impossible. 40 The structure of Khoikhoi society is well illustrated by the A drawing of the Khoikhoi by Samuel Daniell following passage: [T]he Khoikhoi were organised r When Europeans started settling at the Cape, they met in approximately twelve chiefdoms that the Dutch called 45 two groups of indigenous people, the Khoikhoi and the 'nations'. Some were ruled by male figures (called'kings' San. The Khoikhoi were pastorals, meaning that they or 'captains' by the Dutch), but others had no leaders owned cattle or sheep and herded groups of these animals above headmen of small clans. 5 across the land. The San lived off the land as hunter- Though Khoikhoi had no standing armies and no gatherers feeding on the plants they could find and military leaders apart from their chiefs, they seem to 5Ò hunting antelopes and smaller mammals. The relationship have engaged in frequent wars. European observers were between Khoikhoi and San shifted frequently from deeply impressed by their dexterity in battle and by their peaceful coexistence to brief spells of war. skilful use of weapons. Wars were often triggered by ro The instability in Khoikhoi society was further cattle theft, murders, and by the abduction of prominent intensified by the nearby presence of San. Some San women - provocations that led to vendettas that would 55 groups frequently attacked the Khoikhoi, sowing terror smoulder and flare up over the generations. Khoikhoi by firing off poisoned arrows normally used to hunt fought pitched battles, using assegais , bows, stones and great game, and stealing and frequently slaughtering darts as offensive weapons; they massed their oxen 1s Khoikhoi livestock. together as defensive ramparts and drove them forward Yet many so-called San also lived peaceably in or on as flying wedges to gore and trample the enemy. 60 the fringes of Khoikhoi societies, serving Khoikhoi as Such battles, though apparently not very bloody, often hunters, guides, or spies and soldiers in time of war. resulted in significant transfers of herds and flocks from cases Khoikhoi hired some as herders and took some as wives. the vanquished to the victors. In other - as, for 20 In many areas, notably the southwestern Cape, the example, when they faced Dutch soldiers armed with guerrilla boundary between Khoikhoi and San became increasingly muskets - the Khoikhoi could resort to tactics, 65 attack unclear. Newly impoverished Khoikhoi were often called characterised by swift and overwhelming [sic] on i 20) v San, and San who had prospered were absorbed into the enemy's herds. (Ibid., P. i ¡l I I 6 South Afrìca 'ì -Y

Animals were essential to Khoikhoi societY, bec¿ruse 70 they were a source offood (in this case of milk and meat), because theY Providecl .{a clothing, transport ¿lnd were a syrnbol of wealth' This last 75 point became verY imPortant because the livestock were more valuable for the Khoikhoi than the land itself since that was onlY used to feed the Bo animals and thus seen as pasture. It did not belong to anyone sPecificallY. For the Dutch the land itself was important and was fencecl in 85 ancl claimed as their own terlitorY while the anirnals wele solelY seen as Providing food. The issue of land ownershiP and the cliff-elent Cape eo percePtions of the irnPofiance Bushmen paintings in the Cederberge, Western and livestock of the land f cättle bY in the interaction between Khoikhoi and became crucial the VOC out bY Europeans and led to w¿u's in the l Tth century' The VOC and 105 settlement at the Cape and saw the established the first Khoikhoi of meat for the passing ships that 95 Khoikhoi as providers Being the were mol'e selious: loss of livestock and land' sailecl on to ìh" Dut"h colony of Batavia' At first lobbecl of their way of life meant that they were forced Khoikhoi agreed to barter their animals with the Dutch' or to become labourers. In ¿rddition, their numbers were theY either offered '1 but soon in 10 ch dlastically leduce

voc and was a private commercial trading VOC stands for "Yereenigde Oost-lndische ComPagnie" a trading monopoly in thø arøa eôst of the company It was foundød in 1ó02 and enioYed the largest company in thø world in the 17th Cape of Good HoPø which enabled it to bøcome powerful, though it lost its power in the 18th c¿ntury cøntury, lt was PoliticallY and economically vøry tradørs and becausø its Personnel bøcame as a r¿sult of comPetition from English and French corrupt. lt was declared bankrupt in 1794

VocobulorY hove 2 indigenous (odj,)l indigenous onimols' plonts etc otwoyi lived or grown noturolly in lhe ploce where lhey - ãr", åt oppot"J To others thot were brought |here 22 impoveristted (odj')l very poor'24lineoge (n ),: /'hni-ld5/ fø tft" woy in which members of o fomily ore descended form from olher members - 24 polity (n ): fml' o porliculor ãl politicol government orgonizolion' or o condition of

South Africa 7 gores s,o., il wounds them with its horns or tusks - ó3 vonquish Explonotions (v.): líterary 1o defeot s,o, or s.lh, completely - 8l posture (n,): lond or o field lhqt is covered wilh gross qnd is used Title: Khoikhoi: lhis term literory meons "men of men", The for cottle, sheep etc, - 92 cruciol (odj.): somelhing thot is Khoikhoi lived in fhe South Weslern Cope during the lSth cruciol is extremely imporlonÌ becouse everything else century ol the time when ihe Portuguese first rounded the depends on it - 97 to boller (v,): to exchonge goods, works Cope. The hislory of the Khoikhoi is lorgely unknown, bul it or services for other goods or services rother thon money - is supposed thof they first oppeored some 2000 years ogo 104 retribulion (n,): punishment for s,th, serious - 104 lo mete in the oreq now occupied by Bolswono ond Nomibio, They groups out (v,): if you mele oul o punishment, you give it to s,o, moved furlher south so thot by AD 500 Khoikhoi were seltled olong the weslern, southern ond eostern Cope coosts. - lntroduction: Son: The Sqn ore lhe eorliest people to hove lived in soufhern Africo, They were B.lr ,rv r spreod ocross the subconlinent ond hod on extensive knowledge of their environment. They lived in smqll bonds, During lhe l8Ìh ond l9lh 'l cenlury lhey were hunted íÈ qnd neorly i+:\\ down r*/: exlerminoted by while seltlers, A smqll number of Son survived in remote - 57 ossegoi: /'9" \ deserl oreqs, f!, wooden speor - 96 Bolovio: This wos the nqme thof the Dutch gove lo lhe lndonesion copitol Jokorïo, Bqtovio wos founded on the ruins of lhe Jqvonese town by VOC governor generol J,P, Coen in ló19,

A historical view of Batavia

AweR¡ruess 1 Who were probably the first people to settle in the area where you live?

CoupRenerusroll 2 Which groups inhabited the area around the Cape before the 17th century? 3 What did the San and the Khoikhoi do for a living?

Arunlvsrs 4 What are the most significant traits of the relationship between the Khoikhoi and the San? 5 Why did the Europeans and the Khoikhoi clash?

Oprruro¡t 6 To what extent did Khoikhoi and Dutch society differ in the 17th century? 7 Why did the Khoikhoi lose their dominant position at the Cape? Give reasons.

PRo¡ecr 8 Find out more about the people who lived within the boundaries of today's South Africa before the Europeans arrived there. Who are they? How were their societies structured?

B South Africa Cloudio Drowe

The firsï settlement qT the CoPe

WiîhtheorrivolofJonvonRiebeeck(seep'10)in1ós2lhesiiuotionottheCopechongeddrostìcolly'(see p 8), but longer o refreshmeni stotion on the route To Bolovio The cope of Good uopå *o, no (Voc) the merconiile Vereenigde oosl-lndische compognie become o sel'emenl 1¡ot wos dominoted by onditsinteresls(seep.7)WhenlheBritishoccupiedtheCopeinlTg5ondstortedtocoloniseit,the ðof" ,nO"t*enl onother mojor odministrotive chonge' lost its capture the Cape first' In addition, the VOC had po*e. ond was thus easily taken over by the Blitish' inother reason was their awakening desire fol colonies

wine industry of the country' This was an exceptlon rather reluctant to allow tlew 30 becattse the VOC was people. or settlers into CaPe societY Most imPortant of all was to the encourage immigration the second clause' lt stated a reason whY Cape. This was that "no lKhoikhoi] or other not grow the settlement did free person ofcolour,lawfullY 80 the end of 3s rapidlY, so that bY residing in this ColonY, shall onlY I 5,000 the I 8th century be subject to anY comPulsorY in the free burghers lived service to which other of His colonY. Majesty's subjects therein are In 1195 the British not liable, nor to anY hin- 85 40 occuPation of the CaPe drance, molestation, fine, interest in the started. Its imprisonment, or Punishrnent settlement wers caused bY of any kind whatsoever ." French their fear of glowing unless after trial in due course power in EuroPe. TheY did eo Western Cape of law". 4s not want their enemY to The Huguenot Museum in Franschhoek'

South Africa o protected The intention of Ordinance 50 may well have been to fairly between English and Afrikaans [sic] and it the free up labour on Afrikaner farms for the use of British the rights of the labourer to a certain extent, but loo settlers in the Eastern Cape, but it did at least free the population nevertheless remained "free men who depend Khoikhoi from the threat of legally endorsed coerced on employment for food" rather than independent pro- es labour under the pretence of antivagrancy laws' What ducers. (Hermann Giliomee / Bernard Mbenga: New Cape Town: Tafelbery,20O7 Ordinance 50 did not do was to alleviate the economic History of South Africa, ' plight of the coloured person.It distributed labour more p.89)

Jan van Riebeeck was born in 1ó19, He was a ship's surgeon' merchant and official of the VOC, He østablished a refreshmønt stôtion at the Cape in 1ó52 and sewed as the first Commander of the Cape from 1ó52 to 1662. He died in 1677 , Traces of the first settlement ôt the Cape can be found in Cape Town: the Castle and the Company's garden are examples for it, During apartheid and in history books he was often rølerred to as the "founding fathør of the country", implying that the history of South Africa stôrts with his arrival at the Cape. This approach is highly questionable' Today's history books include information about the first inhabitants of thø Cape,

Jan van Riebeeck

Vocobulory AwnReruess 9 replenish (v ): fml lo fill s,th, ogoin or put new supplies into 1 What do you know about the trade routes of s.th. - I I scurvy (n,): o diseqse coused by not eoting foods the Europeans to lndia/Asia? Draw a map of such qs fruit ond vegelobles thot conloin vitomin C - ó2 these routes. remunerote (v.): fnLlo poy s,o, for s'lh' They hove done for given ruler or you - 70 ordinonce (n,): on order by o CovlpReteruslotrl (n fml' the oct of governing orgonizoiion - ô5 h¡ndronce ): 2 Why did the Europeans trade with Asian moking il difficult for s.o, to do s,lh' - 8ó lo molesl (v.): o/d- countries? foshionedlo ollock ond physicolly horm s.o' - 95 vogroncy Which goods were exchanged? (n,): lhe criminol offence of living on the street ond begging 3 Who settled at the CaPe? from people - 9ó lo olleviote (v.): to moke s,fh' less poinful 4 Cape society and its structure in or difficult 5 Describe the 17th and 18th centurY. 6 What were the functions and the effects of Ordinance 50? Explonolions l9 free burghers: former officiqls of ihe VOC who were Arunlvsrs given lond to form, The term wos olso used for oll white 7 What was the Cape's function in the first people ot the Cope, The relotionship between free burghers place? ond the VOC wos sometimes tense due to the economic 8 what did the British change? reslriclions by the VOC. - 2ó Huguenots: French prolestont refugees who left their counlry becouse their religion wos Oprrutoru declqred illegol ond seltled ot the Cope between ló88 9 How did the settlers react to these changes? ond l7OO, - 53 commissioners: fhe Brilish government Explain why the settlers reacted as they did' oppointed officiols to invesligole condilions ol the Cope. J T' Bigge The commissioners of the fime menlioned were PRo¡ecr - Afr¡koner: see p' 5 - ó3 Clonwilliom: ond W, Colebrooke, 58 1O Find out more about slavery at the Cape. lown in the northern port of Ihe Western Cope - 98 Afrikoons: Where d¡d the slaves come from? Afrikoons is o longuoge lhqt evolved from Dulch spoken in What were theY needed for? the l Tfh cenfury ond its creolisotion by longuoges spoken How did slavery shape society at the Cape? by sloves, Khoikhoi, Portuguese ond coloureds' lt developed inlo o seporote longuoge in the 19th century'

10 South Africa Hermqnn Giliomee / Bernord Mbengo

Moving norlhwords - The Greol Trek*

British colonists ond ihe Afrikoner The growing tension belween the formers (see pp, 9f ) led to whot is known os the Greot Trek, Groups of Afrikoners got logether ond decided to move northwords ond owoy from the Cope Colony. The reosons for this movement were monifoìd os the text will show, - Hermqnn Giliomee / Bernord Mbengo: New Hisfory of Soulh Africa (Cape Town: Tofelberg, 2007), pp tOB-ì ì I

r Two streams of Afrikaner migrants left the Colony in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. The first was an emi- s gration of people called trekboers, who moved across the border as individual families in search of better pasture; the others moved in trek parties and emPhasised 10 political issues. They would later be called Voortrekkers. Their trek was a bold and dramatic response to a Political crisis that had engulfed the 15 eastern and northeastern distlicts of the Cape Colony from the mid- 1820s to the end ofthe I 830s. It was a fairly orderly mass rebellion against a breakdown of security The Voortrekkers used ox wagons on their iourneys 20 that the participants considered intolerable. Many also moved because all the land in called trekboers in the north and northeast, were already the frontier distr.icts had been taken. Thus the trek was expanding beyond the border, and severe droughts also a solution to a matelial problem. [...] spurred them on.Initially they made humble requests to cross the border only as a temporary relief measure. But, Lack ofland by the end ofthe 1820s, these trekboers were no longer 50 and informing the authorities 25 A shortage of land had long been acute on the frontier, asking permission, simply and the situation had steadily worsened between 1812 in Graaff-Reinet that they were crossing the boundafy. and the mid-1830s. During the eighteenth century the Many trekboers sold their farms and moved to the other farmers, or their sons or sons-in-law, moved on to new side of the border. land after pastures had been exhausted. But that depended of labour 55 30 on 'free' land - that is, land that could be taken without Lack any cost and converted into a loan farm. Labour had long been a critical issue. The farms were Èarly in the nineteenth century this way of life came large and homesteads were six or seven kilometres apaft, toanend.Inlsl3theBritishabolishedthefamiliarloan with no fences to keep cattle in. Particularly after farm system, and introduced a system of perpetual Ordinance 50 there was a severe shortage of cattle servants well. Dr 60 35 quitreni tenure. There was a long delay in the issue of herders. Farmers did not pay their title deeds, farms were wrongly surveyed and in some Philip believed that the farmers would attract labour if cases corrupt surveyors pocketed the money. they offered good cash wages, but Afrikaner colonists From the early 1830s the government returned land were much slower than their British counterparts to applications with a note that it could no longer issue switch to commercial farming and cash wages. These land hoped to retain labourers 65 40 tán¿. fn" marketprice of established farms rose sharply. farmers with sufficient people left the because they wished to obtain by displaying a benign paternalism, particularly by "ãlony newlandtopractisesubsistencefarmingalongtraditional allowing servants to keep some stock. However, the lines. growing pressure on the land meant that few farmers There seemed to be abundant free land beyond the could provide the Khoikhoi with enough land for their 70 45 colonial borders. By the mid-1820s migrant farmers, own stock'

South Africa 11 Ì

Ordinance 50 of 1828 freed the Khoikhoi from all how to cope with vagrancy and constant cattle theft; 1oo curbs on their movement, and they began moving away many had experienced heavy losses offlocks and herds, in large numbers from the farms. [...] The loss of and some were afraid for their lives. [...] patriarchal authority over slaves or servants was an 75 important reason why many trekkers left. Ordinance 50 Political marginalisation proscribed the punishment of Khoisan labourers by Lack of land, labour and security were serious sources masters. On I December 1834 the right to punish slaves, of discontent. Yet by themselves they are not enough to 105 now called apprentices, was also abolished. Labourers, explain why not only landless people left the colony but particularly slave apprentices after I 834, felt free to take also fairly wealthy fatmers, who sold their farms cheaply. 80 their masters or mistresses to couft. Several Voortrekker To understand this, their grievances about a lack of leaders had brushes with the law representation must be taken into about punishing their slaves or account. 110 servants. [...] This was keenly felt because labouring classes were now on Lack of security an equal footing with them. These 85 Another central reason for the feelings were rooted in the status '115 trek was the grave insecurity on distinctions of the VOC that were the frontier. In Tarka and other not formally racial. There was no parts ofthe northeastern border, developed lheory of racism Bushmen bands had been among the frontier farmers, or eo stealing cattle. [...] V/andering among Afrikaners in general, parties moved across the frontier, during the nineteenth centurY. 120 stealing or begging for food. t...1 Government agents could issue A lack of representative bodies passes for short periods; those where they could voice their sb who wished to stay longer to complaints was one of the work had to negotiate a contract. important reasons why so many 125 In reality the government was believed it was impossible to unable to control the influx. Most remain in the colony. frontier burghers did not know The Vooñrekker Monument (1940), Pretoria q'4le

Voortrekket leadeß The term "Great Trek" referslo differentlrekparties, The treks set out from differenl places at different times with more than 100 participants, The Trekswere led by brave lrekleaders, Onø example for such a leader was Louis Tregardt (1783-1838), Hø trekked to Delagoa Bay (now Maputo in Mozambique) in 1 83ó, where he diød of malaria, Other well-known leaders were Hendrik Potgieter (1794-1852) , Piet uys (1797-1838) and Piet Retief (1780-1838), Hendrik Potg¡eter left the cape colony in 1834 and trekked northwards, He founded several towns/ e,g. Potchefstroom. Piet Retief made his way over tne Drakensberg rangø hoping to find fertile land, The Zulu under Dingaan were suspicious of his intention and believed that he wanted to attack thøm, They invitød Retief and his men into their village (kraal) and killød them. Piet Uys left his home Uitenhage in 1837 and traveled to Natal and to the area thôt is now called Free State. He was killed in a battle with the Zulu. Ihe Greatlrek became a myth of Afrikôner nôt¡onôlism in the 20th century, The Trek was porlrayed as a heroic deød oÍ hard working and enduring people who had to fight British and African ôdversôries in ordør to gain their indepen dence. They were undørstood as chosen people who had suff ered the hardships of the Trek with the help of God.

Vocobulory 35 tenure (n,): the legol righl to live in o house or use o - 48 to spur on (v,)t to encouroge s'o, to try horder in order piece of lond for o period of time - 42 subsistence (n'): o to succeed - 5ó criticql (odj.): very importont becquse whol on iÌ - óó benign (odj smoll qmount of money or food thol is just enough 1o survive hoppens in fhe fuiure depends ): kind

12 South Africa ond genlle - óó polernolism (n'): o system of conirolling people or orgonizotions, in which people ore protected AwnReruess ond their needs ore sotisfied, bul they do noi hove ony 1 Have you come across an event like the freedom or responsibilily -761o proscribe (v.): fml, to try lo Great Trek in world history? Which one is it? slop lhe exislence of s,lh, such os o politicol orgonizotion Why did people move? - 8l brush (n,): herel o time when you only jusl ovoid on unpleosonl situoÌion or orgumenl - 100 vogroncy (n'): the CorupRexerusloru criminol offence of living on the street ond begging from 2 What are the differences between trekboers people and Voortrekkers?

ArunlYsls 3 Why did some farmers leave the Cape Explonolions Colony? I 7l 4 33 loqn f otm syslem: it wos inf roduced by the VOC in 4 To what extent was the British colonial The formers were given lond for on onnuol fee of 24 rtx- system responsible for the Great Trek? dollors, The ronge of Ihe oreo controlled by lhe indlviduol former wos defined by o rodius of o holf-hour wolk in every Oprrutoru by the government direction, - 35 quitrenl: o Tox imposed 5 Can you imagine why the Great Trek became - Gfooff-Reinel: lown in the on freehold or leosed lond 52 a key event in historiography during apart- pp. 9f. - ó0 Dr John Eostern Cope - 59 Ordinonce 50: see heid? Give reasons for your opinion. Philip (1775-ì851): Scoltish missionory He orrived of the in lBlg ond worked os o superintendent of fhe Cope Pno.lecr London Missionory Society' He wos crilicol of the f reotment Roughly at the same time as the Great Trek, of fhe Khoikhoi ond o member of the onti-slovery society 6 areas of South Africa were affected - ó9 Khoikhoi: see p, I - 89 Bushmen: see p' ó - l15 VOC: other by the Mfecane, also called Difaqane (Sotho)' see p, 7 Find out what the Mfecane is and what decisive impact it had on Africans'

Cloudio Drowe

The bqttle for control - the South Africon Wor exponsion of During the 19th century the tension belween the Briiish ond the Afrikoners grew wilh lhe the tfre gritisl-ì Empire ond the onnexotion of Notol in I843, omong others, A militory conflicl between gold in the Witwoiersrond two groups become ineviloble. With the discovery of diomonds in Ihe l8ó0s ond ond led to reef, Tronsvool, in 188ó, The struggle for power ond control over these resources escoloted the South Africon Wor, which is olso known os the Anglo-Boer Wor'

Cape and the 10 The Boer republics, the Orange Free State and the into the other British colonies, namely the havoc and confusion for Transvaal, declared war on Great Britain in October Natal Colony, and thus cause the British Empire. 1 899 because they wanted to preserve their independence' hand, thought that they could They also hoped that they could influence the outcome The British, on the othet easily and swiftly win this war against "a mob or rough 5 of the war positively if they acted quickly and thus caught (Hermann Giliomee/ Bernard 15 the British unawares whose troops in South Africa were tribe of Boer riflemen" Africa, Cape Town: weak in comparison and needed reinforcing for a full Mbenga: New History of South p 1) . They underestimated their blown war. Another reason for the Boer republics to Tafelberg, 2001 , . 21 the end 1899 the so-called declare war was their hope that the fighting would spread enemy greatly so that by of

South Africa 13 plementing what was to become known as "scorched earth" tactics. This meant 30 that the British forces acted against civilians by buming farms and crops and slaughtering livestock thus $/a diminishing the food re- 35 The Second Anglo-Boer sources of their enemies. They hoped to weaken the supply and the morale of the Boer commandos bY stripping them of the helP 40 and support from their families. Another measure used to crush Boer re- sistance was the establishing of concentration camps where mostly old people, women and children were kept 45 in appalling living conditions. Many people died of malnutrition or diseases in the camps' Thus scorched earth tactics together with the implementation of concen- tration camps led to a serious rift between the two white groups in South Africa. 50 The Boer republics resorted to effective guerrilla warfare, so that the war dragged on for another two years. In 1902 both sides were exhausted by the war effort and decided to negotiate the end of the war. This led to the Treaty of Vereeniging and resulted in the loss 55 in exchange for Lord Frederick Robe¡ls Lord Horatio H. Kitchener of independence of the Boer republics British help in reconstructing them' Though the rift the South Boer commandos or troops could invade deep the British between Boer and British increased because of 20 territory and lay siege to strategically important towns African War, the Union of South Africa in 1910 unified like Mafeking (in the north near the border of what is now the white population in practice and thus established its 60 Botswana) and Ladysmith in what is now KwaZulu- dominance over the black majority living in the country' Natal. The South African War was one of the most costly The British reacted by sending in massive re- for the British Empire. Beside the financial cost of 217 zs inforcements. They also sent a new chief commander, million pounds, 22p00 British and 7000 Boer soldiers Lord Roberts, and his chief of staff, Lord Kitchener, to lost their lives while 20,000 Boer civilians and about 65 South Africa who gave the war a new turn by im- 20,000 Africans died during the war.

Vocobulory qnd the Afrikoners (see 5 to colch s.b. unoworesl to hoppen or do s.th. in o woy fhot the Oronge Free Slote belonged Io todoy's s,o. wos not expecting ond so wos not prepored for - I I p 5) The territory of lhe Cope Colony mqtches qnd hovoc (n,): o siluotion in which there is q lol of confusion Western, Eostern Northern Cope token logether' Nolol is now or domoge - 24f. leinforcements (n' pl'): more soldiers who ond Zululond ore todoy's KwoZulu-Nolol. Tronsvool Gouteng, The qre sent lo on ormy fo moke it sf ronger - 27f ' to implement fhe provinces Limpopo, Mpumolongo ond (v,): to toke oclion or moke chonges thot you hove officiolly Oronge Free Stoie is now colled Free Slole. l9 century decided should hoppen - 49 rilt (n ): o situotion in which two commondosl This term wos firsT used in The lTlh people or groups hove begun io dislike or distrust eoch when free burghers (see p. 10) orgonised their own mililory p, ofher, usuolly coused by o serious disogreement units lhqt were independent of fhe VOC's (see 7) control. The Voortrekkers (see p, 1l) used lhe commondo system ogoinsl their Africon (see p. 5) enemies. Commondo service Explonolions wos compulsory in the two Boer republics during lhe South Roberts (1832-1914): I () Cope ond Nolol Colony: ln the 1890s the Cope Colony, Africon Wor. - 2ó Lord Frederick Nqlol ond Zululond were British terrifories, while fronsvool Commqnder-in-Chief of lhe British forces in the South Africon

14 South Africa (lB5O-19ìó): Commonder-in-Chief of lhe Briiish Wor until 1900, He lhen become Commonder-in-Chief of lhe Kitchener l9O0 to the end of the South Af ricon Wor British Army from l90l-1904' - 26 Lord Horolio Herbert forces from qtrlo

Treaty of Vereeniging British Empire and the two Boer Republics was the Treary Th€ outcome of tne neg-otiations betwøen thø were included: of Verøøniging, The following important agreøments Arms ] ônd desist from any further ,,The Forcøs ¡n tnelield will forthwith lay down their [" ' BURGHER as their lawful of Hls MAJESTy KING EDWARD Vll whom they recognise røsistancø to the Authority and Surrender will be arranged bøtween Lord Kitchenør SOVEREIGN, The mannør uÁd d"tu¡1, of this De t de \let'" f eotna, nssistant Commandant Genøral la R COLONy *ilf O" taught in Public Schools in the TRANS cessary for tne CnitOrø-n desirø it, and will bø allowed i the better and more efføctual Administration of Justice'" until aftør the introduction of self- ,,The question ot grant¡ng tne Franchise to Nôtives will not 6e decided Government. of thø TRANSVAAL and a Commission t...I will be appointød in øach D¡strict "As soon as conditions Permit, the of a Magistrate or Official, for the purpose of assisting ORANGE RIVER COLONY, under the Presidency those who, owlng to war losses, arø unable to Provide restorôtion of thø People to thø¡r homes and supplying ômount of seed, stock, impløments etc, indispensablø for themselves, with food, shelter , and the necøssary normal occupations to the resumption of their will be grant of three million pounds, His Majesty's Governmønt PrePared "ln addition to the abovø namedfree over purposes, free of interest for two yeôrs, and afterwards rePaYable to make advances as loans for thø same a period of years with 3 per cent interøst'"

Explonotions

AwnReruess 1 What is guerilla warfare?

CovlpReHe rusloltl they work? Give reasons for your oplnlon Which Strategies were used by the Afrikaners? Did 2 (ll' 3 What is meant by "a mob of Boer riflemen" 14f')?

Arunlvsts they achieve ? 4 Explain scorched earth tactics' What results did

Opruoru 5DoyouthinkthattheSouthAfricanWarfinallyunitedthetwowhitegroups? Give reasons for Your oplnlon'

Pno¡ecr 6 a¡n? sh?

South Africa 15 l'

Long Wolk to Freedom

A series The Notionol porty come into power in 1948 ond storted to implemenl its ideology of oportheid' reguloie conloct of ¡ows wos enocted to seporote oll South Africons inio prescribed cotegories ond to of lhe between lhe rociol groups. ln foct, through this policy the porty supported lhe white minority rule to counlry, excluded fhe mojority of lhe populotion from the polilicol process ond degroded them 'l lowords o cheop lobourers. ln the 95Os there slill seemed to be o chonce to stop this development segregoTed ond highly divided society, Mony resistonce movements Iried to reverse ond oppose rocioliy 'ì952 the process ihrough possivé resistonce, The Defionce Compoign in is on exomple, - Nelson Mondelo, LongWatkloFreedom(London:Abocus, 1995), pp. l4óf , l5l-153, 159'

the Gandhian model not as an inviolable principle but as a tactic to be used as the situation demanded. The principle was not so important that the strategy should 25 be used even when it was self-defeating, as Gandhi himself believed. I called for non-violent protest for as long as it was effective. [...] On that first day of the Defiance Campaign more than 250 volunteers around the country violated various unjust 30 laws and were imprisoned. It was an auspicious beginning. Our troops were orderly, disciplined, and confident. Over the next five months, 8 ,500 people took part in the campaign. Doctors, factory workers, lawyers, 35 teachers, students, ministers, defied and went to jail' They sang, "Hey, Malan! Open the jail doors. We want to enter." The campaign spread throughout the 'Witwatersrand, to Durban and to Port Elizabeth, East London and Cape Town, and smaller towns in the eastern 40 ! and western Cape. Resistance was beginning to percolate Protesters during the Defiance Campaign ! even in the rural areas. For the most part, the offences I ( the were minor, and the penalties ranged from no more than I r We fleaders of the ANC] also discussed whether the of a campaign should follow the Gandhian principles of non- a few nights in jail to a few weeks, with option I 10. The campaign received 45 a violence or what the Mahatma called satyagraha, a non- fine which rarely exceeded f membership violence that seeks to conquer through conversion. Some an enormous amount of publicity and the to 100,000, with s argued for non-violence on purely ethical grounds, saying of the ANC shot up from some 20,000 the eastern it was morally superior to any other method. This idea the most spectacular increase occurring in members. was strongly affirmed by Manilal Gandhi, the Mahatma's Cape, which contributed half of all new [. '.] a threat to 50 son and the editor of the newspaper Indian Opinion' The government saw the campaign as its civil who was a prominent member of the SAIC. With his security and its policy ofapartheid. They regarded 1o gentle demeanour, Gandhi seemed the very disobedience not as a form of protest but as a crime, and between personification of non-violence, and he insisted that the were perturbed by the growing partnership designed to divide campaign be run along identical lines to that of his father's Africans and Indians. Apartheid was groups could 55 in India. racial groups, and we showed that different united front between Others said that we should approach this issue not work together. The prospect of a but of tactics and Africans and Indians, between moderates and radicals, 1 s from the point of view of principles , insisted that the that we should employ the method demanded by the greatly worried them. The Nationalists and led by communist agitators. conditions. If a particular method or tactic enabled us to campaign was instigated justice announced that he would soon 60 defeat the enemy, then it should be used. In this case, the The minister of state was far more powerful than we, and any attempts 20 at violence by us would be devastatingly crushed. This made non-violence a practical necessity rather than an option. This was my view, and I saw non-violence on

16 South Africa 65 people without trial, and the Climinal campaign, oul membership swelled to Laws Amendment Act, which 100,000. The ANC emerged as a tluly authorized corporal punishment for mass-based organization with an 85 defiers. [...] i,l' impressive corps of experienced Vy'e made manY mistakes, but the activists who had bravecl the police, the 70 Defiance CamPaign marked a new courts and the jails. The stigma usually chapter in the struggle. The six laws we associated with impr.isonmenr hacl been singled out were not overturned; but removed. This was a significant 90 we never had any illusion that theY achievement, for fear of pr.ison is a would be. We selected them as the most tremendous hindrance to a liberation 7s immediate burden pressing on the lives struggle. From the Defiance Campaign of the people, and the best way to onward, going to prison became a badge engage the greatest number ofpeople in of honour among Africans. 'We the struggle. were extremely proud of the fact Manilal Gandhi and his daughter that during the six months of the Prior to the campaign, the ANC was (1e46) 8o more talk than action. \ù/e had no paid campaign, there was not a single act of organizers, no staff and a membership that did little violenceonourside.Thedisciplineof ourresisterswas more than pay lip-service to our cause. As a result of the exemplary. 100 qt4,o

The ANC ANC stands for African National Congress and was founded in 1912 to oppose the growing tidø of segregation, The organisation was called South African Native National Congress c (SANNC) prior to 1923. At first its tactics took the moderateform of pøtitioning. A new generation influencød by African nationalism called for more ôctlv€ opposition to the state in 'l tñe 1940s, As a result the ANC usød passive resistance. lt was banned in 960, which led to a change of tactics to an armød struggle and an organisation in exile. lnternationally it became a symbol of opposition to apartheid. lt was legalised in 1990 and is still thø leading party in South Africa'

Vocobulory Explonotions l0 demeonour (n,): the woy s.o, behoves or looks thol gives I ANC: see p, 17 - 7 Monilol Gondhil wos born in lndio in I 892 you o generol ideo of lheir chorocfer - 23 invioloble (odj'): qnd wos the second son of Mohotmo Gondhi. He lived in fml, qn invioloble right, low, principle etc is extremely Soulh Aficq wiih his fomily ond joined his folher's sotyogroho folher ìmportoni ond should be got not rid of - 3l ouspicious (odj'): struggle in 1910. He stoyed in South Africo while his joined possive fml, likely lo be successful - 3ó to defy (v'): to refuse to obey returned to lndio, ln lhe 1950s he the died o low or rule, or refuse to do whol s,o' in oulhoriTy tells you resistonce struggle ond the Defionce Compoign' He Africon lo do - 4l to percolole (v,): if informotion percololes omong in 195ó, - 9 SAIC: the obbreviotion stonds for South wos formed in people, il is possed groduolly from one person to onother Indion Congress, 11 wos on orgonisolion thot in South Africo. lt - 53 perturbed (odj.): worried or onnoyed becouse of s'1h, l92O to represent the inlerests of Indions (n,): in which orgonised moss resistonce compoigns' - 37 Doniel F. Molon: thot hos hoppened - ó4 mortiol low o siluotion 'l948-1954 the ormy controls on oreq insteod of the police, esp' wos born in 1874, He wos Prime Minister from ond proctice. becouse of fighting ogoinst lhe government - 92 hindronce put his Notionol Porty's policy of oportheid into (n.): fml the ocl of moking it dìfficult for s'o to do s th lVqlon died in 1959. - 57 Africon, lndion: see p.5

Awnneruess Do you know of any other examples of passive resistance in modern history?

CovpRe He rusloll 2 What kind of methods for passive resistance do you know? 3 What was the Defiance Campaign? Was it a success? 4 Why did going to prison become a badge of honour (1. 94 ff')?

South Africa 17 r

Arunlvsrs 5 Which ideologies influenced the Defiance Campaign? 6 Non-violent resistance is discussed at the beginning of the text. Which two approaches can you find? To what extent do they differ from each other? 7 What measures were iaken by the apartheid government to react to oppositional movements? 8 What is Mandela's attitude towards passive resistance?

Oprruroru g How effective can passive resistance be? G ive reasons for you r opin ion. 10 The main influence on the defiance campaign was Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of passive resistance. To what extent can these campaigns be called passive resistance?

Pno¡ecr 11 Find out more about Mahatma Gandhi's stay in South Africa from'1893 to 1914 when he founded the Natal lndian congress in 1894. lt had an important influence on him and his ideas about the British Empire in lndia. How are these two (his experiences in south Africa and lndia) intercon nected? Mahatma Gandhi

The Freedom Chorter - o constitution for lhe future?.

The Freedom Chorler is on imporlonl document, lt E contoins oll the demonds ond oims the people opposing - oportheid hod in the 1950s. ln order to collect the views of ond represenf oll South Africons, the entire populotion E of South Africo wos osked to hond in their wishes ond E demonds for inclusion in such o chorter. lt wos seen os o future constitution for o unified South Africo, The E Freedom Chorter wos odopted oi the Congress of the tr People in Kliptown (neor Johonnesburg) on 2ó Juni 1955. The Congress of People wos mode up of mony orgonisoiions opposing oportheid ond wos oÌtended I by 3000 delegotes including 320 lndions, 230 coloureds ond I l2 whites, - oro,zolpoqes/oove rnence-proiects/ freedom-c horter/07 chorter,htm

TilÍ E S'tÃU

18 South Africa We, the PeoPle of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know:

that South Africa lrelongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no governlnent can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of all the people; that our people have Seen roþbed of their birthright to land, liberty and peace by a form of governrnent founded on injustice and inequality; that our country will never be prosperous or free until all our people live in brotherhood, enjoying equal rights and opportunities; that ouly a democratic state, based on the witl of all the people, can secure to all their sex or belief; 10 birthright without distinction of colour, race' And therefore, we, the people of South Africa, black and white together equals, countrymen and brothers adopt this Freedorn Charter; tlre And we pledge ourselves to strive togetheç sparing neither strength nor courage, until denrocratic changes here set out have been won.

any Government official; 15 The Peopte Shall Govern! the order of all the people; Every man and woman shall have the right [o vote The courts shall be representative of crimes against 50 for and to stand as a candidate for all bodies which Imprisonment shall be only for serious at re-education, not make laws; [...] the people, and shall aim The rights of the people shall be the same, regardless vengeance; The police force and army shall be open to all on an 20 of race, colour or sex [...] equal basis and shall be the helpers and protectors of All National Groups Shall Have Equal Rights! the people; grounds of race, There shall be equal status in the bodies of state, in All laws which discriminate on the courts and in the schools for all national groups colour or belief shall be repealed. and races; All people shall have equal right to use their own All Shall Enjoy Equal Human Rights! right to speak' to languages, and to develop their own folk culture and The law shall guarantee to all their to preach, to 60 customs; organise, to meet together, to publish, All national groups shall be protected by law against worship and to educate their children; police raids shall be insults to their race and national pride; The privacy ofthe house from protected by law; 30 The preaching and practice of national, race or colour restriction from discrimination and contempt shall be a punishable All shall be free to travel without province, and 65 cnme; countryside to town, from province to All apartheid laws and practices shall be set aside' from South Africa abroad; Pass Laws, permits and all other laws restricting The Peopte Shall Share in the Country's Wealth! these freedoms shall be abolished. [...]

35 The national wealth of our country, the heritage of Shall be South Africans, shall be restored to the people; The Doors of Learning and Culture 70 The mineral wealth beneath the soil, the Banks and Opened! monopoly industry shall be transferred to the The government shall discover', develop and of our ownership of the peoPle as a whole; encourage national talent for the enhancement to cultural life: 40 All other industry and trade shall be controlled treasures of mankind shall be open assist the wellbeing of the PeoPle; All the cultural 75 All people shall have equal rights to trade where to all, by free exchange of books, ideas and contact they choose, to manufacture and to enter all trades, with other lands; shall be to teach the youth to crafts and professions. [...] The aim of education love their people and their culture, to honour human libertY and 45 Alt Shalt be Equal Before the Law! brotherhood, Peace; universal and No-one shall be imprisoned, deported or restricted Education shall be free, compulsory, and technical without a fair trial; No-one shall be condemned by equal for all children; Higher education

South Africa 19 and friendship amongst all our people shall Eaining shall be opened to all by means of state Peace allowances and scholarships awarded on the basis be secured by upholding the equal rights, of merit; opportunities and status of all; protectorates Basutoland, 85 Adult illiteracy shall be ended by a mass state The people of the education plan; Bechuanaland and Swaziland shall be free to decide 100 Teachers shall have all the rights ofother citizens; for themselves their own future; The colour bar in cultural life, in sport and in The right of all peoples of Africa to independence and education shall be abolished. [...] self-government shall be recognised, and shall be the basis of close co-oPeration. There Shall be Peace and Friendship! Let all people who love their people and their counÍy 105 South Africa shall be a fully independent state which now say, as we say here: respects the rights and sovereignty of all nations; South Africa shall strive to maintain world peace THESE FREEDOMS WE \ryILL FIGHT FOR, and the settlement of all international disputes by SIDE BY SIDE, THROUGHOUT OUR LIVES, WE HAVE WON OUR LIBERTY 95 negotiation - not war; UNTIL

for o long time - 43 lo monufoclure (v'): To moke or produce lorge quolities of goods io be sold, using mochinery - 52 vengeonce (n )t s.th, violent or hormful lhol you do Io s'o. in order io punish them for horming you, your fomily etc - 57 to lepeol (v,): if o government repeols o low il officiolly ¡¡- ends ihot low - ó8 lo obolish (v.): to officiolly end o low, syslem etc, esp, one ihot hos exisled for o long Iime - 72 lo enhqnce (v.): io improve s,th. - 80 compulsory (odj ): s.th, ihot is compulsory musl be done becouse it is the low or becouse s,o. in outhority orders you to - 84 meril (n.): o good quolity lhqt mokes s.th. deserve proise or qdmirqtion - 85 illiterocy (n,): s,o. who is illiterote hos nof leorned to reod or write

A speaker at the Congress of the People in Kliptown' Explonotions Johannesburg (1955) ó7 poss lowst legislolion to control lhe movement of block South Africons. Posses/reference books included besides personol doto qn employer's signoture which hod io be Vocobulory renewed eoch month, quthorisotion Io be in o porliculor 198ó' 7 prosperous (odj.): successful ond rich - I3 pledge (n'): to oreo, ond tox certificqtes, The lows were obolished in moke s,o, glve o firm promise - l3lo strive (v.): to moke o - 99 prolectorole: o territory of one stole thot is "protected" greoÌ efforl to ochieve s,lh, - 35 heritoge (n'): importonl by onolher more powerful one; the sfote keeps its outonomy quolities, customs, ond Iroditions thol hove been in o sociely but is bound by certoin obligolions to Ihe protecting slote'

AwnRrruess 1 What do you consider to be important basic human rights?

CorupRençrusloru 2 ln some sentences every word begins with a capital letter. What reasons can you find for this? 3 Look at the structure of the charter. What are the key demands?

Arunlvsrs 4 Which areas of someone's life are referred to? Why? 5 What would be the ultimate aim of the charter?

20 South Africa Oprruroru 6 Which demands of the Freedom Charter were most important? Give reasons for your opinion 7 The apartheid government considered the Freedom Charter to be a "Communist document". Find reasons for this oPinion. 00

Pno.recr 8 Find out about the restrictive legislation of the apartheid regime that was established in the 19b0s. Have a look at the main laws that were passed during this time. Which areas of life were affected bY it? 05 9 Divide the class into groups of 3-5 students. Each group should find at least three laws and discuss them in class. What did they mean for ordinary people? To what extent were these laws an essential part of the segregation process?

"The Pqrk"

Jomes MotThews (.1929) is o writer of ficlion ond o journolist, His shorl story "The Pork", which wos first published in 1he quorterly mogozine Présence Africaine in 1962, shows the effects of oportheid from the perspeclive of on Africon boy who posses o ployground on his woy from home to the whìte customers of hìs mother, who woshes their clothes. - Jeon lVorquord (ed ): A Cenfury of Soufh African Shod Slorles (Croigholl/RSA: A,D Donker, 198ó), pp 317f ',323-326'

r He looked longingly at the head, and the fragments fell children on the other side of on his face. [...] the railings; the children As he walked he recalled sliding down the chute, his last visit to the park. 25 s landing with feet astride on Without hesitation he had gates the bouncy lawnt screaming gone through the and as they almost touched the got onto the nearest swing. sky with each upward curve Even now he could feel that of their swings; their joyful pleasurable thrill that 30 tlavelled the length of his 1o demented shrieks at each A picture from old apartheid times dip of the merry-go-round. body as he rocketed himself He looked at them and his body trembled and ached to higher, higher, until he felt that the swing would up-end share their joy; buttocks to fit board, and hands and feet him when it reached its peak. Almost leisurely he had to touch steel. Next to him, on the ground, was a bundle allowed it to come to a halt like a pendulum shortening ss is of clothing, washed and ironed, wrapped in a sheet. its stroke and then ran towards the see-saw. A white Five small boys, pursued by two bigger ones, ran past, boy, about his own age, was seated opposite him' ignoring him. One of the bigger boys stopped. "What are Accordionlike their legs folded to send the see saw you looking at, you brown ape?" the boy said, stooping jerking from the indentation it pounded in the grass. A to pick up a lump of clay. He recognized him. The boy hand pressed on his shoulder stopping ajerk. He turned 40 20 had been present the day he was put out of the park. The around to look into the face of the attendant. boy pitched the lump, shattering it on the rail above his "Get off !"

South Africa 21 magnitude. Why not go to the park after dark? After it '13( had closed its gates on the old men, the children, and 75 nurses with their prams! There would be no one to stop him. He could think no further. He was lightheaded with the thought of it. His mother's voice, as she related her day '131 to his father, was not the steam that stung, but a soft 80 breezewafting past him,leaving him undisturbed' Then I qualms troubled him. He had never been in that part of town at night. A band of fear tightened across his chest, contracting his insides, making it hard for him to swallow 14 his food. He gripped his spoon tightly, stretching his 85 skin across his knuckles. I'll do it! I'll go to the park as soon as we're finished eating. He controlled himself with difficulty' He swallowed what was left on his plate and furtively 14 watched to see how the others were faring. Hurry up! eo Hurry up! [...] In front of him was the park with its gate and iron railings. Behind the railings, impaled, the notice board' He could see the swings beyond. The sight strengthened 1t him. ss He walked over, his breath coming faster' There was Typical apartheid notice board no one in sight. A car turned a corner and came towards him and he started at the sound of its engine. The car the asphalt. The skin tightened between his eyes. Why must I get swept past, the tyres softly licking his touch and the shock 1oo off? What have I done? He held on, hands clamped onto The railings were icy-cold to his arms and with 4s the iron attached to the wooden see-saw. The white boy sent him into action. He extended jumped off from the other end and stood a detached monkey-like movements pulled himself up to perch on the newly turned spectator. top of the railings then dropped onto "You must get offl" The attendant spoke in a low voice earth. his 105 so that it would not carry to the people who were The grass was damp with dew and he swept feet grass bowed beneath 50 gathering. "The council say,'r he continued, "that us across it. Then he ran and the wet blacks don't use the same swings as the whites. You his bare feet. must use the swings where you stay," his voice He ran towards the swings, the merry-go-round, see- apologizing for the uniform he wore that gave him the saw to chute, hands covering the metal. right to watch that little white boys and girls were not Up the steps to the top of the chute. He stood outlined 110 himself 5s hurt while playing. against the sky. He was a bird; an eagle. He flung stomach, sliding swiftly. Wheeeeeeel He "There no park where I stay." He waved a hand in the down on his grass. He looked direction of a block of flats. "Park on the other side of rolled over when he slammed onto the to his town but I don't know where." He walked past them. at the moon for an instant then propelled himself to recapture 115 The mothers with their babies, pink and belching, cradled feet and ran for the steps of the chute that 60 in their arms, the children lolling on the grass, his feeling of flight, Each time he swept down the chute, he sliding, companion from the see-saw, the nurse girls - their wanted the trip never to end, to go on sliding, uniforms their badge of indemnity - pushing prams' sliding. [...] chains, he jerked Beside him walked the attendant. Feet astride, hands clutching silver The attendant pointed an accusing finger at a notice his body to gain momentum. He crouched like a runner 12o The swing widened its arc. 6s board at the entrance. "There. You can read for yourself'" then violently straightened. He Absolving him of all blame. It swept higher, higher, higher' It reached the sky' He struggled with the red letters on the white could touch the moon. He plucked a star to pin to his as background. "Blankes Alleen' V/hites Only." He walked breast. The earth was far below' No bird could fly P5 through the gates and behind him the swings screeched, high as he. Upwards and onwards he went. side of the park. 70 the see-saw rattled, and the merry-go-round rumbled. A light switched on in the hut at the far a small patch of yellow on a dark square. The t...1 It was Then A thought came to his mind almost at the end of the door opened and he saw a figure in the doorway. meal. He sat spoon poised in the air shaken by its the door was shut and the figure strode towards him. He

22 South Africa glinted as 130 knew it was the attendant. A torch brightly it Jomes Molthews wos 75 swung at his side. born into o working closs He continued swinging. fomily in District Six (CoPe The attendant came to a halt in front of him, out of reach Town) in 1929 He worked of the swing's arc, and flashed his torch. The light caught os o newspoper-seller, '135 him in mid-air. messenger ond journolist,

80 "God dammitl" the attendant swore. "I told you before He published o volume of you can't get on the swings." poetry, Cry Rage (1972), The rattle of the chains when the boy shifted his feet thoi wos bonned in South was the only answer he received. Africo. He wos deioined govern- 140 "Why you come back?" by lhe oporTheid ment in 197ó. Molthews 85 "The swings. I come back for the swings." The attendant catalogued the things denied them wos o leoding figure in Block because of their colour. Even his job depended on their lhe propogolion of lhe ideos of the goodwill. Consciousness lvlovement, He olso published short story collections, omong Them Ihe Park and Ofher 145 "Blemy whites ! They get everything ! " All his feelings published to Sfores (l983) His novel The Parly is Overwos 90 urged him to leave the boy alone, to let him continue 'ì997. ofter oportheid in He still lives on the Cope Flots enjoy himself but the fear that someone might see them (o township oreo oround Cope Town). hardened him. "Get off! Go home!" he screamed, his voice harsh, 150 his anger directed at the system that drove him against

95 his own. "If you don't get off, I go for the police. You know what they do to you." The swing raced back and forth. Awnnen¡ess The attendant turned and hurried towards the gate' 1 Why does the boy want to play in the park? 155 "Mama. Mama." His lips trembled, wishing himself CoupRrserustoru 100 safe in his mother's kitchen, sitting next to the still- bulning stove with a comic spread across his knees. 2 Why is the boy not allowed to play in the rk? "Mama. Mama." His voice mounted, wrenched from Pa How do the white boys behave towards the this throat, keeping pace with the soaring swing as it 3 black boy? 160 climbed the sky. Voice and swing. Swing and voice. 4 What are the reasons for the behaviour of Higher. Until they were one. 105 Higher. Higher. the attendant? At the entrance ofthe park the notice board stood tall, its shadow elongated, pointing towards him. Arunlvsrs 5 Lookat ll. 110-118("Upthesteps [...1 sliding, sliding, sliding."). 'I 10 What does the boy achieve in that brief Vocobulory moment? 6 The boy does not have a name. Can you (n,): structure thot slopes down - l0 4 chute o long norrow think of reasons for that? demenled (odj,): behoving os if you ore crozy - l8 lo sloop 7 Analyse l. 62. What is meant by a badge of (v,): to bend your body forwords qnd down - 33 to up-end indemnity? 115 (v,): to turn s,th, over so ihot it is stonding upside down - 34 peok (n,): the highesl level, rqte etc of s'th' - 3ó see-sow (n.)r o piece of equipmenl lhql children ploy on, mode of Opruoru o boord thoi is bolonced in the middle - 39 indenlolion B To what extent does the story represent the (n,): o cul inlo the surfoce or edge of s.th, - 39 lo pound (v )l effects of apartheid on the life of the boy? lo hit s,th. mony times wilh o tool in order to breok it into Give reasons for your oPinion. 120 pieces or moke if flot - 40 ielk (v.): to pull s'th. suddenly or roughly - ó2 indemnily (n,)l proÌection ogoinst loss or Pno.l¡cr domoge - 82 quolm (n,): o feeling/ slighl worry becouse you 9 Read the entire short story. The boy's - ore not sure lhqf whot you crre doing is right 89 furtive mother works as a washerwoman for white (odj,): behoving os if you wonf to keep s'th. secret - 158 lo people. How is the relationship between wrench (v.)r to twisl ond pull s,th, from ils position using 125 whites and blacks characterised in the story? force - ló3 elongoted (odj,): longer thon normol Which privileges are enjoyed by the whites in the story? How is the l¡fe of the black boy Explonotion and his family portraYed? 145 blerryr (South Africon English) euphemistic for bloody

South Africa ¿o 65

The Shorpeville Mossqcre*

in the l9ó0s wos o iurning poini in South Africon history. For the resisfonce The Shorpeville Mossocre 70 protesl oT shorpeville movements it morked the chonge from non-violent to violent prolest, The peoceful shooting by the ogoinsi the poss lows wos orgonised by the Pon Africonisf Congress (PAC) ond met by versions of ond police. lt is nol cleor whoi reolly hoppened on 2l Morch l9ó0; there were differenl Drum perspectives on lhe evenis in Shorpeville. ln Ihe following text Humphrey Tyler, ossistont ediior of journolist, Magazine al thot time, reports how he exPerienced lhot doy in his funciion os o - 75

machine gun, then another, then another. There were hundreds of women, some of them laughing. They must have thought the police were firing 25 blanks. One woman was hit about ten yards from our car. Her companion, a young man, went back when she fell. He thought she had stumbled. Then go he turned her over and saw that her chest had been shot awaY. He looked at the blood on his hand and said: "My God, she's gone!" Hundreds of kids were 35 running, too. One little boy had on an old blanket coat, which he held up behind his head, thinking, perhaps, that it might save him 40 from the bullets. Some of the children, hardly as tall as the 69 peopte were kitted by the police during the Sharpeville Massacre grass, were leaping like rabbits' One of We went into Sharpeville the back way, behind a grey Some were shot, too. Still the shooting went on. and 45 police car and three Saracens. As we drove through the the policemen was standing on top of a Saracen, it crowd. fringes of the township many people shouted the Pan- looked as though he was firing his gun into the his hip as Africanist slogan "Izwe Lethu", which means "Our He was swinging it around in a wide arc from panning a movie camera. Two other 5 Land", or gave the thumbs-up "freedom" salute and though he were they were shouted "Afrika!". They were grinning, cheerful, and officers were with him, and it looked as if on 50 nobody seemed to be afraid...There were crowds in the firing pistols. Most of the bodies were strewn the we were. One streets as we approached the police station' There were road running through the field in which got his feet, plenty of police, too, wearing more guns and ammunition man, who had been lying still, dazedly to a few yards, then fell in a heap. A woman sat 10 than uniforms...An African approached'..and said he staggered was the local Pan-Africanist leader' He told [us] his with her head cupped in her hands. organisation was against violence and that the crowd One by one the guns stoPPed. 55 crowd was there for a peaceful demonstration...The crowd Before the shooting,I heard no warning to the When the seemed perfectly amiable.It cerlainly never crossed our to disperse. There was no warning volley. it did not stop until there was no living 15 minds that they would attack us or anybody'.. shooting started There were sudden shrill cries of "Izwe Lethu" - thing in the huge compound in front of the police station. danger 60 women's voices it sounded - from near the police, and The police have claimed they were in desperate them. Yet only three I could see a small section of the crowd swirl around the because the crowd was stoning and Saracens and hands went up in the Africanist salute. policemen were reporled to have been hit by stones - 200 Africans were shot down. The police also 20 Then the shooting started. We heard the chatter of a more than

24 South Africa have said that the crowd was armed 65 with "ferocious weapons", which littered the compound after they fled. I saw no weapons, although I looked very carefully, and afterwards studied the photographs of the death scene. 70 V/hile I was there I saw only shoes, hats and a few bicycles left among the bodies. The crowd gave me no reason to feel scared, though I moved among them without any distinguishing mark 7s to protect me, quite obvious with my white skin.I think the police were scared though, and I think the crowd knew it.

The police used saracens to suppress riots

Vocobulory Explonolions 3 fringe (n,): the porl of s,th, lhot is forthest from the centre lnlroduclion: poss lows: see p. 20 - lnlroduclion: PAC: Pon - l4 omioble (odj)rfriendly ond likqble - l8 to swirl(v):to Africonisl Congress of Azonio; it wos o resislonce movemenl lurn oround quickly in o twisting circulqr movement or moke estoblished in 1959 ond Ihe mojor rivol of Ihe ANC (see p. s,th. do this - 2ó blonk (n,): o cortridge lhol contoins on l7) The PAC procloimed Africqnism ond opposed multi- explosive but not o bullel - 48 to pon (v.): if o film or felevision rociolism; fheir key slogon in lhe post wos "Africo for fhe comerq pons in o porticulor direction, iI moves ond follows Africons" - lntroduclion: Drum mogozine: see p,57 - 2 the thing thot is being filmed - 52 dozed (odj,): unoble to sorocensr ormoured cors lhot were often used to suppress think cleorly, esp, becouse of o shock, qccident elc - 57 to riots in the lownships Gee p. 28) disperse (v.): if o group of people disperses or is dispersed, Ìhey seporote ond go owoy in differenf directions - 57 volley (n.): o lorge number of shots fired from o gun ot the some lime - ó5 ferocious (odj,): violent, dongerous, ond Írightening

AwnReruess 1 What is meant by a turning point in history? 2 Can you find such turning points in German history?

CovrpReteruslolv 3 What was the atmosphere in the crowd like at the beginning of the demonstration? 4 Why did the situation change?

ArunlYsrs b Compare the eye-witness account of Humphrey Tyler with an article in the British newspaper The Guardian ( ). The differences are significant. Try to find reasons for this. Can you find any similarities in the two accou nts?

Oprruroru 6 What do you believe happened in Sharpeville in March 1960? Give reasons for your opinion. 7 To what extent can reporting on certain events be objective or neutral? What are the implications for journalists and the readers of such reports?

PRo¡ecr 8 ln groups of 4-5 students write an article about a recent event, but from different perspectives. ' Compare your articles. To what extent do they differ from each other? How could they be used to manipulate public opinion?

South Africa 25 Nelson Mondelo

"l om pfepored to die"* 75 the ANC's ANC (Africon Notionol Congress) ond founder of Nelson Mondelo, Prominent leoder of ihe o terrorist bY lhe oportheid regime ond chorged militory wing "Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)" , wos declored An imPending deolh penolty wos converted fo with sobotoge in the so-colled Rivonio Triol (19ó3-ó4), the shores of CoPe Town, The stotement which on noiorious Robben lslond, off 80 lifelong imPrisonment 20 in the Rivonio Triol in Pretorio Supreme Court on he prepored for the oPening of the defence cose h thot reflecis on ihe imPortonce of resistonce ogoinsf April 19ó4 is o Powerful ond courogeous sPeec lhe rocist sYsfem, - of Reserves, where soil erosion and the overworking 85 the soil makes it impossible for them to live properly off 30 the land. Thirty per cent are labourers, labour tenants' under and squatters orrwhite farms and work and live conditions similar to those of the serfs of the Middle have Ages. The other 30 per cent live in towns where they s0 dÃeloped economic and social habits which bring them closer in many respects to white standards' Yet most 35 Africans, even in this group, are impoverished by low incomes and high cost of living' [" '] The complaint of Africans, however, is not only that 95 they are poor and the whites are rich, but that the laws which are made by the whites are designed to preserve 40 this situation. There are two ways to break out of poverty ' The first is by formal education, and the second is by the A shack in the Transkei a greater skill at his work and thus worker acquiring '100 As far as Africans are concerned' both want to say that the suggestion made higher *ug"t. i [. ..] At the outset, I 45 thãse avenues of advancement are deliberately curtailed ùV tn" State in its opening that the struggle in South by legislation. [...] Africu is under the influence of foreigners or communists is compulsory education for all white children incorrect. I have done whatever I did' both as Thãre is wholly be they rich or poor' people' because of at virtually no cost to their parents, s an individual and as a leader of my 105 Similar facilities are not provided for the African children' my experience in South Africa and my own proudly felt though there are some who receive such assistance' 50 eirican bactground, and not because of what any outsider African children, however, generally have to pay more for their schooling than whites' According to figures quoted by the South African Institute of Race Relations 110 per cent of African ln itr tOO: ¡ournal, approximately 40 children in the age group between seven to fourteen do 55 school. For those who do attend school' the Bambata, Hintsa and Makana' Squngthi not attend Dingane and afforded to praised standards are vastly different from those and-Dalasile, Moshoeshoe and Sekhukhuni, were white children. [...] The other main obstacle to the economic advancement of the African is the industrial colour-bar under which 60 all the better jobs of industry are reserved for Whites only. [...] Strikes of African workers are illegal' and tttey are denied the right of collective bargaining 20 case. t...i [...] permitted to the better-paid White workers' the richest country in Africa' and could which is South Africa is 65 be one of the richest countries in the world' But it is a t...1 The lack of human dignity experienced by Africans land of extremes and remarkable contrasts' The whites result of the policy of white supremacy' well be the highest standard of living is the direct enjoy what may Legislation misery' Vy'hite supremacy implies black inferiority' 2s in thã world, whilst Africans live in poverty and to preserve white supremacy entrenches this Forty per cent of the Africans live in hopelessly designed notiãn. l'leniat tasks in South Africa are invariably zo overcrãwded and, in some cases, drought-stricken

26 South Africa performed by Africans. [...] Because of this sort of they work, and not to be obliged to live in rented houses attitude, whites tend to regard Africans as a separate which they can never call their own. Africans want to breed. They do not look upon them as people with be part of the general population, and not confined to families of their own; they do not realize that they have living in their own ghettoes. African men want to have 1ls 7s emotions - that they fall in love like white people do; that their wives and children to live with them where they they want to be with their wives and children like white work, and not be forced into an unnatural existence in people want to be with theirs; that they want to earn men's hostels. African women want to be with their enough money to support their families properly, to feed menfolk and not be left permanently widowed in the and clothe them and send them to school . And what Reserves. Africans want to be allowed out after eleven Po Bo "house-boy" or "garden-boy" or labourer can ever hope o'clock at night and not to be confined to their rooms like to do this? little children. Africans want to be allowed to travel in Pass laws, which to the Africans are among the most their own country and to seek work where they want to hated bits of legislation in South Africa, render any and not where the Labour Bureau tells them to. Africans African liable to police surveillance at any time. [..'] want a just share in the whole of South Africa; they want Ps s5 Hundreds and thousands of Afi'icans are thrown into jail security and a stake in society. is the Above all, we want equal political rights, because 30 each year under pass laws. Even worse than this fact that pass laws keep husband and wife apart and lead without them our disabilities will be permanent. I know to the breakdown of family life. this sounds revolutionary to the whites in this country, Poverty and the breakdown of family life have because the majority of voters will be Africans. This 1s0 eo secondary effects. Children wander about the streets of makes the white man fear democracy. the townships because they have no schools to go to, or But this fear cannot be allowed to stand in the way of no money to enable them to go to school, or no parents the only solution which will guarantee racial harmony at home to see that they go to school, because both and freedom for all. It is not true that the enfranchisement parents (if there be two) have to wolk to keep the family of all will result in racial domination. Political division, 13s e5 alive. This leads to a breakdown in moral standards, to based on colour', is entirely artificial and, when it disappears, so the domination of one colour group 40 an alarming rise in illegitimacy, and to growing violence will which erupts not only politically, but everywhere. Life by another. The ANC has spent half a century fighting in the townships is dangerous. There is not a day that goes against racialism. When it triumphs it will not change by without somebody being stabbed or assaulted. And that policy. 14o 1oo violence is carried out of the townships in the white This then is what the ANC is fighting. Their struggle a national one. It is a struggle of the African 45 living areas. People are afraid to walk alone in the streets is truly after dark. Housebreakings and robberies are increasing, people, inspired by their own suffering and their own despite the fact that the death sentence can now be experience. It is a struggle for the right to live. imposed for such offences. Death sentences cannot cure During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this 145 ios the festering sore. Africans want to be paid a living struggle of the African people. I have fought against are domination, and have fought against black 50 wage. Africans want to perform work which they white I capable of doing, and not work which the Government domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic declares them to be capable of. Africans want to be and free society in which all persons live together in allowed to live where they obtain work, and not be harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal 150 to for and to achieve. But if needs be, 1 1 o endorsed out of an area because they were not born there. which I hope live places is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. 55 Africans want to be allowed to own land in where it

Nelson Mqndelq - lcon of the Roinbow Notion ln 2008 Nelson Rolihlohlo Mondelo celebroted his 90fh birthdoy He wos born in o little villoge colled Qunu in the Tronskei in l9l B During the ì 950s 60 he wos involved in ANC poliTics ond soon become o leoding figure in Ihe resisTonce movement, ln the so-colled Rivonio Triol he wos sentenced to life imprisonment on Robben lslond, Nelson Mondelo stoyed in prison for 27 yeors ond become the symbol of South Africon resistonce ogoinsT opodheid. Before ond ofter his releose from prison on I I Februory 1990, he negotioted 65 o free ond democrotic South Africo with the oportheid governmenf. He wos inouguroted os the country's first block president ofier the first free eleciions in April 1994 He is one of ihe most impressive ond influentiol polilicions of the 20lh ond 2lst centuries. His woy of deoling with oll members of South Africon society including lhe former oppressors os well os his prison wordens is remorkoble ond chorocterised by forgiveness ond understonding, 70

South Africa 27 Explonotions lntroduction; Rivonio Triol: triol of ten Umkhonlo we Sizwe ("Speor of lhe nofion"; militory wing of the ANC) leoders in Pretorio between l9ó3-19ó4. They were chorged with high treoson (possible deoth senlence), but only found guilty of sobotoge (life imprisonment). - l3 Dingone/Dingooni c.1795-,ì840, Zulu (see p. 5) king who ossumed power in 1828, He killed the Trekboer (cf ' Chopler 3) leoder Piet Relief ond wos then defeoied in Ihe Blood River bottle in 1838 by the trekboers (Dulch-speoking formers who migroted from the Cope Colony to the South Africon interior)' He wos murdered in Swozilond' - l3 Bomboto: c' l8ó5-190ó' Zulu (see p, 5) sub-ruler' He ond his followers were engoged quthorities' in guerrillo resistonce ogoinst lhe coloniol He wos killód in on ombush, - l3 Hintso: c 1790-1835, poromount .':-, chief of the Xhoso (see p, 5) from l804 He led the opposilion selllers in the Cope Colony (see p l4) in the frontier The scutptures of Nobel Prize winners Albeft Luthuli' ogoinst the British ond the Xhoso Desmonid Tutu, F, W. de Kterk and Nelson Mandela wórs (series of conflicls between He wos killed by in Nobel Square, CaPe Town in the Eostern Cope region) of the 1830s, the Briiish, - l3 Mokono/Mokhondo: Xhoso (see p' 5) worrior- prophet, He led on unsuccessful ottock on Grohomslown Vocobulory ìn ihe frontier wor of I818-'l9. He surrendered in l8l9 ond senl to Robben lslond os o prisoner' - l3 Squngthi: A lnlroduction: to be chorged with (v'): io slote officiolly thot wos (odj lesser known Africon leoder' No furlher informotion s,o. is guilly of o crime - lntroduclion: impending ): on - l4 Dolosile: Chief of the omoQwoti fribe - l4 impending evenf or situotion is going to hoppen very soon ovqiloble, I 78ó-l 870, firsi poromounl chief - lntroduction: nolorious (odj')l fomous or well-known for Moshoeshoe/Moshweshwe: of the Sotho p' 5) ond founding fother of Bosutolond s,th, bod - I oulsel (n'): ol or from the beginning of on evenl Gee (stote in the mounloinous region of the Drqkensberg) He wos known for his diplomotic woy of deoling with outside roiders, such os Sotho rivqls, Nguni-speoking ottockers ond the lrekboers (cf, Chopler 3) - l4 Sekhukhuni (olso colled

income or food from o supply of money or from onofher person - 3l squollet (n'): s'o. wh S or on o piece of lond without Pe S set oside for vorious block groups by lhe coloniol forces in rent - 32 serf (n,): s,o. in former ti d were used os reservoirs of lobour' thot lheY did not own e the ì9Th century, They on lond were incorporoted into the owner of the lond - 3ó lo impoverish (v'): to moke s'o' very The reserves loler policy of oportheid (tronsformotion poor - 43 lo ocquire (v'): to leorn or develop skills etc by your Bonluslon/homelonds the Africon reserves inlo self-governing stotes; they were own efforts - 45 odvoncement (n'): progress or development of led by oppointed chiefs qnd heodmen who were puppets in your job, level of knowledge - 45 to cudoil (v'): to reduce regime; the Bontustqns were dependent s,th, such qs the qmount of money you spend - 47 of the oporlheid on Soulh Africo), - 53 South Afilcon lnstitule of Roce Relotions compulsory (odj.): s th ihot is compulsory must be done you (SAIRR): q non-governmenlol orgonisotion estoblished in becouse i1 is the low or becouse s'o. in outhorify orders ,l929 lo lhe reseorch of roce relotions' lt to - ó3 borgoining (n'): discussion in order lo reoch ond dedicofed in opposition to Ihe interests of the oporlheid ogreement oboui o sole, controcl elc - óó dignily (n')l o found itself - ó0 industriol colour-bor: colour bor is onother colm ond serious monner or quolity - ó9 enlrenched (odj'): regime. for job reservolion' Cerioin jobs were reserved for strongly esloblished ond not likely io chonge - 83 to render wórd - whites only, thus restricling the job opportunities of oll other s o liàble (phr, v,): io moke s'o. legolly responsible 84 Africo. - 82 poss lows: see p 20 - 9l sulveillonce (n.): /se'vellensllser/ the qcl of corefully elhnic groups in South buili on the outskirts of urbon oreos' wotching o person or ploce becouse lhey moy be îownships: they were ond coloureds were restricted lo these connected wilh criminol qclivilies - 9ó illegitimocy (n')l Africons, lndions /,rA'd¡rtÄmÄsi/ born to porents who ore nol morried - 104 to imposä (i,): to officiolly order lhot something should be forbidden, resTricted, toxed elc, or thol s'o' should be punished - 109 to obtoin (v')l to get s'fh. thot you wonl - I l0 lo endorse (v,)l to express formoì supporl or opprovol for s,o, or s,th, - l2ó stoke (n'): lo hove on importont porf or were not qllowed lo live there' Hostels were shore - 134 enftonchisement (n'); lo give o group of people Women/wives for being very smoll ond overcrowded' There wqs no the right io vote - 145 to dedicote yourself lo s.th' (phr' v'): known privocy qf oll becouse the men hod to shqre the dormilory to decide to spend oll your time on ond put oìl your efforts There were olso no kilchen fqcililies' into one porliculor thing ond the bothrooms'

28 South Africa AwnnEruess 1 Can you imagine what a homeland is? What do you know about the homelands in South Africa during apartheid?

Connpnererusrow 2 How is South Africa described in Mandela's statement? 3 Why does Mandela make a distinction between outsiders and South Africa itself at the beginning of his statement (see ll. 1 - 8)? 4 According to Mandela, what are the secondary effects of apartheid? 5 What did the ANC and Mandela demand for Africans (see p. 5)?

Aruntvsls 6 Right from the beginning of the statement Mandela talks about the individual and the community. What does that mean and why is it important for him? 7 Look at the language used in the speech. Analyse the literary devices that you can find. What is their function?

Oprruro¡t 8 Why does Mandela mention African leaders? 9 Why does Mandela refer to the feelings of Africans?

Pno¡ecr 10 Nelson Mandela is a prominent figure in the struggle for liberation and in today's South Africa. He is a living legend. Find out more about his,extraordinary personality. Why is he seen as one of the most influential political leaders of the 201n and 21sÌ century?

Steve Biko I "The definition of Block Consciousness" Steve Biko wos o leoding figure of lhe Block Consciousness Movement (BCM) which odopted o pro- block doctrine, The oim of the BCM wos to re-evoluole block identities ond to instil pride in their Africon heritoge ond troditions, This ideology hod o greot impoct on the Soweto Uprising, Steve Biko defines lhe term "Block Consciousness" ond tolks obout the oims of this ideology in his poper "The Definition of Block Consciousness" (ì971), - Aelred Stubbs, C, R. (ed.): lWrife Whot / Like (London: Heinemonn 1984), pp, 48f,,52f. r We have in our policy manifesto defined blacks as those 2. Merely by describing yourself as black you have who are by law or tradition politically, economically started on a road towards emancipation, you have 10 and socially discriminated against as a group in the South committed yourself to fight against all forces that seek African society and identifying themselves as a unit in to use your blackness as a stamp that marks you out as s the struggle towards the realisation of their aspirations. a subservient being. [...] This definition illustrates to us a number of things: Briefly defined therefore, Black Consciousness is in 1. Being black is not a matter of pigmentation - being essence the realisation by the black man of the need to ls black is a reflection of a mental attitude. rally together with his brothers around the cause of their

South Africa 29 stereotype attitudes have led to mountainous inter-group 50 suspicions amongst the blacks. úhut *" should at all times look at is the fact that: 1. We are all oppressed by the same system' 20 2.That we are oppressed to varying degrees is a which is white' It is a manifestation of a new realisation deliberate design to stratify us not only socially but also 55 that by seeking to run away from themselves and to of asPirations. emulate the white man, blacks are insulting the in terms it is to be expected that in terms of the intelligence of whoever created them black' Black 3. Therefore plan there must be this suspicion and that if we 25 Consciousness therefore, takes cognizance of the enemy's are cómmitted to the problem of emancipation to the deliberateness of God's plan in creating black people it is part of our duty to bring to the attention 60 black. It seeks to infuse the black community with a same degree the biack people the deliberateness of the enemy's new-found pride in themselves, their efforts, their value of subjugation scheme' systems, their culture, their religion and their outlook 4. That we should go on \üith our programme, attractlng 30 to life. [...] to only committed people and not just those eager to Blacks are out to completely transform the system and it distribution of groups amongst our 65 it what they wish' Such a major undertaking see an equitable to make of The are ranks. This is a game common amongst liberals' can only be realised in an atmosphere where people criterion that must govern all our action is convinced of the truth inherent in their stand' Liberation one commitment. 3s therefore, is of paramount importance in the concept of implications of Black Consciousness are to Consciousness, for we cannot be conscious of Further Black zo do with correcting false images of ourselves in terms of ourselves and yet remain in bondage' We want to attaln Culture, Education, Religion, Economics' The impoftance the envisioned self which is a free self ' [" '] must not be understated. There is always an The importance of black solidarity to the various of this also between the history of a people i'e' the past' 40 segments of the black community must not be interplay faith in themselves and hopes for their future' unãerstated. There have been in the past a lot of and lheir We are aware of the tenible role played by our education 75 suggestions that there can be no viable unity amongst in creating amongst us a false understanding blacks because they hold each other in contempt' and religion ourselves.'We must therefore work out schemes not Coloureds despise Africans because they, (the former) of only to correct this, but further to be our own authorities 4s by their proximity to the Africans, may lose the chances than wait to be interpreted by others' Whites can oi assimilation into the white world' Africans despise the rather see us from the outside and as such can never extract 80 Coloureds and Indians for a variety of reasons ' Indians only the ethos in the black community' not only despise Africans but in many instances also and analyse exploit the Africans in job and shop situations' All these

Slephen Bqntu Biko wos VocobulorY born in King Williom's Town (Eostern CoPe) in 'l94ó, He wos o siudenf leoder ond founder of ïhe Souih Af ricon Student Orgonisotion (SASO). He Promoted self-relionce omong block peoPle ond become the chief ideologist for the Block Consciousness Move- ment, Allhough Steve Biko did not octively porticipole in the Soweto Uprising of 1976, the ideos of the Block Consciousness Movemenl formed the bockdrop to ihis imporiont evenl, Steve Biko wos detoined in 1977 ond died in police custody on 12 September of the some yeor os through o result of the broin domoge thot he suffered Explonotions severe torture in deiention, lntroduclion: Soweto Uptisingl see p' 33

30 South Africa Denzel Washington as Steve Biko in Cry Freedom (1987)

Awnneruess 'l lmagine what it was like to be a black South African in the 1960s. What would be your role in society? What would be your opportunities?

Con¡pnexerusrolu 2 How is "blackness" defined? 3 What does Biko say about the relationship between racial groups?

Arunlvsrs 4 What are the aims of the BCM? 5 What are the implications of the BCM for the South African community? 6 Analyse ll. 7f. Would you agree with this sentence? What are its implications? 7 Compare Biko's paper and Mandela's speech at the Rivonia trial (text 9). What do the two documents have in common? To what extent do they differ from each other?

Oprruroru 8 ls an ideology like BCM necessary for a resistance movement? 9 Write your own comment on Steve Biko's statement about "the deliberateness of God's plan in creating black people black." (ll.25-271

PRo¡ecrs 10 The BCM is often compared to developments in the US in the 1960s. Find out about the civil rights movement in the USA. What were the aims of the American civil rights movement? What do the BCM and the American civil rights movement have in common? 11 Touched by Biko's fate, the musician and songwriter Peter Gabriel wrote a song called "Biko", Find the lyrics on the internet ( ) or see the song performed ( ). Analyse the song paying special attention to the literary devices used. What do you think the song might intend to achieve?

Ftv Arunlvsrs 12 The film Cry Freedom (1987) by Sir Richard Attenborough focuses on Steve Biko and his friendship with the journalist Donald Woods. The film is based on Woods' biography of Biko. Watch the film. How does it represent the apartheid state? 13 How is Steve Biko portrayed? Why is he considered to be an enemy of the state? Why did he " become a central figure in the struggle against apartheid? 14 What do you learn about the BCM in the film?

South Africa 31 Don Moyone ll The Soweto Uprising ond ils oftermqth* He poriicipoted Don Moyone wos o student ot the Morris lsoocson High School in Soweto in lhe 1970s. his experiences on thot in the proiests ogoinst Afrikoons (see p. I O) ln on inierview, he speoks obout folefuldoyinJune i976,-Brink,Elsobéetol.:Reco//ecled2Syearsloler:SOWETOl6Junel9Tó(Cape Town: Kwelo Books 2001), PP. 59-ó2

there, and people r Dan: We were singing and it was jovial, the mood, it. He came down, and then we were there was this exciting, and with the placards we started going, we saying,'Hey, hey, hey,' and then suddenly 45 started going. We went and went' We passed Mofolo, gunshot. were down. I was 600 other people were joining us as we were going along, This gunshot suddenly, and we were running from that s other kids, and everybody was in school uniform, metres from there and people that way and they were everyone. You looked around from left to right, people road and they were coming at us,I don't know what were in their various school uniforms. saying that the police are shooting happened, and wejust picked up stones' And I've never 50 seen so many stones coming. It was a huge crowd Question: Was there tension at that stage? - those police could not stand there, they would have been been shot, and the news Dan: There was no tension' There was that anticipation, killed. By then Hector had a kid who had been shot. ro that sense of ... Wow! You know positively, what is filtered that there was [' '.] going to happen? We were all going to Orlando Stadium, thirteen.Was it a stray bullet or and there we will publicly endorse a memorandum that Question: Hector was just shot? will then be delivered by our leaders, who had organised was it an un-aimed this, to the government, [saying] that we don't want to was stray, because he was shot 15 be taught in Afrikaans in school. Or at least we need to Dan: I don't know if it streets, coming towards the main road. have a choice, because they were making it compulsory in one of the side don't know] whether it was that we be taught in Afrikaans. [I We don't mind learning directed at him as a Person or 60 a bullet that these boers Afrikaans as a language, but it was zo it is against international were shooting. I think there a shot or two convention. I mean, where must have been whatever, but the rest were else are you going to go with up, shots into the crowd. The 6s an Afrikaans degree? [...] crowds were on the left, on the He said: "Listen, Police are middle, and 2s further down the road, theY right and in the the stones came, and then the have closed lthe road]. TheY police retreated, theY went, say we don't have Permission further down. zo for the march and theY won't they ran [...] Then people were saying allow us to pass. We told them let's go back because the 30 we wantto go andjusthandin Police down there and then all hell the memorandum at Orlando are Stadium, the others are broke loose. [...] no'w, 7s coming there and were going We all wentbackwards at the municiPalitY to meet." [...] and then Mofolo, Dube, 35 There's a street that was loffices] at just out of control. coming from the houses, the things went day the fire bY the other kids were there coming That whole offices started, and Bo from Orlando'West, so it was municipal and then just packed around the side beer halls started, helicopters came. Tear-gas, I 40 streets, from the main streets ' tear-gas for the first And then I don't know what smelled time on that daY. happened, because I didn't see Hector Petersen was one of the first victims

32 South Africa q'44o

Soweto Uprising The Soweto Uprising, like the Sharpeville Massacre, is a turning point in South African history, On June 16, 197ó thousands of schoolchildren in Soweto protested ôga¡nst the government's plan to use Afrikaans as a medium of instruction. The police openød lire onthe peacelul demonstration. One of th€ first victims was Hector Petersen, a lhirleen-year-old boy (søe photo), The protests spread throughout South Africa and were met by more violence. About ó00 people were killed¡ thousands fled abroad and joined the liberation movements. The Soweto Uprising marks the beginning of the violent struggle against the apartheid regime. lt also mirrors a younger generation that decided to takø their destiny into their own hands. From this point onwards the violence and conflict 5etween the government and the liberation movements increased and finally escalated into an internal civil war that would last until the beginning of the 1990s.

Vocobulory I joviol (odj ): friendly, cheerful - 9 onticipolion (n,): Ihe oct of expecting s,th, Ìo hoppen - l2 lo endorse (v,): to express formol supporÌ or opprovol for s.o, or s,lh, - 7ó municipolity (n,): lhe governmenl of o town, cify etc, which mokes decisions obout locol offoirs

Explonolions lnlroduction: Sowelo: one of the lorgest ond best known townships in South Afrìco, Sowelo slonds for "South Western Township" - 3 ff. Mofolo, Orlondo, Orlondo Wesl, Dube: different ports of Sowelo. Mofolo qnd Dube ore in the middle of Sowelo, while Orlondo ond Orlondo West ore in the northeqslern direction, - ól boer: wos used qs q term to refer to Afrikoners (see p, 5); it is no longer used becouse it is derogotory,

The Peace and Democracy sculpture on Noble Square, A & V Wate¡front, Cape Town

AwnReruess 1 Have you ever been to or taken part in a demonstration? How did you feel?

CoupRe uerustolr,l 2 What happened after the first gunshots? 3 What kinds of weapons were used by the opposing sides?

Arunlvsrs 4 How is the atmosphere among the protesters described at the beginning of the text? 5 How did the crowd react to the shots? 6 What kind of language does Dan use in his account of the Soweto Uprising?

Oprruroru 7 Why did the students protest against using Afrikaans in schools? 8 What impression of the Soweto Uprising do you gain from Dan's account?

Pno¡ecr 9 Find out how the Soweto Uprising is remembered in South Africa today. You could use the following websites: http://www.southafrica.info/about/history/hector-pieterson.htm, nVoption,com_wra pper/ltem id,1 431 and http://www.sahistory.org.zal

pa g es/g ove r n e n ce- p roj ects/j u n e 1 6/i n d ex. htm. Which measures were taken to keep the memory of the Soweto Uprising alive?

South Africa óJ "Vote of the century opens erq of hope" the ANC (Africon Nolionol Affer yeors of negotioiions (ì990-1994) between the moin ontogonists, to prevent ihese tolks in vorious woys' Congress) ond the Notionol Porty (NP), on d ofter mony ottempls Nineteen porties oppoinled lhe dotes for the firsl free elections were finolly seltled: 26-29 April1994' people) wenl to ihe polling condidoles for lhe elections ond Bó % of the populotion (neorly 20 million people voied for the firsi time in stotions, lt wos o log istic chollenge, but olso o greot success. Mony per Guardian on 28 APril 1994 their lives. The newsPo per orticle published in the British newspo lhe in South Africo by Gory Younge coptures lhe oimosphere during the firsf free elections

and a few beers later, the prospect of waking uP at 5am 25 and queuing for two hours looked increasinglY un- attractive. Mzimasi suggested going to vote in a white suburb, where 30 the queues would be shorter, but nobody knew anYone with a car who could take them. Johannes said he was voting ANC "for his children". But 35 nobody else was PrePared to saY how they would vote. The talk was of logistics, not Politics' Nevertheless, the sight of a white woman,who hadcasther 40 vote abroad, saYing tearfullY on polting stations in order to cast their votes south Africans patientty queued in front of the television, "I'm just scared about aroused some fierce emotion' r As dawn broke over Zone 9 of Meadowlands' Soweto, the futule", you scared of? That a black man will run the yesterday, the Mwale famity was preparing for power' "What are Mzimasi, slightly blowing his cover' 45 First there was water to boil since the rumour had country," shouted right about the woman's fears, the spread that the rightwing AWB might poison If Mzimasi was school yesterday morning would s Meadowland's main tank. Esther Mwale said "most sight at Maponyane them. Long queues of black people were people with sense" inZone 9 were boiling water' have confirmed - say in their country's future' Many had Then, there was the huge pot of mealies - a staple of waiting to have a up for the occasion as if they were going to 50 the township diet - to cook. On Tuesday, Granny had dressed in suits, hats and clean shoes, women with waited seven hours to cast her vote and they had had to church. Men wearing more make-up than is usually 10 bring her dinner while she queued. If there were long fresh hair-does and the rescue seen in the townshiP. delays today , it would be her turn to come to ' solved whatever problems they had Finally, there were the ID documents to find' No one After they had queued for about two hours before they 55 could say the Mwales were not ready for democracy' had, people waited, they joked, called to As they set off af Tam,joining a human stream of could vote. While they queues and scolded their bored children' 15 hundreds on the main road, it seemed that all of Zone 9 friends in other in fact, but talk about politics. had the same iclea: first watch Nelson Mandela cast his Anything, voted, nobody seemed to feel the urge vote in Durban on the television and then get down to After they had deeper significance of the day's events 60 the polling station at the Maponyane school quickly to to discuss the so obvious was necessary' There was beat the rush. because nothing just sense of relief and confident smiles borne from 20 The clientele ofJohannes'shebeen (township bar) had a keen seeing a job well done. "It was easy' discussed this eventuality the night before' At the the satisfaction at been telling us on the television' I feel beginning of the evening, Jacob's solution to avoiding Just like they have over," said 65 Tuesday's chaos was to get there early. A couple of hours good now it's Esther.

34 South Africa By the time the Mwales had finished At the shebeen, Johannes had voting, the queue was twice as long devised a plan to make sure Jacob kept and Esther chided some of those at the his promise. No beer would be served back for being so lazy. to people without the white, fluorescent 70 On the way home we saw Jacob, strip on their hand, which proved that B0 looking the worse fol wear and being they had voted. V/ith a wry smile, he ribbed by friends at the bus stop. He said: "How can there be a free and fair had woken up late but was insisting he election if drunk people are going to 7s would still make it to the polling vote?" booths.

Nelson Mandela casting his vote during the first free election in South Africa

Vocobulory Explonolions lntroduclion: polling (n,): lhe octivity of voting in o politicol lntroduction: ANC: see p. 17 - 4 AWB: obbreviotion for eleclion - 7 meolie (n): (SouIh Africon English) mqize, or o Afrikoner Weerslondsbeweging, o poromililory right-wing piece of moize - 7 slople (n,): o food thot is needed ond orgonisotion, ll emerged in the lote 1970s ond is led by lhe used oll the time - 9lo cosl o vole (v,): to vote in on eleclion notorious Eugene Terre'blonche, Their oim is on independent - 57 to scold (v.): to ongrily criticise s,o,, esp, o child, obout Afrikoner (see p, 5) volkstoot, - 20 Johonnes: owner of the s,th. they hove done - ó8 lo chide (v.)', literory to speok shebeen - 20 shebeen: o bor in o township where home ongrily to s.o, becouse you do nol opprove of s,lh, they brewed beer or liquor is often sold - 20 township: see p, 28 hqve done - 72 lo rib (v.): infml, to mqke jokes ond lough - 22 Jocob, 29 Mzimosi: customers in Johonnes'shebeen of s,o. so lhol you emborross lhem, bul in o friendly woy - 8l wry (odj.): showing o mixture of omusement ond displeosure or disbelief q"4o

Political part¡es in 1994 The most ¡mportônt and influential parties in South Africa in thø'1 990s weretne African National Congress (ANC), the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC), th€ lnkatha Freedom Party (lFP), the Democrôtic Party (DP) and thø National Party (NP), reflecting a wide range of political ideologies, The ANC (søe p, 'l 7) and the PAC were rivals in the past, The PAC broke away from the ANC in 1958. The reasons for this were thôt the PAC favoured an øxclusivø black membership and followed an Africanist approach (thøir slogan was "Africa for the Africans"), The PAC launchød the anti-pass law campaign in Sharpeville in 19ó0 (see p.24 f,), Like thø ANC it was bannød by the apaftheid government, its leaders went into exile and formed an armed wing, the Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA), The ANC and the PACwere unbannød in 1990, The PAC refused to put down its weapons and continued its tørrorist attacks on whitø civilians in the 1990s. ln thø elections of 1994 the PAC received only 1,8 % of the votes, The IFP stôrtød out as a Zulu cultural organisation in 1922123 and was revived by Mangosuthu Buthøløzi in 1975. Buthe lezi's approach was to work within thø system of the homeland policy of the aparthøid government. This was one reôson why lnkatha broke with the ANC in 1979.|n addition, it did not want to accept the authority of the ANC leadership in exile, The lnkatha becamø a political party in 1990, The struggle for power løt to violent and bloody clashes between ANC supporters and mømbers of lnkatha during the 1990s, ln the elections the IFP gained 10.5% of thø votes. The ProgressiveFederal Party and liberals from the National Party (NP) merged to form the DP, a party løft of the apartheid governmønt, in 1989. Members of this party were involved in the nesot¡ation process in the '1 990s. ln The 1994s election the DP won 1 .7%. The NP was foundød in 1914,|t was ô conservative party and represenled Afrikaner (see p. 5) interests. lt became thø leading political party from 1948 to 1990 and implementød apartheid in South Africa. lts voters consisted of Afrikaners and a growing number of English speaking South Africans. lt was mainly responsible for the oppression of the black majority and the violent internal civil war unfolding in the 'l 970s and '1980s. F.W. de Klerk, an NP leader, released political prisonørs and unbannød the opposition movements in '1 990, The ANC and the NP negotiated the pôth to the first free elections and democracy in South Africa, Thø NP won 2Q7" in the elections in 1994,

South Africa 35 Awnneruess 'l What proportion of the population vote in your country?

GovlpRenerustottl the township? 2 what was the general atmosphere like at the polling station in who already had been at the polling 3 Why did the shebeen owner Johannes only sårve customers stations?

Arunlvsts 30 4 Why did no one discuss Politics? like the sharpeville Massacre and the 5 These elections were a turning point in South African history, Soweto UPrising. WhY?

PRo¡ecr internet' which parties can you find? 6 Find out aboutthe political parties in south Africa on the What are their aims and political philosophies?

40

45

50

55 I Nelson Mondelo's stoTement of his presidentiol inougurqlion*

.l994 votes ond 252 seots in porlioment The ANC won the first free elecTions in goining 62.657oof the ot the Union buildings in Their condidote wos Nelson Mondelo (see p' 27) who wos inouguroted ihe world os well os members of royol fomilies Pretorio on ì 0 Moy 1994. Mony politicions from oll over philosophy of o new democroTic ottended the ceremony, ln his speech Nelson Mondelo outlined the o South Africo -www,soh 6! 199411994 his-i nougurotion,htm,

glorious life for all r Today, all of us do, by our presence here, and by our for a this we owe both to ourselves and to the peoples celebiations in other parls of our country and the world' All of the world who are so well represented here today' confer glory and hope to newborn liberty' 7l have no hesitation in saying that Out of the experience of an extraordinary human To my compatriots,I as intimately attached to the soil of 15 lasted too long, must be born a society of each one of us is s disaster that jacaranda this beautiful country as are the famous trees which all humanitY will be Proud' the mimosa trees of the bushveld' Our daily deeds as ordinary South Africans must of Pretoria and this land, reinforce Each time one of us touches the soil of we produce an actual South African reality that will 7 of personal renewal' The national mood Lumanity's belief in justice' strengthen its confidence in feel a sense changes as the seasons change' 20 10 the nobility of the human soul and sustain all our hopes

36 South Africa 'We are moved by a sense of joy and exhilaration when the grass turns green and the flowers bloom. That spiritual and physical oneness we all share with this common homeland explains the depth of the pain we all canied in our heafts as we saw 30 our country tear itself apart in a terrible conflict, and as we saw it spurned, outlawed and isolated by the peoples of the world, precisely because it has

35 become the universal base of the pernicious ideology and practice of racism and racial oppression. [...] V/e deeply appreciate the 40 role that the masses of our people and their political mass Mandela's ¡naugurat¡on: Thabo Mbeki is on his left, Frederik Willem de Klerk on his right democratic, religious, women, youth, business, traditional and other leaders have played many ways and surrendered their lives so that we could to bring about this conclusion. Not least among them is be free. 45 my Second Deputy President, the Honourable F.W. de Their dreams have become reality. Freedom is their

Klerk. reward. BO We would also like to pay tribute to our security forces, We are both humbled and elevated by the honour and in all their ranks, for the distinguished role they have privilege that you, the people of South Africa, have played in securing our first democratic elections and the bestowed on us, as the first President of a united, 50 transition to democracy, from blood-thirsty forces which democratic, non-racial and non-sexist government. still refuse to see the light. We understand it still that there is no easy road to 85 The time for the healing of the wounds has come. freedom. The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has We know it well that none of us acting alone can come. achieve success. The time to build is upon us. We must therefore act together as a united people, for We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation. national reconciliation, for nation building, for the birth s0 V/e pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the of a new world. continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other discrimination. justice 'We Let tlrcre be for all. 60 succeeded to take our last steps to freedom in Let tltere be peace all. conditions of relative peace. We commit ourselves to for the construction of a complete, just and lasting peace. Let there be work, breød, water and salt for all. Vy'e have triumphed in the effof to implant hope in the Let each krtow that for each the body, the mind breasts of the millions of our people. Vy'e enter into a und the soul hqve been freed to fuffill 65 covenant that we shall build the society in which all themselves. Never, never ønd never again slruIl South Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall, without any fear in their hearts, assured of it be thøt tlris beautiful land will again their inalienable right to human dignity - a rainbow experience the oppression of one by ønother nation at peace with itself and the world. and sulfer the indignity of being the skunk of 100 70 As a token its commitment to the renewal of our of the world. country, the new Interim Government of National Unity Let reign. will, as a matter of urgency, address the issue of amnesty freedonr for various categories of our people who are currently The sun shall never set on so glorious a serving terms of imprisonment. human øchievement! 75 We dedicate this day to all the heroes and heroines in this country and the rest of the world who sacrificed in God bless Africa! 105

South Africa 37 VocobulorY or evil, often in o woy thol you do nol nolice eosily 3 lo confer (v,): lo officiolly give s.o o litle etc, esp' os o hormful (n,): o very deep spoce between two high oreos reword for s,th, they hove ochieved - l0lo sustoin (v'): fo - 53 chosm one lhot is dongerous - 58 deprivotion (n'): o moke s.th, continue lo exisl over o period of time - l4 of rock, esp, you need or wonl - ó5 covenonl (n'): o compolriol (n,): s'o' who wos born in or is o cilizen of the lock of s.lh, lhot ogreement befween two or more people - 70 loken some country os s.o. eìse - 22 to exhilorote (v')l fo moke s'o' formol represenls o feeling, foct, evenl elc - 8l lo feel very excited ond hoppy - 3ó pernicious (odj'): very (n,): s,lh, lhot elevote (v,): lo give s o' or s,th, o more imPoriont ronk or posilion thon lheY hod before - 83 lo bestow (v,): to give s'o s,lh, of greot volue or im- portonce - 90 reconciliolion (n,): o situotion in which two people, countries etc be- come friendlY wilh eoch other ogoin ofter quorrelling

Explonolions 45 Frederik Willem de Klerk (- 193ó): Soulh Af ricon presidenl from ì989-1994 ond o member of the Noiionol Porty. He releosed monY polilicol prisoners ond un- bonned resistonce move- menls. He wos olso the mqin negotiotor logelher with Mondelo in ochieving o democrotic South Africo'

The lJnion Buildings in Pretor¡a

AwnReruess 1 lmagine that you have been elected the president of your country' Formulateaconvincingspeechthatincludesyouraimsforyourtermin off ice.

CotupReuerusloltl 2 What does Mandela hope that his speech will achieve? 3 Who are his main addressees?

Arunlvsls 4 Why does Mandela use "we" instead of "1"? 5 Why does he stress the beauty of the country? US president Barack Obama 6 What rhetorical means does Mandela use in his speech? What is their function?

Oplrutotl your opinion 7 What do you find remarkable about this speech? Justify

Pno¡ecr in January 2009. o Compare this speech with Barack Obama's speech at his inauguration Can you find similarities? Whai d¡fferences are there between the two speeches? Explain the differences' Whatisthemainfunctionofbothspeeches?Dotheyhaveanyaimsincommon? What does Obama want to achieve for his country?

3B South Africa Anljie Krog I Country of My Skull Antjie Krog (-1952) is besT known for her poetry in Afrìkoons, olthough she hos olso writÌen o shorl novel, o ploy ond lwo other books, Counfry of My Skull (1998) ond A Change of Tongue (2003) She tronsloted Nelson Mondelo's outobiogrophy Long Wolk to Freedom into Afrikoons. Counfry of My Sku// is o reflection of her work os on SABC (South Africon Broodcosting Cooperotion) rodio journolist covering the TRC (Truth ond Reconciliotion Commission) The book uses bolh ficlionol ond foctuol elements to deol with key issues such os history, culture, identify, notion building ond how to deol with the oportheid post. These issues ore multi-loyered ond reflecl the complexiiies of noïion building in the new South Africo, The following possoge gives on insight into the key concepts she explores in her book, - Antjie Krog, Counfry of My Sku// (London: Vintoge, ì 999), pp l33f ,, 144, 361f ,, 422,

'While a building is being destroyed in front of me by a myself over the years? From the faces alone I can tell beautiful, all-consuming fire - I argue with myself, I who was taken up in the Broederbond, who is a compare versions of truth. Rapportryer, a Ruiterwag, who is working class. The Out of this must now be taken: The Truth? Mentzes, I know, have a musical bloodline. Whether 4s It must be so. your name is Jack or Paul or Johannes - it means The truth is validated by the majority, they say. Or something. In some way or another, all Afrikaners are you bring youl' own version of the truth to the merciless related. If somebody says his father bought land here, arena of the past - only in this way does the past become or he grew up in Odendaalsrus or Vy'elkom - then I know. thinkable, the world become habitable. From the accents I can guess where they buy their clothes, so 10 And if you believe your own version, your own lie - where they go on holiday, what car they drive, what because as narrators we all give ourselves permission to music they listen to. V/hat I have in common with them believe our own versions - how can it be said that you is a culture - and part ofthat culture over decades hatched are being misleading? To what extent can you bring the abominations for which they are responsible. yourself not to know what you know? Eventually it is In a sense it is not these men but a culture that is asking 5s '15 not the lie that matters, but that mechanism in yourself for amnesty. [...] that allows you to accept distortions. I say: "Was Apartheid the product of some horrific Either Hechter or Mamasela killed Irene Mutase. The shorlcoming in Afrikaner culture? Could one find the key truth does not lie in between. There cannot be a to this in Afrikaner songs and literature, in beer and compromise between the two versions. braaivleis? How do I live with the fact that all the words 60 20 Is the truth known only to the dead? used to humiliate, all the orders given to kill, belonged Between the bodies, the child Tshidiso remains. Which to the language of my heart? At the hearings, many of truth does he inherit? It is for him that the truth must be the victims faithfully reproduced these parts of their found. stories in Afrikaans as proof of the bloody fingerprints And so, if the truth is to be believed in this country, upon them." "Jung talks about inferiority. Do you know 6s it must perhaps be written by those who bear the about that?" consequences of the past. "All I know is that my grandfather wanted to send my It is asking too much that everyone should believe the mother to Rhodes University so that she could learn to Truth Commission's version of the Truth. speak English 'better than an Englishman' Or that people should be set free by this - and that my mother refused. She told 70 30 truth, should be healed and reconciled. him she doesn't lsicl needto speak English But perhaps these narratives alone are better than an Englishman. But why do enough tojustify the existence ofthe Truth you ask about inferiority. Do you think Commission. Because of these narratives, Afrikaners are suffering from it?" people can no longer indulge in their "According to Jung inferiority leads to 7s 3s separate dynasties of denial. [...] a hysterical dissociation ofthe personality, What do I do with this? They [the which consists essentially in, as he puts Vlakplaas Fivel are as familiar as my it, wanting to jump over one's shadow, brothers, cousins and school friends. and looking for everything dark, inferior Between us all distance is erased. Was and culpable not in oneselfbut in others. Bo 40 there perhaps never a distance except the That is why the hysteric always complains one I have built up with great effort within Antjie Krog of being surrounded by inferior mischief-

South Africa 39 In a wild arch of air I rock with the makers, a crowd of sub-men who Commissioners in the boat back to should be exterminated so that the the mainland. I am filled with an 105 Bs Superman can live at his high level indescribable tenderness towards this of perfection. All men are dangerous Commission. With all its mistakes, its if their leaders have unlimited power'" anogance, its racism, its sanctimony, "It feels to me that if You look at its incompetence, the lying, the failure the past onlY from the viewPoint of to get an interim reparation policy off 1 10 eo the victim, or the viewpoint of the the ground after two Years, the perpetrator, the ultimate consequence showing off with all of this - it has is hatred ..." - been so brave, so naively brave in the "Are you grieving?" winds of deceit, rancour and hate' His eyes are dark. An afternoon of with the 115 of grey Against a flood crashing e5 limpid light turns into tatters psychiatrist C' G' Jung According to weight of a brutalizing past on to new and twilight. a personal inferioritY can be usurping politics, the Commission has "How can I? Vy'hat have I lost? WhY proiected on others kept alive the idea of a common do I feel I am gaining all the time? Painstakingly it has chiselled a way beyond One does not grieve for Apartheid. Should I grieve for humanity. racism and made space for all of our voices' For all its 120 100 a phantom fatherland perhaps? I think ultimately I feel it carries a flame of hope that makes me proud I ãon't have the right to grieve for the dead - I should failures, here, of here. rather take responsibility for the oppressors'" to be from

q"4o

TRC 1995. lts overall task was to deal The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) began its work in and 1994' ll consisted of with the atrocities that occurred during apartheid and betwe¿n 1990 atrocitiøs; the AmnesV three committeesr The Human Rights'Violations Committee investigated 7000 individuals; and finally Committeø collected and procøssød applications for amnesW by over governmønt on compensation for victims, the Reparations and Rehabilitation Committee advisød the beliefs (the ideô of healing and the abiliÇ The underlying PrinciPles were basically takøn from Christian (there precise definition of ubuntu but to forgive) and the South African philosophy of ubuntu is no the Xhosa exPression "Umuntu it stands for humaneness, caring and communitY and derives from The final report was Presented ngumuntu ngabanye Bantu" IPeople are peoPle through other PeoPle l, 't the TRC had not yel6een comPløted; to Prøsident Nelson Mandela in 998, though the entire work of it continued until 2001

VocobulorY to chisel (v,)l /'tJIzeU io use o chisel; metol tool with o shorp edge, used lo cuT wood or stone

Explonotions lnlroduclion: Afrikoons: see p. ì0 - l7 Coploin Jocques Hechter: one of ihe so colled Vlokploos Five' He wos responsible for ond involved in numerous killings of people' Like Momoselo he wos one of The killers of the Mulqses' As his nome indicotes he belongs lo lhe group of Afrikoners (see p' 5) ond o Gee p.5), - l7 Joe Momqselo: on Africqn (former member of one of lhe ormed wings morolly betfer thon other people, in o woy thot is onnoying Vlokploos oskori movemenls such os the MK (see p' 2ó) who - I l4 roncoul (n.): o feeling of hotred, esp' when you connot of oppositionol by the Security Bronch ond becqme forgive s.o, - llT lo usutp (v.): to toke s'o' else's power' were "converted" people). lVomoselo is one of lhe porìtion, job etc when you do not hove lhe right lo - I l9 lroitors ogoinst their own

40 South Africa nolorious killers who worked of Vlokploos ond wos involved ond unity, it wos o secrel orgonisotion supporting rociol in numerous killings, He wos port of lhe killing of Roberl und segregolion. The AB wos conservolive ond become very lrene Mutose, - l7 lrene Mutose: wife of Robert Mutose, influeniiol during oporlheid: members of porlioment ond She wos killed logether wilh her husbond ol lheir home in ministers were high ronking members of the orgonisotion; the township of Tembo, neor Hommqnskrool, by the Security the literol meoning is "leogue/confederotion of brothers", Bronch, Ihe motive for killing the lvlutoses remoins unknown. - 44 Ropporlryer/Ruiteruog: both ore conservotive youth Robert Mutose wos probobly suspected of being too lenient orgonisotions belonging to the Afrikoner Broederbondl wiÌh the opposilion, or of being o troitor, ond therefore wqs Ruilerwog literolly meons "horserider guord', Ropportryer eliminoted, - 2l Tshidiso: lhe young son of RoberI qnd lrene con be lronsloled os "dispolch rider", - 45 Menlzes: on old lVutose who survived the otlock on their home, - 37 Afrikoner (see p, 5) fomily - 47 Alrikoner: see p, 5 - 49 Vlokploos Five: Vlokploos wqs o form neor Pretorio. lt wos Odendoolsrus: o town in the Free Slote - 49 Welkom: the used by members of Ìhe Securily Bronch to lorlure ond kill second lorgesl Town in the Free Stote - ó0 blooivleis: opponenls, Vlokploos is q notorious ploce thol slonds for borbecue; the literol meoning is "grilled meot" - ó5 Coll the cruelty of the methods used by the oportheid Gustov Jung (1875-19ól): Swiss psychiotrisL He founded the government lo get rid off its enemies, Five specific Security school of onolylicol psychology, - ó8 Rhodes Univelsity: o Bronch policemen ore meont by the Vlokploos Five: Coploin prestigious universily with o world-wide repulotion for the Jocques Hechter, Poul von Vuuren, Coptoin WouIer Mentz, high quolity of educotion siluoled in Grohqmstown, Eoslern Roelf Venter ond Jock Cronje, - 43 Afrikooner Broederbond Cope, Grohomstown wqs founded in lBl2 ond wqs o (AB): founded in l9l8 io promote Afrikoner (see p. 5) culture froniier town where British immigronls settled in 1820,

Awnneruess 1 Compare South Africa's situation after the era of apartheid with that of Germany (after the Holocaust) What similarities and what differences can you find?

CovpRenerusroru 2 How does Krog define truth? 3 What does Krog say about the perpetrators of the apartheid system? 4 What does she have in common with them?

Arunlvsrs 5 How does Krog evaluate the TRC in Country of My Skullaccording to the text? 6 Analyse the sentence "ln a sense it is not these men but a culture that is asking for amnesty." flr.55f.). 7 Comment on the importance of language (see also the chapter on the Soweto Uprising). 8 Which aspects of Afrikaner (see p. 5) culture are highlighted? Explain why they are highlighted. 9 What does Krug attempt to achieve for herself by writing this text?

Oprruroru 10 Do you think that establishing a commission like the TRC is a good and sufficient measure to deal with the past? Justify your opinion. 11 Discuss the following aspects of the TRC in class: Can you imagine what kind of problems arose in connection with the TRC? What does "truth" mean in the context of the TRC? How do you think can reconciliation be achieved in South Africa?

lrureRruer PRo¡ecrs 12 Find out more about the TRC and its proceedings on the following website: http://www.doj.gov.zaltrcl. Work in groups of 4-5, find testimonies by victims and perpetrators and analyse them. How are they interviewed? What language policy was used by the TRC? Have a look at the number of amnesties that were granted. How many were not granted and for what reasons? 13 Zapiro (see p.42) is one of the best-known cartoonists in South Africa and has an official website _ on the internet (www.zapiro.com). Find other cartoons concerned with South Africa, describe and analyse them.

South Africa 41 Frr-wr ArunlYsls '14 The Film ßed Dust QOO4I is concerned with the TRC and its proceedings. lt is based on the novel with the same title by Gillian Slovo and focuses on the relationship between victims and perpetrators. Watch the film in class. What do you learn about the TRC? Describe the relationship between Alex Mpondo and Dirk Hendricks. What is unusual about it? To what extent does the film criticise the proceedings of the TRC?

Cnnrooru 15 Describe the cartoon in detail. What aspects of the TRC are mentioned? Which problems are highlighted? 16 What do you th¡nk about the cartoon? Justify your opinion'

kñohx I^J€'LL FIND ,Àl BÉLLY OF ÍH( tseAs'r I

Thobo Mbeki I Sloiemenl on beholf of lhe ANC. Afler ihe foll of oportheid, the issue of idenlity in the new South Africo become imporlont on both notionol ond individuol levels, The "old" fromework which cotegorised people olong rociol lines, ond considered white notions of identity os the dominont ond desiroble ones, wos discorded lo moke woy for o brooder concepi of identity. Throughout his presidency Thobo Mbeki promoted the ideo of on ,,Africon Renoissonce". This included o return to Africon troditions, concepts of thought ond socielol volues, His stoiement on beholf of the ANC (Africon Notionol Congress) on the occosion of the odoption by the constitutionol ossembly of "The Republic of South Africo ConstituTion Bill '¡99ó,,, in Cope Town, B Moy 199ó reflects the importonce of identity ond history in the politicol process of notion building.

African identity On an occasion such as this, we should, perhaps, staft trees, the flowers, the seas and the ever-changing seasons from the beginning. that define the face of our native land. So,let me begin. My body has frozen in our frosts and in our latter day 10 in the warmth of our sunshine and 5 I am an African. snows. It has thawed I owe my being to the hills and the valleys, the melted in the heat of the midday sun. The crack and the mountains and the glades, the rivers, the deserts, the rumble of the summer thunders, lashed by startling

42 South Africa lightning [sic] , have been a cause both of trembling and 1s ofhope. The fragrances of nature have been as pleasant to us as the sight of the wild blooms to the citizens of the veld. The dramatic shapes of the Drakensberg, the soil- 20 coloured waters of the Lekoa, iGqili noThukela, and the sands of the Kgalagadi, have all been panels of the set on the natural stage on which we act out the foolish deeds of the theatre of our day. At times, and in fear,I have wondered whether I should 25 concede equal citizenship ofour country to the leopard and the lion, the elephant and the springbok, the hyena, the black mamba and the pestilential mosquito. A human presence among all these, a feature on the face of our native land thus defined, I know that none 30 dare challenge me when I say - I am an African! I owe my being to the Khoi and the San whose desolate souls haunt the great expanses of the beautiful Cape - Thabo Mbeki, right, and Nelson Mandela celebrating their they who fell victim to the most merciless genocide our v¡ctory native land has ever seen, they who were the first to lose 3s their lives in the struggle to defend our freedom and gold, in the same food for which my stomach yearns. 70 independence and they who, as a people, perished in the I come of those who were transported from India and result. China, whose being resided in the fact, solely, that they Today, as a country, we keep an audible silence about were able to provide physical labour, who taught me these ancestors of the generations that live, fearful to that we could both be at home and be foreign, who taught 40 admit the horror of a former deed, seeking to obliterate me that human existence itself demanded that freedom zs from our memories a cruel occurrence which, in its was a necessary condition for that human existence. remembering, should teach us not and never to be Being part of all these people, and in the knowledge inhuman again. that none dare contest that assertion, I shall claim that I am formed of the migrants who left Europe to find - I am an African. 4s a new home on our native land.'Whatever their own I have seen our country torn asunder as these, all of eo actions, they remain still part of me. whom are my people, engaged one another in a titanic In my veins courses the blood of the Malay slaves battle, the one redress a wrong that had been caused by who came from the East. Their proud dignity informs my one to another and the other, to defend the indefensible. bearing, their culture a part of my essence. The stripes I have seen what happens when one person has so they bore on their bodies from the lash of the slave superiority of force over another, when the stronger es master are a reminder embossed on my consciousness appropriate to themselves the prerogative even to annul of what should not be done. the injunction that God created all men and women in I am the grandchild of the wanior men and women that His image. Hintsa and Sekhukhune led, the patriots that Cetshwayo I know what if signifies when race and colour are used ss and Mphephu took to battle, the soldiers Moshoeshoe and to determine who is human and who, sub-human. so Ngungunyane taught never to dishonour the cause of I have seen the destruction of all sense of self-esteem, freedom. the consequent striving to be what one is not, simply to My mind and my knowledge of myself is formed by acquire some of the benefits which those who had the victories that are the jewels in our African crown, the improved themselves as masters had ensured that they 60 victories we earned from Isandhlwana to Kharloum, as enjoy. e5 Ethiopians and as the Ashanti of Ghana, as the Berbers I have experience of the situation in which race and of the desert. colour is used to enrich some and impoverish the rest. I am the grandchild who lays fresh flowers on the t...1 Boer graves at St Helena and the Bahamas, who sees in I am an African! 6s the mind's eye and suffers the suffering of a simple Because of that, I am also able to state this fundamental r oo peasant folk, death, concentration camps, destroyed truth that I am born of a people who are heroes and homesteads, a dream in ruins. heroines. I am the child of Nongqause. I am he who made it I am born of a people who would not tolerate possible to trade in the world markets in diamonds, in oppresslon.

South Africa 43 It gives concrete expression to the sentiment we share as Africans, and will defend to the death, that the people shall govern. '130 It recognises the fact that the dignity ofthe individual is both an objective which society must pursue, and is a goal which cannot be separated from the material well- being of that individual' It seeks to create the situation in which all our people shall be free from fear, including the fear ofthe oppression of one national group by another, the fear of the disempowerment of one social echelon by another, the fear of the use of state power to deny anybody their fundamental human rights and the fear of tyranny' 140 It aims to open the doors so that those who were The dramatic shapes of the Drakensberg disadvantaged can assume their place in society as equals death, with their fellow human beings without regard to colour, 105 I am of a nation that would not allow that fear of geographic dispersal. torture, imprisonment, exile or persecution should result race, gender, age or enable each one and all 145 in the perpetuation of injustice. Itprov them, strive for their The great masses who are our mother and father will to state of governance without not permit that the behaviour of the few results in the impleme fear that a contrary view will be met with repression' 110 description of our country and people as barbaric' society which shall be Patient because history is on their side, these masses It creates a law-governed 150 do not despair because today the weather is bad' Nor do inimical to arbitrary rule. of conflicts by peaceful means they turn triumphalist when, tomorrow, the sun shines' It enables the resolution Whatever the circumstances they have lived through rather than resort to force. to It rejoices in the diversity of our people and creates the '1 15 and because ofthat experience, they are determined to define ourselves as one define for themselves who they are and who they should space for all of us voluntarily 155 be. people. an achievement of which I am We are assembled here today to mark their victory in As an African, this is and proud without any acquiring and exercising their right to formulate their proud, proud without reservation of conceit. 120 own definition of what it means to be African. feeling Our sense of elevation at this moment also derives product is the unique 160 The importance of the constitution from the fact that this magnificent The constitution whose adoption we celebrate creation of African hands and African minds' a tribute to our loss of vanity constitutes an unequivocal statement that we refuse to But it is also constitutes the temptation to treat ourselves accept that our Africanness shall be defined by our race, that we could, despite of humanity, draw on the 12s colour, gender of historical origins. as an exceptional fragment of all humankind, 165 It is a firm assertion made by ourselves that South accumulated experience and wisdom want to be. Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white' to define for ourselves what we

Vocobulory importonce or position - 8ó to 2l ponel (n,): o flot piece of wood, gloss etc with slroight s,o. hqs becouse of their (v,): to stote thoi o morrioge or legol sides which forms porl of o door, wqll, fence etc - 3l onnul technicql - 107 to perpeluote (v'): to moke desolote (odj,): s,o, who is desolote feels very sod ond ogreement no longer exists s,th, continue to exisl for o long time - 138 echelon (n'): o lonely - 33 genocide (n ): the deliberole murder of o whole in on orgonizoTion, business group or roce of people - 40 lo obliterote (v'): to remove ronk or level of responsibility people ol thot level - 144 dispersol (n,): the oct o lhought, feeling, or memory from s,o''s mind - 5l to emboss elc, or the o wide oreo - 148 lepression (n'): (v,): lo moke o roised potlern on the surfoce of metol, of spreoding Ihings over of o lorge group of people - 150 poper, leother elc - óó peosonl (odj.): s.o in o poor counlry cruel ond severe conirol (odj,): very unfovouroble for s'th' or in former limes, who does fqrm work on the piece of inimicol fml, lond where ihey live - 70 to yeorn (v'): literory lo hove o is difficulf or impossible slrong desire for s,lh., esp. s'Ih. thqt Explonotions to gel - 72 solely (odv.): noT involving onything or onyone He wos born in 1942 in the else; only - 78 osserlion (n,): s th. thoi you soy or write thot lnlroduction: Thobo Mbeki; Mbeki who wos q leoder you strongly believe - 80 osunder (odv,): liferory to be broken Trqnskei ond is the son of Govon Thobo joined Ihe ANC violenTly into mony pieces - 8ó prerogotive (n.): o righl thot of the ANC in the eoslern Cope,

44 South Africa Youth Leogue in 195ó ond lefl the country ofter being Cope Town, After visiting Queen Viclorio in Englond, he detoined in 1962, He returned to Soulh Africo in the 1990s wos ollowed to relurn to Zululond where he dfed shorlly ond rose in lhe ANC ronks, He become presidenl of South ofterwqrds, - 55 Mphephur c. 1868-1924, chief of the Vendo, Africo in June 1999, His presidency wos overshodowed by He defended independence ogoinsl Boer rule, bul wos his controversiol remorks on HIV/AIDS ond his otlilude defeoled ond hod to flee to present-doy Zimbobwe in lowords Zimbobwe's leoder Roberf Mugobe, He resigned I 898 - 5ó Ngungunyone: c, I 850-1 90ó, Tsongo chief who wos os president in September 2008, - lntroduclion: ANCI see p, defeoted by lhe Portuguese in 1895 - ó8 Nongqouse/ l7 - 3l Khoi, Sqn: see p.8 - 54/55 Hinlso, Sekhukhuni, Nongqowuse: 1841-1898, Xhoso prophefess. She predicted Moshoeshoe/Moshweshwe: see p, 28 - 54 Celshwoyo: c, thot the Xhoso would regoin iheir lond from lhe whites by 1826-1884, son of the Zulu king lVponde qnd chief of lhe killing their cotlle ond burning lheir fields to oppeose the Zulu, He fought ogoinst the British in the Anglo-Zulu Wor. oncestors. This becqme known in history os lhe Xhosq Cottle He won the boltle of lslondlowono in 1879, but wos Killing (185ó). The sloughlering of the coltle ond the loss of defeoled ofterwords, He flew Io the Zulu copitol Ulundi crops hod o devosloting effecl on the Xhoso notion ond where he wos coptured by lhe British ond wos exiled to did nol bring the wished - for expulsion of the coloniolisls.

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The election in 2009 The latest election in South Africa took place on 22 April 2009.777. of the population went to the polling stations, Thø ANC gained ó5.9 Vo of lhe votes while the main opposition pôrty/ Democrôtic Alliance (DA), won 16,66 7o, The ANC did not ga¡n ô two th¡rds majority in parliament which would have been d prerequis¡te to enable them to change the constitution. The election attracted international attøntion because it was supposed that the results of the election might cause a shift in South African government policy. The reason for this is the ANC leader Jacob Zuma, who is the next president of the country and will remain in office lor five years, Zuma has provoked much controversy in South Africa. ln 2005 he was accused of rape and corruption. ln both cases the charges were withdrawn. ln addition, a clash of ideologies within the ANC bøtween Zuma and Mbeki supporters led to Mbeki's resignation in September 2008 and to the splitting of the party. The breakaway party is called Cope (Congress of the People) and is under the leadership of Mosiuoa "Ierror" Lekota. Cope opposes Zuma's popularist approach.

Awnneruess 1 What is your nationality? How important is it for your identity?

CowlpRenerusroru 2 Which turning points in South Africa's history are mentioned in this speech? 3 How does Mbeki evaluate the constitution?

Arunlvsrs 4 Analyse the structure of the speech. 5 What does Mbeki say about his own identity? Why does he mention his own identity? 6 Why does he identify himself as an African, not a South African?

Oprruroru 7 How does Mbeki try to arouse emotions? Why does he appeal to his listeners' emotions? 8 Why does he explain his African identity in a speech that refers to the new constitution?

PRo¡ecrs 9 Find out more about the South African constitution of 1996. Look at the second text, the Bill of Rights. What rights are granted here? Compare your findings with the demands in the Freedom Charter 1pp. 19f.). Does the Bill of Rights of the constitution fulfil the demands of the Freedom Charter? lf so, to what extent? (see ) 10 The South African constitution is often quoted as being the most modern and democratic in the world. From your reading of the Bill of Rights, do you agree with this statement? Justify your opinion. 11 Compare Mbeki's speech with Mandela's speech at the Rivonia Trial (see pp. 26f.). To what extent do they differ? Can you find any similarities? Why do both stress the African heritage?

South Africa 45 Zokes Mdo

"OuTsiders" from ln the following iext Zokes lVdo explores the feor mony Souih Africons hove of "foreigners" other poris of Africo with whom they live side by side in ihe Iownships or in lhe inner city oreos lìke Hillbrow in Johonnesburg, - Heidi Hollond/Adom Roberts (ed ), From Jo'burg fo Jozi' Sfories aboul Afríca's infamousclty (London: Penguin, 2002), pp' lóó-l óB

Africans - both black and white - don't hate and fear all foreigners. Only black 30 foreigners from the rest of Africa and from the United States of America. White foreigners from Europe and the Americas are welcomed with oPen arms. The impression that is created gs is that black foreigners come to steal local jobs whereas white foreigners are bringing Investment into the country. This, ofcourse, is a fallacy born of 40 South Africa's old apartheid past. Black South Africans long internalised self-hate. Hence their mistrust and suspicion of fellow black Africans. and non-govern- 45 Skytine of Johannesburg, South Africa's biggest city The government mental organisations that are run by r lt would be wrong to say nothing has changed since the more enlightened South Africans are trying very liberation 1n 1994. Although the squatter camps have hard to fight this attitude. Of course most members of Africa become much bigger because the new rulers abolished the government were in exile in other countries in influx control laws that prohibited black people from where they received assistance to fight their war of 50 their s coming to Johannesburg uuless they were employed, liberation. They therefore are embarrassed by to the government is working hard to house the homeless. compatriots' xenophobia. Many campaigns continue New low-income houses are coming up where it used be waged through the mass media to wean the people of to be nothing but veld. Or where it usecl to be makeshift Johannesburg and South Africa from this xenophobia. corrugated iron and cardboard shelters in the middle of One big fallacy is that black foreigners come to 55 jobs from the locals. Many people 10 a quagmire. The government gives the homeless people, Johannesburg to steal as who are either unemployed or who receive too small an from the north of South Africa come to this country income to afford accommodation, a subsidy to build political refugees. Many of them are professional people their own houses. Some people have criticised this state who nevertheless don't get jobs in their professions. welfarism because it creates a dependency mentality Instead they createjobs for themselves. It is not unusual oo suburbs of i5 among the poor. They tend to look to the government to drive into a shopping mall in one of the to provide them with everything. The government carries Johannesburg and find that the parking attendants are on with its housing programme, and thousands of lawyers or teachers from Congo' Or from any of the previously homeless people now have houses of their French-speaking countries of central and west Africa. own. Still the government, with its meagre resources, is One of these lawyers was my shoemaker at a street 65 20 not able to house evelybody. The homeless are still the corner in Melville. Although he learned shoe repairing and bane of the inner city. as an emergency when he arrived in Johannesburg Unemployment and homelessness have tended to cause couldn't get a job in his profession, he managed to do it Soon he a lot ofxenophobia among the poor Johannesburgers. The well. Many people brought their shoes to him. scapegoat is always the foreigner. Everyone who looks employed other people. Now he runs a big store of his 70 2s vaguely like a foreigner is regarded as an illegal own, selling all sorts of locally made and imporled shoes. immigrant. Especially if they are darker in complexion That is how many of the foreigners from the African They are not than the "average South African" - whatever that means. countries start. They are very enterprising. South Africa's xenophobia is really racism. South afraid to start doing menial jobs that locals are loath to

46 South Africa 7s touch. Then they grow and end up creating employment Zokes Mdq is olso known by for the very South Africans who despise them. the nomes "Zonemvulo Kizito Gold in the streets of Johannesburg may be an illusion Gotyeni lVdo", "Zonemvulo for many South Africans who flock into this city from Mdo" ond "Zonemvulo Kizito other towns and villages, but many foreigners from the GoTyeni", He wos born in Bo rest of Africa have found it through their hard work and Herschel (Eostern Cope) in enterprising spirit. They have found it in the businesses October 1948 ond received that they have established from zero. Businesses that his ocodemic educotion ot end up employing many South Africans. Ohio University (USA) ond The Universily of Cope Town where he obtoined his doctorote in l9B9 During oporïheid he wos orrested in the l9ó0s for his onti- oportheid octivities ond went into exile in the I970s. Vocobulory Todoy he is o lecturer, ploywright ond writer ond 2 squolter (n.): s,o. who lives in on empty building or on o divides his time between the USA ond South Africo, piece of lond wilhout permission ond withoul poying renÌ His novels ond ploys focus on issues foced by modern - 4 to prohibil (v,): Io officiolly stop on octivity by moking if Africons in South Africo. His mosl recenl novels ore ilìegol or ogoinst the rules - veld (n.): the high flql oreq of I Heaft of Red ness (200 I ), M adonna of Excelsior (2002), is gross few lond in South Africo thqt covered in ond hos The Whale Caller (2005), ond Cion (2007). lrees - I mokeshift (odj,): mode for lemporory use when you need s,th, qnd there is nolhing better ovqiloble - l0 quogmire (n,): on oreo of sofl wet muddy ground - l2 subsidy (n,): money thot is poid by o government or orgonizolion to moke prices lower, reduce the cost of oporlheid too mony people moved inlo the high rise flots producing goods etc - l4 welforism (n.): o woy of life in of Hillbrow while the originol owners moved out, Todoy which s.o. does not work, but occepts money from the Hillbrow is o rundown oreo where refugees, people from lhe government ond mokes no ottempl to improve their townships ond rurol qreos live together, lt is morked by situotion - 2l bone (n.): s.th. thot couses trouble or mqkes poverly ond decoy. - 23 xenophobiq: The word derives - (n,): people unhoppy 40 follocy o folse ideq or belief, from the Greek words: "xenos" which meqns foreigner ond people - esp, one thot o lot of believe is ttue 73 enletprising "phobio" lhot stonds for feor, Xenophobio is lhus the feor (odj,): showing the obility to Ihink of new octivities or ideos of foreigners, South Africo hos olwoys been o ploce to seek ond moke lhem work - 74 meniol (odj,): meniol work is work, There wos o sleody influx of people from the soulhern boring, needs no skill, ond is not importont - 74 looth (odj ): Africon counfries, moinly to the mines oround Johonnesburg, unwilling to do s,lh, Since South Africo's tronsformolion inlo o democrocy the country hos become o "Mecco" for mony other Africon people seorching for work, o sfoble economy, security, Explonotions refuge, ond peoce. The South Africon people, who were lntroduction: Hillbrowr inner city suburb of Johonnesburg, formerly oppressed by the oportheid system ond its losling ln the posl it wos known for iIs culturol imporlonce ond consequences such os lock of educqtion or job diversity; o loI of qrlists ond elhnicities lived there. AfIer opportunities, feel threolened by lhese "newcomers",

AwnR¡rvess 1 What is the situation like in your country as far as xenophobia is concerned? What are the reasons for xenophobia in your country?

CoupRe¡erusrorv 2 Which reasons are given for xenophobia in "Outsiders"? 3 Which changes were made by the new government?

Arunlvsrs 4 Summarise Mda's arguments. 5 What is peculiar about the kind of xenophobia described by Mda? 6 Why does Mda say that South African xenophobia is racist (1.281? 7 What kind of language does the author use in the text? 8 How does Mda evaluate foreigners in his country?

Oprruroru'b To what extent do you agree or disagree with Mda's ideas and arguments? Justify your opinion,

South Africa 47 Pno¡ecr 10 Find out more about the violent incidents that occurred around Johannesburg und Pretoria in May 2008. Read the following two newspaper articles about this violent outbreak of xenophobia. The first one is from a South African weekly ( sweeps-gauteng), while the second was published in Britain (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/ 2008/may/25lsouth af rica ). Com pa re the two newspa per a rticles' What is stressed in the British newspaper? How do the victims of the attack perceive South Africa? What is said about the situation of immigrants after the attacks? Take both articles into consideration. Do you think the government did enough? Justify your opinion'

CnRrooru Arunlvsls jj The cartoon capturesthe ironies involved in South African xenophobia. Describethe cartoon and comment on it. Can you think of a similar perception of refugees in your country?

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Vocobulory Explonotion 40 qnd biopsy (n,): lhe removol of cells, liquid elc from lhe body dysplostic (odj,): dysplosio is o medicol lerm meqns of s,o, who is ill, in order to find out more oboui their diseose qbnormql growlh or development ond iis effects - negligence (n,): foilure lo toke enough core over s,th. thot you ore responsible for - domicile (n,): o ploce where s,o, lives - inlerolio (n ): (totln) omong olher 45 things

48 South Africa I 7 Welcome lo Our Hillbrow ln Phoswone lVpe's Welcome fo Our Htllbrow (200ì) lhe reoder follows lhe protogonisl Refentse who comes from lhe rurol oreos ond is confronted with the exciting ond dongerous life in lhe inner city os embodied in The notorious disTrict of Hillbrow (see p 47) in postoportheid Johonnesburg, ln the following possoge HIV/AIDS ond where it might come from ore discussed in o rother unusuol woy. - Welcome fo Our Htllbrow (Pietermoritzburg: Universily of NoTol Press, 200ì), pp 3f

r One of the stories that you remember vividly was of a young man who died of a strange illness in 1990, when s you were matriculating. The migrants said it could only have been AIDS. After all, was he not often seen roaming the whorehouses and dingy pubs of 1o Hillbrow? While his poor parents imagined that he was working away in the city. in older to make sure that there would be a huge bag of maize ls meal to send back for all at the homestead. The migrants, most of whom insisted that he was a stubborn brother, who suffered The Hillbrow Tower (J. G. Strijdom Tower) is one of the landmarks of Johannesburg because of blocking his ears 20 with gum while they dished out advice to him, also said could admit to having seen or practised it personally - that he was often seen with Makwerekwere women, said such sex was done anally. They also explained how hanging onto his arms and dazzling him with sugar- it was done - dog style - to the disgust of most of the coated kisses that were sure to destroy any man,let alone people of Tiragalong, who insisted that filth and sex an impressionable youngster like him. should be two separate things. 50 25 He died, poor chap; of what precisely, no one knew. But strange illnesses courted in Hillbrow, as Tiragalong knew only too well, could only translate into AIDS, This Phoswone Mpe wos born AIDS, according to popular understanding, was caused in the Limpopo Province by foreign germs that travelled down from the central in September 1970, He 30 and western parts of Africa. More specifically, certain went to High School neor newspaper articles attributed the source of the virus that Polokwone ond studied caused AIDS to a species called the Green Monkey, oT the Universify of the which people in some parts of West Africa were said to Witwotersrond, obtoin- eat as meat, thereby contracting the disease. Migrants ing on M A, in Africon (who were Tiragalong's authoritative grapevine on all Lileroture in 199ó, He be- come o lecfurer the important issues) deduced from such media reports that of University Wit- AIDS's travel route into Johannesburg was through of the wotersrond in Johonnes- Makwerekwere; and Hillbrow was the sanctuary in which burg, His debut novel Makwerekwere basked. Welcome lo Our Hillbrow 40 There were others who went even further, saying that (2001) deols wiih postoportheid Johonnesburg, AIDS was caused by the bizarre sexual behaviour of the xenophobio, HIV/AIDS ond inner city life He died Hillbrowans. unexpectedly in 2004, His shorÌ stories ond poems How could any man have sex with another man? they were posthumously published in o book colled demanded to know. Brooding Clouds (2008) 45 Those who claimed to be informed - although none

South Africa 49 bosk (v,): lo enjoy sitting or lying in ihe heot of fhe sun or Vocobulory the fire 2ó to couil (v.)'. oldJashíonedif o mon ond o womon ore courting they ore hoving o romoniic relotionship - 29 germ you ill - 34 lo conlroct (v,): (n,): o bocterium thol con moke Explonotions to begin to hove on illness - 35 gropevine (n.): to heor oboul s,ih, becouse the informotion hos been possed from one Title: Hillbrow: see p, 47 - 2l Mokwerekwerel derogotory person lo onother in conversotion - 38 soncluoty (n ): o term for foreigners - 2ó Tirogolong: fictitious villoge in lhe peoceful ploce thof is sofe ond provides proteclion - 39 lo Northern Province of South Africo

The lady sitting nertbThabo Mbeki isthe former health mìnister Manto Tshabalala- Msimang who was also notorious for her comments on HIV/AIDS (11 March 28, 2000)

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c|¡r tl Vocobulory/ Explonotion t' AZT: obbreviofion for "ozidothymidine", ll is o drug thol deloys the develop- menl of AIDS - whocko (colloquial) ctazy

AwnRe ruess 1 what do you know about Hlv/AIDS? collect your information using a mind map.

CoupReHerusroru 2 How is Hillbrow characterised by the people of Tiragalong and the narrator? 3 Who is the narrator addressing?

Arunlvsls 4 What reasons are given for the cause of HIV/AIDS in the story? 5 Who are the "authorities" discussing HIV/AIDS? 6 What is remarkable about the language use in the passage? What is it trying to achieve?

Oprruroru 7 Why is a village (Tiragalong) contrasted with the urban area (Hillbrow, Johannesburg) in the passage?

Pno¡ecr I Read the complete novel. lt gives you a good insight into the problems of South Africa. but also demonstrates the importance of Johannesburg as a city which reflects postapartheid and its characteristics. The novel also makes use of "magic realism". Find out how this literary device is defined. To what extent does the novel use this device? Why is it appropriate to use magic realism in the context of South Africa and its traditions?

CnRrooru Arunlvsts 9 Though the government under Mbeki denied the actual causes of HIV/AIDS, other South Africans disputed the official policy. Nelson Mandela is a good example: he used his popularity to raise money for the prevention of the epidemic and to support its victims who are often poor and destitute. The cartoon byZapiro comments on this controversial issue. Analyse the cartoon in class. What is criticised regarding Mbeki's attitude towards the disease?

50 South Africa q"4o

Statistics - HIV and A|DS Estimates The numbers and percentagøs given are based on research that wôs carried out by the UN, lt shows thø figures of HIV infections and deaths caused by AIDS in 2007. The numbers in brackets indicate the lowest and the highest estimatøs, Number of pøople living with Hlv: 5 700 000 [4 900 000 - ó ó00 000] Adults aged 'l 5 to 49 prevalence rôte: 'l 8,1 % 115,47. - 20.9%l Adultsagedl5anduplivingwithHlV:5 400 000[4 700 000-ó 200 000] Womenôgedl5anduplivingwithHlV:3 200 000[9 800 000-3 700 000] Children aged 0 to'14 living with HIV: 280 000 t230 000 - 320 0001 Deaths due to AIDS: 350 000 [270 000 - 420 000] Orphans duø to AIDS aged 0 to 17: 1 400 000 [1 100 000 - 1 800 000]

Source: Epidenriological Fact Sheet on HIV and AIDS, 2008 found at: http://www.unaids.olgien/CountryResponses/Cottntries/south africa.asp

Crime-ridden South Africo.

Crime is o mojor issue in the new South Africo, An increose in crime is not unusuol for o couniry in tronsition, ln South Africo most serious crimes occur in the townships (see p, 28), bul in certoin oreos it hos olso moved into city centres such os those of Johonnesburg or Durbon, Most incidences of serious crime, e,g, rope, oggrovoted robbery ond murder, were committed shortly before ond ofter the first free elections, Although the numbers ore still high, the situotion is groduolly returning to normol, This newspoper orlicle, whìch wos token from the weekly Soulh Africon Mail & Guordian, highlights the difficulties of crime prevenfion in South Africo, - murder-cooitol-of-so,

r "Give me 10 more vehicles and 85 extra cops on the Nyanga and only then can we start talking about turning ts beat and I will take Nyanga off the number one murder around the crime problem," said Noqayi. He estimated spot in the country." that 90Vo of all murders, rapes and assaults in Nyanga Assistant commissioner Manyano Noqayi of Nyanga were alcohol related. s police station was speaking this week after the area was, Noqayi said tik (methamphetamine) was playing an for the second consecutive year, named the increasing role in violent crimes in the area. "'We estimate zo neighbourhood with the highest number of murders in that about 95Vo of al murders and rapes happen between the country. people known to each other and, while alcohol is the Crime statistics show the murder rate in the Western main substance of abuse, tik is increasingly involved - 10 Cape is 2,57o higher than last year, with 303 murders especially where rapes also occur," he said. reported in Nyanga in the past 11 months. Resident Nomsa Kelem was born in Nyanga and,29 zs Three months ago Noqayi was tasked with policing years later, she still hates living there. "We're murdered the murder capital of South Africa. "As a pnority we need by drunk kids in Nyanga. My neighbour was shot, killed to close down the known 558 illegal liquor outlets in and robbed for R12 cash and a pair of shoes by a gang

South Africa 51 of 15-year-old boys and the police couldn't get here aspects of Nyanga is the lack of formal houses. By far so because their cars can't drive between our shacks," said the majority of dwellings are shacks and we have a Kelem, who lives in Brown's Farm. disproportionate number of illegal shebeens; most of 50 Kelem and her family are desperate to leave, but they the murders happen at these places where liquor is sold, have no idea where else to put up their shack. "We stay either when people are on their way to shebeens or when here because we're unemployed and if you live in a shack they leave these places." 35 it doesn't matter where you live - it's all the same. The Another problem, said Noqayi, was that the community criminals find you and kill you and the plastic walls of still saw the police as the enemy. "The community is 55 your house can't protect you and neither can the cops," not involved yet in fighting crime. People are too scared she said. to assist us and they've not bought into the concept of Kelem is one of 400 000 people officially known to working with the cops." 40 be living in Nyanga. However, Noqayi reckoned the Noqayi said a large percentage of the murder victims population was closer to a million. "There's about 10 were killed by gangs of youths between 14 and 17 years OU people living in each shack - we work on the figure of old. There were no sports facilities and hardly any shops. policing close to a million people," he said. If Noqayi Some streets were strewn with rubbish, rocks and pieces is correct, the police to resident ratio is one police officer of concrete, that the community had piled up to keep 4s for every 4 000 residents. vehicles out, deliberately turning them into no-go zones Noqayi acknowledged that large parts of Nyanga were to try to keep out criminal elements. 65 not accessible by vehicle: "One of the most outstanding

Vocobulory Explonolions neor Cope Town, Nyongo meons 30 shock (n.): o smoll building lhot hos noT been built very 2 Nyongo: township ,ì948 well - 40 lo reckon (v,): lo guess o number or omount, "moorì", The township wos built in - 9 f. Western Cope: without colculoting it exoctly - 44 rotio (n,): o relotionship one of lhe provinces of South Africo' Cope Town belongs between two omounts thot is represented by o poir of to this province, - l9 lik: methomphetomine, o cheop drug numbers showing how much greoter one qmounl is thon the thof is eosy to produce, lt is inholed by oddicls ond couses olher severe heolth domoge, - 28 Rl2: l2 Rqnd (South Africon currency) ore oboul 1,20 € - 3l Blown's Form: informol settlement neor Cope Town - 50 shebeen: see p' 35

AwnREruess 1 What is the "murder capital" of your country? What do you know about it?

CoupRexerusloru 2 Who are the main groups of criminals in South Africa?

Arunlvsrs 3 Why do people like Nomsa Kelem stay in the crime-ridden townships? 4 Which reasons are given for crime in the townships?

Optrulo¡rt 5 Can you imagine what could be done to fight crime in the townships? Justify your choice of measures, 6 The assistant commissioner in the article states that the community still sees the police as the enemy (ll. S4f.). Why do people hesitate to cooperate with the police? Justify your opinion.

PRo¡ecrs 7 Read the novel Tsotsi by Athol Fugard. The protagonist is a young and hardened criminal in Sophiatown. The novel is set in the apartheid years and reflects on the harshness of life in the townships, Why is the protagonist called "Tsotsi"? How is he characterised in the novel? Why does the baby change his life? 8 Compare the novel with the film by Gavin Hood (2005). The changes made for the film are significant' What differences between novel and film can you find? Can you think of reasons for these changes? Why does the setting of the film differ from that of the novel?

52 South Africa Fruvr Arunlvsrs 50 9 The film Isofsi is based on a novel by South African playwright Athol Fugard and focuses on the protagonist named Tsotsi who is the leader of a gang of young criminals in a township near Johannesburg. The term "tsotsi" means gangster. The film received the academy award (Oscar@) for best foreign language film in 2006, How is the issue "crime" dealt with in the film? What reasons are given in the film for Tsotsi's criminal ca reer? Why does the baby change Tsotsi's behaviour? Why does the audience develop sympathy with the 60 protagonist? How does the music influence the atmosphere in the film?

o5

Tsotsi ls a film about criminal youngsters in the townships

Hermonn Giliomee/ Bernord Mbengo I South Africo's economy in the 20'n ond 2l'f cenluries*

The economy of o country is on importont foclor in its development ond well-being, especiolly when o greot chonge in the politicol system occurs, One of the most importont losks for the new South Africon governmeni wos to consolidote the opposition forces in the country ond to lessen the gop between rich ond poor, This olso meont repeoling unjust lows thot promoted skilled jobs for whites, ond removing exclusive white privileges, ln oddition ihe new government hod to find woys of redistributing the weolth of the country. - Hermonn Giliomee/ Bernord Mbengo: New History of Soufh Africo (Cope Town: Tofelberg,2007), pp. 433-435

r The economy in the 20th century "its low-grade ore,low-grade land and low-grade fpoorly The prospects for social stability were closely tied to educatedl people". The South African economy at this those of an expanding economy creating new jobs and point was not much different from the struggling i5 some welfare benefits for the very poor. Since the early economies that would characterise independent African s 1930s South Africa had burst the bonds of a struggling, states in the 1970s. neo-colonial economy in a race against time to provide The 40 years of high growth between 1933 and 1913 food and work for its rapidly growing population. The were followed by stagnation after the Soweto uprising gold mines were becoming less and less profitable, the of 1916 and declining per capita incomes. After the first 20 manufacturing sector sluggish and agriculture was nearly democratic election the economy picked up. Private 10 swamped by its problems. Liberal historian C.W. de fixed capital formation rose from l}Vo of Gross Domestic Kiewiet wrote that the backward economy of the early Product in 1 993, to 26Vo, aTev ellast seen in I 983 before 1930s suffered from three factors that constrained growth: serious unrest had begun.

South Africa 53 2s The economy in the 21st century Between 2001 and 2005 the ANC government By 2003 the South African economy had grown almost increased social security by an average annual rate of beyond recognition.It was now 33rd in the world for the almost 26Vo.The recipients of all types of social grants 60 largest industrial output, 27th lor services output, the jumped from just under three million in 2000 to just 21st biggest economy measured in purchasing power under eight million by the time of the 2004 election. By so and the 18th largest in market capitalisation. But it was 2004 as many as 567o of households in the lowest living- also in the top four for the highest rate of unemployment standard category received grants and pensions. Vy'ith in developing economies, in the top three of the Gini twelve million people, or around a quarter of the 65 coefficient league of inequality, in the top three for the population, receiving a direct cash transfer from the murder rate and, because of the incidence of HIV-Aids, state, South Africa easily had the largest welfare system 35 the one with the 21st highest death rate. in the developing world. Mexico and Brazil paled in comparison. South Africa had become virtually the only Economic problems welfare state in the developing world. 70 But in some respects the funda,mental weaknesses of the But without high economic growth, such a welfare economy and the political system remained. First, like net - and even more so, any extension of it - was other economies whose growth was driven by unsustainable. 40 commodities (in the South African case it was minerals and agricultural products), South Africa failed to develop Ideology Ys. economy an exports-driven manufacturing sector. By 2006 it was Also hampering the economy was the tendency of zs recognised that South Africa could find itself in serious govemment, like its predecessor, to put ideological goals economic trouble if the worldwide boom in commodities before efficiency, merit and growth. Before 1970 the 4s suddenly faltered. obsession was with segregating society, after 1994 it Second, the ruling party overspent in a dramatic effort was with black empowerment and the attempt to bring to change materially the welfare of all segments of its about demographic representation. Neither promised to so constituency. Before the mid-1970s there was grossly accelerate job creation or reduce crime, the major disproportionate social welfare spending on whites. preoccupations of the citizenry. Similarly the 50 Having promised " a better life for all" in 1994 ,the ANC government's efforts to address the developmental government tried to address the plight of the poor. It problems of Africa deterred foreign fixed investment, built on a fairly well-developed welfare system. In the which showed a downward trend. The state steadily Bs final years of apartheid South Africa was already expanded services in water, electricity and sanitation, but spending more, as a percentage of GDP, on social with half the economically active population out of work, 5s assistance in the form of non-contributory schemes than many were unable to pay for the services and had them developed countries and more than almost any country terminated. in the developing southern hemisphere.

Vocobulory 9 sluggish (odj.)r moving or reocting more slowly lhon normol humon populolions ond the woys in which they chonge - - l0 swomp (v,): to suddenly give s,o, o lot of work, problems 84 lo deter (v,)r to persuode s.o, nol to do s,th,, by moking etc to deol with - 40 commodily (n,): o producl lhoÌ cqn lhem reolize it will be difficult or will hove unpleosont resulls be sold lo moke o profit - 45 lo foller (v,)r to become weoker ond unoble lo continue in on effective woy - 48 consliluency (n,): on oreo of the country thot elects q represenlotive to o porlioment - 73 sustoinoble (odj,): on Explonotions oction or process fhot is sustoinoble con continue or lost for 32 Gini coefficienl: o stolislicol meosure developed by lhe o long time - 75 to homper (v,): to restricl s,o,'s movements, llqlion Corrodo Gini, lt is often used to represent inequolily octivities, or ochievements by cousing difficullies for them in weolth or income distribufion of o counlry, - 77 merit (n ): fml o good quolily thot mqkes s,lh, deserve proise or odmirqtion - 80 demogrophy (n ): the study of

AwnRe n¡ess 1 Where does your country presently rank in the world economy?

CoupReHe rusloll 2 Describe the development of the South African economy since the 1930s 3 What economic problems were caused by apartheid?

54 South Africa Arunlvsrs 4 What are the major problems which South Africa's economy has to face right now? 5 What reasons are given for these problems?

Oprruroru 6 How would you cope with the gap between rich and poor in South Africa? What measures can you think of to improve the situation of the poor?

PRo¡ecr ¡ lndian ü- White Average 7 Find out about South Africa's main !,f resources or economic sectors. Which are the most promising ones? Explain why. 8 The chart shows the unemployment rates in South Africa from September 200 2001 to September 2007. The figures also reflect the unemployment of people according to their population group. Analyse the chart. What in- formation can you gain from it about SepÐ1 Sept2 Sep03 SepÐ4 SeptlS Sept6 SeptT unemployment in South Africa?

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Adhur Moimone

"The chonging foces of Jo'burg"

Arthur Moimone ('l932 - 2005) wos on ouThor ond journolist ond one of the fomous ond legendory Drurn writers, He creoted o well-known detective figure colled "The Chief" who survived in the lownships on his wits ond cleverness, The stories were published under lhe pseudonym "Arthur Mogole". Moimone olso wrote o novel, Vicfims(1976), thot wos bonned in South Africo ond re- issued os Hafe No More in 2000 ln "The chonging foces of Jo'burg" Arthur Moimone drows on interesting picture of Johonnesburg in the post ond lhe present, - Heidi Hollond/Adom Roberis (ed,), From Jo'burg fo JozL Stories abouf Africa's infamous cily(London: Penguin, 2002), pp,l48-'l50 r Apaftheid forced me into self-imposed exile - OK,I ran gold because that choice marked who you were. An away from The Struggle - as a young, hotshotjournalist insider, outsider or on the fringes of a violent, multiracial believing I knew it all. I was one of the first of the society. Some insisted they were European without ever adventurous breed who worked on revolutionary Drum having been there, some of us were classified natives, ls s magazine and created what nostalgia now terms "the but warned the land wasn't our own, others were termed golden age of black journalism". I had to know it all to coloured as ifthe rest didn't have any colour. Outsiders sur.vive in a fast and hard-living society that didn't forgive fresh out of the bundu were moegoes. "Jim Comes to mistakes but exploited them. I was, in township slang, Jo'burg" types as portrayed in the seminal movie of that a klevah: one of the "wake-up" majita on the inside track title: wide-eyed and marvelling at skyscrapers and the 20 1o - a denizen of Jo'burg, Jozi, Gauteng, Egoli. many wonders of a fabled city. We took our pick of a favourite name for the city of I thought I knew it all until decades later, when it was

South Africa 55 at least a dozen times larger than the Orlando I roamed before exile, when squatters lived in Masakeng - shacks made of sacking and much more miserable than us living in matchbox s5 houses. But now I'm a moegoe who gets lost in those exclusive enclaves and the city centre amazed this returnee: it boasts real skyscrapers instead of the thirteen-storey Anstey's oo Building that was once the pride of :.'.'.. Jo'burg. That solitary structure was replaced by the Carlton Centre that claimed to be the tallest in Africa. All my remembeled landmarks 65 have disappeared as completely as the Sophiatown we called Kohfi with rundown shops and slum housing. The new danger is not being arrested Township Life or mugged but driving against 70 several lines of fast-moving traffic safe to return home to a land that was about to be our along streets with familiar names that are now one-way own. Then I realised that this once-upon-a-time klevah thoroughfares. was now as ignorant as those Jims. I'd never really known On my second return in 1994 the president of a much about the city - nobody ever had, I realised, and democratic state'was Nelson Mandela and a white friend 75 that was a reason for the various names for this economic remarked: "It's different now, isn't it? A real African capital of the country. city !rr My knowledge of the city as a wake-up majita of the The city of gold had turned black. There were hardly 30 Kofifi era was really only a blinkered view of one part any white faces on streets which teemed with Africans of society. And I had abandoned that in favour of even weaving their tricky way around vendors who clogged 8o greater cities north of the equator. Now I have the freedom the pavements. Eloff Street was no longer the main drag to explore and actually live in those enclaves where once once lined by the smartest stores on the continent. They the only black people tolerated were domestic servants. had fled to the suburban shopping malls where white 35 In the old days, we could only glimpse the suburbs we residents live in voluntary exile, fearing the violent crime called "the avenues" in the light of day. We saw luxurious waves which drown the old central business area. What 85 houses on tree-lined streets on the routes our commuter had once glittered with apparitions of gold had, as some buses thundered along into the city. And all we knew of of these internal exiles would say, gone to the dogs . But that city was what was necessary for us to hustle for tiny crime has followed them to Sandton City and other new 40 bits of the gold that was supposed to pave the streets. centres of choice for the best in life. 'We didn't know "the real" Jo'burg of verdant valleys But there is hopeful transformation too: black sub- eo above the gold reefs that bulged into ridges, hills and urbanites and children of different colours and races are rocky koppies. We didn't know the quiet, tree-lined schoolmates and making friendships that are personal and streets that were "white by night" and restful, scenic not simply a result of enforced political correctness. I'm 45 panoramas at all times. What we knew as officially mere still puzzled by white women leading black toddlers by "temporary sojourners" were flat, treeless dustbowls the hand in shopping malls and carrying babies on their e5 once called "locations" before their upliftment to hips. Are these children - "piccaninnies" of my own "townships" by apartheid's spin doctors. youth - adopted or the offspring of madam's maid? Such The townships and shack non-cities have mushroomed a madam would never have dared be seen doing that in

50 in my absence. Soweto was my final home but is now the days before her own liberation.

Vocobulory I self-imposed (odj,)r o self-imposed rule, condition, denizen (n,): literary on onimol, plonl, or person fhol lives responsibilily etc is one thol you hove mode yourself occepl, or is found in o porticulor spoce - l9 seminol (odj.): o seminol ond which no one hos osked you lo occept - 2 hotshot book, piece of music etc is new ond importont ond (odj ): lnfml, s,o. who is very successful ond confidenl - l0 influences the woy in which literolure, music etc develops

56 South Africa in lhe fufure - 30 blinkered (odj,): hoving o limited view of o subject or refusing fo occept or consider ideos thot ore new or differenl - 4l verdonl (odj ): líteroryverdanf lond is covered with freshly growing green gross ond plonts - 48 spin doctor (n,): infml, s.o, whose job il is to give informolion lo lhe public in o woy lhot gives the best possible odvontoge lo o poliÌicion or orgonizotion - 52 to room (v,): to wolk or Ìrovel, usuolly for o long time, wiïh no cleor purpose or direction - 73 thoroughfore (n,)i the moin rood lhrough o ploce such os o city or villoge - 79 to leem with s.th. (phr, v,): to be full of people, onimols etc - 8l moin drog (n.): lnfml. the moin street in o lown or city where big shops ond businesses ore - 8ó oppolition (n ): s th. thot you imogine you con see, esp. the spiril of o deod person

Explonotions (Note: lsolsiloolr urbon slong, longuoge used by gongsters in lhe townships) - 9 klevoh: (fsofsitoal) young men in the cities who ore clever ond experienced enough lo hondle Actor Sol Rachido with an edition of Drum the life on the slreels - 9 moiito: (tsotsitaol) boys, men, friends - l8 bundu; (fsofsitaal) bush, remote rurol qreo - l8 moegoe: (lsotsitaol) ignoromus, derogotory term - 30 Kofifi: nicknome for Sophiotown, o suburb of Johonnesburg thot wos demolished in the 1950s - 43 koppiet South Africon expression for o hill - 49 township, Sowetot see p, 28 - 52 qtî4o Orlondo: port of Sowelo - 53 Mosokeng: lownship nome, now Orlondo West - 75 Nelson Mondelq: see p, 27 - 88 Drum magaz¡ne Sondton City: shopping moll in Sondton, Sondton is o Drumwas established in the 1950s and had northern suburb picconinny: of Johonnesburg - 9ó its høadquarters in Johannøsburg, Anthony derogotory term for o smoll Africon or oboriginol child. Sampson, Sylvester Stein and Tom Hopkinson worked as editors for the magôzinø. lt contained a mixture of politicisød articles and tabloid news about stars, the music industry and AwnReru¡ss sports and gavø a voice to the urbanised black 1 Describe the area or region in which you live population, ln addition, it enabled African What special landmarks are there? writers, such as Lewis Nkosi, Can Themba, Nat Nakasa, Es'kia Mphahlele and Arthur Maimane CovpRexerusroru among others, to publish their fiction, These journalists 2 Find the synonyms for Johannesburg in the writers also worked as for Drum. Olher text. important names attached to the magazine are Henry Nxumalo, Bloke Modisanø, Casey Motsisi 3 Why does the writer use so many synonyms and Todd Matshikiza. This creative period in the for the city? '1 950s is referred to as Sophiatown Renaissance. 4 What does the writer mean by "the Struggle"? Ihree well known photographers also stôrted lheir careers al Drum: Jürgen Schadeberg, Bob Arunlvsrs Gosani and Peter Magubane, After the destruction 5 How, according to the writer, was the city of Sophiatown in 1955/ó ônd most of its writers perceived past? in the going into exile, Drum lost its significance. 6 How does it contrast with today's impression? 7 How does the writer characterise himself? 8 Characterise the tone of the writing.

Oprrulonr 9 Why does Maimane use tsotsitaal in the text?

lruteRruer PRo¡ecrs 10 Find out more about Johannesburg (see: http://www.ioburg.org.zal). The city is often described as being dangerous. Do you thinkthatthis is a fair description of the metropolis? 11 "Kofifi" or Sophiatown was an unusual suburb of Johannesburg in the 1940s and 1950s. Find out more about it. What is Sophiatown's history? Why did it become famous?

South Africa 57 K. Sello Duiker l The Quiet Violence of Dreoms populor Cope Town is situoted of the tip of the Africon continent ond is o well known ond tourist destinolion, The "Mother City" wos olso one of the oldesi towns estoblished by the first Europeon setflers in South Africo. For South Africons ond internotionollourists it is the mosf Europeon city thot you will find in the country, The most visible londmork of the town is Toble Mounloin towering impressively over the city bowl ond the horbour. Cope Town is the setting for K, Sello Duikels novel The Quief Violence of Dreoms (200'ì ), lt gives o mulii-loyered insight into ihe metropolis ond functions os on importont bockground for the development of the protogonist Tshepo, - K, Sello Duiker: Ihe Quief Violence of Dreoms (Cope Town: Kwelo, 2001), pp. 34f ', 420'

the expected. Me Tarzan, you Jane has become monotonous. People want to make their own references about who they are and where they fit in or not. It's not uscHABfit enough to simply offer them certain variables, hoping 30 that they'll fit in there somewhere. And Cape Town is not what it used to be. Foreigners have left their imprint !'J'Ít !,yt3 on our culture. Like every growing metropolis Cape Town aspires to be the next best thing. And why shouldn't it? It has a lot 35 going for it. The burgeoning modelling agencies, the politicians who act like celebrities, the scandals, the crude flaunting of money - they all point to a city that wants to be New York, London or Paris. People want to be seen eating croissants at a chic coffee shop at the 40 A shopping area in Kapstadt Table View, rollerblading in Clifton or going for aromatherapy in bohemian Observatory' People want r I fantasise about taking a walk in Sea Point and think to see you drinking Valpré while working out at the about what Mmabatho said about the whole colour thing' Health & Racquet, with a personal trainer fashionably When you go out in some places in Cape Town no one at your disposal. You must drive an Audi A4 and watch 4s really cares that you're black and that your mother sent what you eat if you're going to wear your Speedo. You Bans than some cheap flea market 5 you to a private school so that you could speak well. No should rather wear Ray one cares that you're white and that your father abuses knock off so that when people see you they must have his colleagues at work and calls them kaffirs at home. something that they can relate to past the obvious. Isn't On the dance floor it doesn't matter which party you this the fodder advertisers feed us? [..'] So that colour 50 voted for in the last election or whether you know how becomes secondary to the person you present. They want 10 many provinces make up the country' People only care to say ah you're cool and not ah you're black or white. that you can dance and that you look good. They care You must be into drumming, suppoft world debt relief that you are wearing Soviet jeans with an expensive and have your chart done.You must know what heita Gucci shirt and that you have a cute ass' [...] They want means, what magents are and how to shake hands the s5 to see you wearing Diesel jeans with a retro shirt and Nike African way. You must know what a barmitzvah is, in 1s tackies. They want to see how creatively you can fuse which direction Mecca faces and who chanas are. And mall shopping with flea market crawling and still remain which Thai foods go best with soya sauce. You must stylish. Designer labels are the new Esperanto. [...] They know all these things and more in a culture pushing to want to live out their Trainspotting odyssey of excess in be hybrid and past gender and racial lines' You must 60 a culture rapidly blurring the borders between the aspire for the universality of Ck One and still you must 20 township and the northern suburbs. The people I know be willing to absorb more. [...] These are things that never forget that in essence the difference between kwaito define the club culture in Cape Town, not racial politics. and rave is down to a difference in beats per minute and When I'm with Mmabatho and we talk about growing that the margin is becoming nanower. It's not that it's up in Jo'burg it seems we can only speak in Sotho. Our 65 'fashionable to be seen going out with a person of a memories and experiences are too rooted in the township 2s different colour. For Mmabatho it seems to be about and its language is black. But when we talk about Cape exploring another culture. Some people are just sick of Town or a new bar to go to we find ourselves talking in

58 South Africa Y

English more than Sotho. Cape Town is very white, the of having a good time, of jolling is different in Gauteng. 70 influence of European traditions like coffee shops and In Jo'burg people hang out. In Cape Town people go bistros is inescapable.In some places in Cape Town you out. In Jo'burg people are into dancing, clothes and what's don't feel like you're in Africa. And this is what they fashionable. In Cape Town people are into drumming, 85

call progress, obliterate any traces of the native cultures . doing their charts and doing drugs. Cape Town tries too Jo'burg is different, the other cultures more aggressive hard, it looks too much to the West for inspiration when 7s to the domination of white culture. I think that has there is enough inspiration in Africa. something to do with a bigger, more established black [...] Most people look at people who live in Jo'burg middle class than in Cape Town. Going out in Jo'burg with a bit of awe or horror, it is difficult to tell sometimes. eo is more pleasant, it isn't such a process of elimination to But what is clear is that the idea of living in a city plagued find a suitable place to enjoy yourself. In Cape Town there by violence, high murder and rape statistics, house break- s0 are certain places where you know you are not welcome ins, hi-jackings, where personal safety is an issue that and the patrons make you feel like an outcast. The culture everyone faces,leaves a dark image in the mind.

Vocobulory K, Sello Duiker wos born in l3 oss (n.)r on impolite word for lhe port of your body thot Orlondo Wesi (Soweto) in you sil on - l7 Esperonlo (n,): on ortificiql longuoge invented 1974, He studied journolism in l87l to help people from different countries in the world ond ort history ot fhe Rhodes speok lo eoch other - 34 to ospire (v.): to desire ond work Universily in Grohomstown towords ochieving s,th, imporlont - 3ó burgeoning (odj.): where he obfoined o B.A. increosing or developing very quickly - 38 crude (odj,)t He worked os o scriptwriter offensive or rude, esp. in o sexuol woy - 38 lo flounl (v.): lo for the South Africon soop show your money, success, beouty etc so thot other people operos lsidingo ond Bock- notice it - 50 fodder (n,): food for form qnimols - 73 obliterote (v,): to destroy s.th, so completely lhot no sign of it remoins sfoge. He become known in the liTerory scene with the publicotion of his debut novel /hlrleen cen/s (2000) Explonotions in which he portroys ihe life of o streeï child in Cope I Seo Point: populor suburb of Cope Town - 2 Mmobqlho: Town, His second novel lhe Quief Violence of Dreams Tshepo's closest friend - 7 koffir: derogotory lerm for Africons (2001) is olso set in Cope Town ond explores the (see - p 5) l5 lockiest South Africqn English for lroiners - l8 multiculturol society in The metropolis. He committed Troinspolting: the litle of o novel by Scoltish wriler lrvine suicide in Jonuory 2005 His losl novel The Hidden Sfar Welsh, The novel focuses on the lives of o few young wos published posthumously in 200ó protogonists ond tokes the reoder inlo the underworld of Edinburgh, The novel wos turned into o successful film in 1996, - 2l kwoilor music genre lhot come from Johonnes- burg in the 1990s. lt is port of the youth culTure in Soufh ostrologicol chort mode showing the influence of the sun, Africo, - 27 Me Torzon, you Jone: Torzon is the protogonist moon qnd plonets on your life - 54 heito: qn informol of o series of novels by Edgor Rice Burroughs, These lines greeting ln South Africq used for expressing hoppiness when were supposedly soid by Torzon, but never in focl ultered you meet friends or ocquoinlonces - 55 mogenls: o brqnd by him in the bocks - 43 Volprél South Africon brond for nqme for clothing - 57 chorros: derogotory lerm for Indiqns, bottled drinking woler, ll belongs to the Coco Colo In Indio "churros" or "choÍos" meons morijuono, - ól Ck One: Compony, - 44 Heolth & Rocquel: inlernolionql Filness club perfume by designer Colvin Klein; brond nome - ó5 Sotho: with bronches in Soulh Africo - 4ó Speedot swimweor brond one of the eleven officiol longuoges, Longuoge spoken by - 47 Roy Bonsl brond of high quolity sunglosses - 48 knock the Bosotho people - 82 jolling: (South Africon slong) the off: foke producls - 54 to hove your chorl done: to hove on lerm meons to hove fun or to ploy.

AwnRe ruess 1 How many of the brands and fashion labels mentioned are you familiar with? What do you think are the reasons for their popularity? 2 Which brands, food, and clothing etc are important among your friends?

CowlpRegerustorrl 3 What is meant by the "colour thing" (1. 2)? 4 Why does Cape Town, according to the text, want to be like other cities (1. 3g)? 5 'Explain what the writer means when he writes that "designer labels are the new Esperanto" (1. 17). 6 Explain what is meant by "a culture pushing to be hybrid' (ll. 59 f.).

South Africa 59 Arunlvsrs 7 why, according to the text, are fashion and brands so important in cape Town? 8 What is meant by "Trainspotting odyssey of excess" (1. 18)? g Analyse the comparison the writer makes between Cape Town and Johannesburg. How does he describe the two cities? What is the function of this comparison? What differences between them are highlighted?

Oprruronr 10 Why does Tshepo stress that he speaks Sotho with his f riend Mmabatho in connection with Johannesbu rg? 11 Why, according to the text, is Cape Town called a "white" city (see l. 69)?

Pno¡ecr 12 Find out more about Cape Town and write an advertisement for travellers in which you praise the tourist highlights of the city and its surroundings. What highlightsfortourists can you find?

Chrislopher Sounders/Nicholos Southey

SporTs in Soulh Africo.

As in other countries sports ploy on importont role in the life of South Africons eilher os o hobby or os entertoinment on TV or live in o stodium, Cricket, rugby ond soccer (footboll) ore very populor in Souih Africo, After the esioblishment of democrocy, South Africo wos oble to re-enter lhe internotionol sports scene ond compele with other notionol teoms. lts notionol rugby teom, the Springboks, wos especiolly successful, winning in the World Cup finol ogoinst Ìhe All Blocks, the teom from New Zeolond, in I 995 ond ogoinst Englond in 2007 , - Chrisiopher Sounders / Nicholos Southey: A Diclionory of Soufh African Hisfory (Cloremont: Dovid Philip, 2001), pp.lóì-ìó4.

Modern sport - with its emphasis on physical prowess, cricket clubs were slow to form in the Cape before the self-discipline, individual and collective effort, as well 1870s. Port ElizabeÍh saw the establishment of both the as team competitions, carrYing first cricket club for whites in the various communal identities 1843 and that for blacks in 1869. s of local district, province and Cricket took root in English- 20 nation - was brought to South speaking public schools and in Africa in the 19th century by mission schools in the Cape; by British immigrants. Sport and the 1870s, the game was popular British cultural values were throughout the Cape and Natal, 1o closely intertwined, and the although no official leagues or 2s development of sport reflected competitions took place.In 1888, the emerging colonial society and the first tour by an English team its social structures. Although the saw South Africa join England first recorded cricket match was The emblem of the international cricket team and Australia as a recognized played in Cape Town in 1808, of SouthAfricacatled"Proteas" contestantininternationalcricket, 30

60 South Africa f

South Africa wins the Rugby World Cup for the second time in 2007. The Springboks carry the then president Thabo Mbeki on their shoulderc

Nelson Mandela con- Zola Budd on the fast track gratulates the capta¡n of the Springbok team, Francois Pienaar, for winning the Rugby World Cup in 1995

and further impetus was After 1910, however, with the intensi- given to the game in fication of racism and segregation that 1890, when Sir Donald occuffed as the century progressed, contests Cunie donated a trophy, between black and white teams declined, 6s 35 called the Currie Cup, along with the assimilationist ideals of the to promote first-class black middle class. The powerful mining competitive cricket, industry began to control the development between the colonies of black sport, and cricket went into and the republics. decline in favour of working-class mass 70 40 The first rugby match sports, in particular soccer, boxing and was played in Cape athletics. Cricket tended to be associated Town in 1862, after in popular discourse as the sport ofEnglish- which rugby began to spread in schools. [...] In 1891 speaking whites, while rugby came to be dominated by South African Rugby Board was founded to ensure Afrikaners. After 1948, the apartheid policies of the 7s 45 uniformity in rules and to organize tournaments and National Pafty stretched, not surprisingly, to the sporting overseas visits; in that year, the first tour by a British team arena. In 1955, the government published its official took place. A trophy donated by Sir Donald Currie, sports policy based on racial differentiation: each race which was first competed for in 1892, became the premier was to have its own sports amenities, controlling bodies, inter-provincial award. In 1892, the South African emblems, and local and international competitions. By 80 50 Football Association (SAFA) was formed to control the the end of the 1950s, this official policy of sporl apartheid sport. At the same time, black sportsmen also began to was making its influence felt in almost every sporting initiate moves to co-ordinate competition on a national code. Between 1959 and 1962, several black federations, level: the South African Coloured Rugby Board was in cricket, football, tennis and athletics, made a transition formed in 1896, and the South African Coloured Cricket towards non-racialism; in 1962, the most influential of es ss Board in 1902; black rugby players competed for the these, the South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee Rhodes Cup from 1897 and cricket players for the (SANROC), was formed. Under the leadership of Sam

Barnato trophy from I 898 [. . . ] . At the beginning of the Ramsamy it established itself in exile in London in 1966, 20th century, cricket was the most popular sport among and led campaigns to isolate South Africa on the sports- the small black middle class, and competition between field. so 60 black and white cricket (as well as rugby) teams occurred The international boycott of South African sport, regularly, particularly in the Cape. although unevenly applied, increasingly made an impact

South Africa 61 on the white establishment. South Africa was expelled isolating white South Africa was an extremely effective from international football in 1964, from the Olympic psychological weapon in the broader antiapartheid es Games in 1966 and the Olympic movement in 1969, struggle, and the termination of the rebel cricket tour and from international cricket in 1970 [...]. The was a significant landmark in popular domestic unyielding attitude of the government was symbolized opposition to apartheid. In November 1990, a broad 130 most clearly in its refusal to grant permission to Basil coalition of opposition sporting organizations decided D'Oliveira, a Coloured cricketer of South African birth, in Harare that the sports boycott should remain in place 1oo to participate in a cricket test series between England and until the scrapping of apartheid. [...] The isolation of South Africa in 1966. This was the same year in which cricket ended in October 1991, with a short tour of the a Department of Sport and Recreation was established national team to India, and an invitation to the World Cup 135 to influence the practice of sport in the country. in Australia in March 1992. South African sportspeople In 1973, the South African Council of Sporl (SAGOS) then performed with credit in international competition: 11s was formed within the country, and, together with the country reached the semifinals of the cricket World SANROC, campaigned for the complete isolation of Cup in 1992,was victorious in the rugby World Cup in South African sport, using the Slogan "no normal sport 1995, and in the soccer Africa Cup of Nation in 1996; 14o in an abnormal society". [...] During the 1980s, the atrhe 1996 Olympics, Josiah Thugwane won the gold sports boycott was applied with considerable medal in the men's marathon. 12o effectiveness, with only rugby and some individual These successes have not disguised considerable sportspeople succeeding in evading isolation to any challenges facing many sports in the post-apartheid era: significant degree. Opponents of international tours the allocation ofresources, vastly diverse facilities, and 145 argued that sport should rather be developed in the virtual absence of Africans in many national teams disadvantaged communities. [...] are among the major issues which confront sporting 12s Campaigners had long argued that the use of sport in bodies.

Vocobulory I prowess (n ): fml greot skill ol doing s,th, - 79 omenily service between Greot Briloin ond the Cope Colony which - (n ): s th such oso piece of equipment, shop, or porkthol loter become known os the Union-CosIle lines, 5ó Rhodes mokes it eosier to live somewhere - 129 londmork (n,): on Cup: Cup donoted bySir Cecil Rhodes (,l853-1902) Rhodes event, ideo or discovery thol morks on imporfont port of wos o Brilish imperiolist, mining mognote ond politicion, - s,o,'s life, of lhe development of knowledge etc 57 Bornolo trophyr lrophy donoled by Borney Bornoto (ì 852- 1897) He wos o diqmond mognote, - 7ó Notionol Porty: see p. 35 - 87 Som Romsomy (-1938): South Africon octivist Explonolions ond sporls odministrotor - l4l Josioh Thugwone: morothon lnlroduction: Soccer: note thof the South Africons use the othlele who won o gold medol of the Olympic Gomes in US-Americon ferm for footboll (BrE) - 33 Sir Donold Currie Atlonlo in 199ó, (1825-1909): British shipowner, He decided to run o steomer

AwnReruess 1 What is the most popular sport in your country? ls it also your favourite sport, or do you prefer other sports? Explain why you like or dislike certain sports.

Covrpne HE¡rsroru 2 When were rugby and cricket clubs established in South Africa? 3 Which racial group preferred which sports atthe beginning of the 20th century?

Arunlvsrs 4 How did cricket develop in South Africa? 5 How were sports affected by apartheid?

Opt¡roru 6 Should sports be used as a political weapon? lf so, how should they be used and if not, why not?

PRo¡ect 7 Zola Budd (see p.61)was a South African athlete in the'1980s. Her special case was well-known around the world. Find out more about Zola Budd. ln which sport and for which country did she compete?

62 South Africa Phoswone Mpe

"An Ode to Bofono Bofonq" 30

Soccer (foolboll) is omong the mosf populor sports in South Africo, ll is o sport of the people thol is moinly ployed in ihe sïreets ond slodiums of the townships. South Africo's notionol teom is colled "Bofono Bofono", Though it did not quolify for The lost World Cup in Germony in 200ó, South Africo hosts the next one in 2010 Stodiums hove been rebuilt or newly built in every mojor 35 iown or city oll over the counTry, Phoswone lVpe (see p 49) wrote o poem oboui the internotionol 'l998 teom of South Africo in colled "An Ode lo Bofono Bofono", - Phoswone Mpe', Brooding Clouds, Scottsville/RSA: University of KwoZulu-Notol Press, 2008, pp. j68,70,

40

45

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v,e su ng s h os ltr¡loz,rt oJ'noisy spectetors screatnirtg uu reyoir sent tou off x,ith rh¡,p¡s, bettny mccetrthy mugic o.f joy & hope stiflcd & no v,onder boys by our knowledge qf your youtlt there wqs no mudibq ntugic itt ntaÍters o.l't+,orld cu¡ts ,spurring ¡,s¡r on.fitm lhe ntqclclening crowds v,e broodecl over the deprivcttiotts of noiscs of sltosholoat & depravities of eryurtheid uprooled from ils south ufrican soil 10 of amabokoboko & slrunclecl itt the green lunds [...] 30 beating ireland witlt scores you lost baftttto bufuna o.f .fists that J'righterted tlte irislt but we knev, you were slintela'sft'anky ttrurlc tltem.fÞurfful wctttÍirrg to g0 to tlte cit¡, o.f st:oring their o.¡t,tt gottls it is enticing & ntenacing thqt hillbrow

'15 to fill oceuns of nutionhood that ¡'ç¡¡ ¡t,ould go to 35 flowirtg within their literqture softly rtor boys... jorncs joyce forgot ctbout the artist tread softly (rs lou wade your wuy qs a loung ntqn towurds 2002 & fttcused ltis sharp gaze a big leup tov,srds 2006 and beyond 20 on you bafuna bufanct v,hen we might w,uÍclt from heuvens 40 playirtg yotu'.first round like hoys its yott sour like ecgle s 1...1

South Africa 63 l,¡ ì- Pure joy of life: Bafana fans at the first game of the e Contederations : Cup, 14 June ,-- a 2009 À ù rl \ \

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3 i ¡

i ¡,

Vocobulory - 8 deprivolion (n ); s,th, you need or usuolly hove thot you song" sung ol rugby motches by Springbok supporlers l0 ore prevented from hoving - 9lo deprove (v'): fml' to be omobokoboko: Africon nome for The inlernqtionol rugby on evil influence on s,o., esp. s.o, who is young or nol very leom - I t beoting lrelond: SouTh Africo beot lrelond in two qnd experienced - 34 enticlng (odj.): very pleosont or interesling Rugby test motches in 1998, The resulls were 37-13 so Thoi you feel slrongly ottrocled - 34 menocing (odj.): 33- 0, These were devostofing defeofs for the lrish, - I 7 Jomes moking you expect s,th. unpleosont - 37 wode (v.): To wolk Joyce (1882-1941): lrish writer, He wrote the novels U/ysses Ìhrough woter lhol is nol deeP (1 922) ond A Portroit of the Artist os o Young Mon (l 9l ó), omong other importont works, - 24 Benny McCorlhy: populor Soulh Africon soccer ployer - 2ó Modibo: offectionole Explonotions nicknome for Nelson Mondelo (see p, 27) - 32 slimelol lntroduclion: bofono: meons "boys", the nome of the populor Soulh Africon jozz group heqded by Roy Phiri - 32 notionol soccer leom - I oi: exclqmotion of surprise, poin Fronky: on olluslon to US-Americon singer ond octor Fronk or dismoy - 3 shosholozo: populor South Africon "working Sinotro (19'l5-1998) - 34 Hillbrow: see p,47

Awnneruess 1 Do you know any players in the South African footballteam? Do you know any South African players in Germany? Who are they, and which teams do they play for?

CovpneHerustolv 2 What is the name of the national rugby team given in the poem?

Arunlvsrs 3 What is an ode? Why does Mpe use the form of an ode? 4 What literary devices can you find in the poem? What is their function in the poem? 5 Why does the poet mention a)James Joyce (1. 17) b) Franky (l'321? 6 What is meant by "madiba magic" (1. 26)?

Oprruroru 7 How important is football (soccer) in your country? Do you think it is overrated? Give reasons for your opinion.

Pno.lecrs 8 lmaginethefinal of theWorldCup(2010orlater) isyournational teamagainstBafanaBafana. Write a newspaper article or radio report about the game' 9 Find out about the two most famous South African soccer teams: Orlando Pirates and Kaizer Chiefs (http://www.orlandopiratesfc.com/ and htto://www.kaizerchiefs.com/), a)What do they have in common? b) Which other nicknames do they have and what do they mean? c) How are they seen by their supporters? Explain why their supporters view the teams as they do.

64 South Africa Abbreviations

n. noun fml. formal verb infml. informal phr'. v phrasal verb s.o. someone adj. adjective s,th. something adv. adverb o.s. oneself prep. pleposition 1. line conj. conjunction 11. lines sing. singular p. page pl. plural pp. pages BrE British English f. and the following (page, line etc.) AmE American English ff. and the following (pages, lines etc.)

The phonetic transcriptions follow the Longman Dictionary of Contemporory English (DCE).

Acknowledgements

The material reproduced in this book has been taken from the following sources

Photographs and Illustrations Archiv für Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin: pages 8, 10, 18, 20,22,25,40,43 -Associated Press GmbH, Frankfurt a. M.: pages24,34,35 - Jonathan Ball: page 39 - Blidgeman Art Liblary: page 6 - CINETEXT, Flankfurt: page 31 - Victor Dlamini: page 23 - Claudia Drawe, Essen: pages 4,5,'7,9,12,28,33,38 (top), 46,49 (Top) - Mary Evans Picture Library, London: pages 11, 14 - Getty Images: pages 16, 11 ,27 ,30,37, 57 - iStock International Inc., Calgary: page 26 - University of KwaZulu-Natal: page 47 -laif , Köln: page 32 - Madam & Eve / Stephen Francis & Rico: page 48 - shutterstock.com: pages 5 (top left), 38 (bottom), 44 - UKZN Pless: page 49 (bottom) - Zapiro / Jonathan Shapiro: pages 42 (cartoon), 50

Texts

Page 1 1: Tafelberg, Cape Town Page 16: Nelson Mandela / Little, Btown Book Group Page21: A.D. Donker 1986 Page 24: O 1999-2008 South African History Online - Humphrey Tyler Page 29 : Heinemann Publishers, Ltd. Page 32: Kwela Books, Cape Town Page 34: Guardian News and Media Limited Page 39: Flom COUNTRY OF MY SKULL by Andie Krog, published by Jonathan Cape. Reprinted by permission of The Random House Group Ltd. Page 46 Penguin Books Ltd., London Page 49 The University of KwaZulu-Natal Press Page 51: Pearlie Joubertl @ Mail & Guardian Online Page 53: Tafelberg, Cape Town Page 58: Kwela Books, Cape Town Page 60: New Aflica Books Page 63: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press 2008

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