l\[ *^,q New Edition Yiewfinder Topics South Africo The Roinbow Nation of the Cape compiled ond edited by Cloudio Drowe L Langenscheidt Berlin. München. Wien .Zürich. New York Viewfinder Topics U nterrichtsmoteriolien fur die Sekundo rstufe I I Soulh Africo The Rainbow Nafion ol fhe CaPe Herausgeber: Prof. em. Dr. Dr. h.c. Dr. h.c. Peter Freese Autorin: Dr. Claudia Drawe Projekt-Team'. Dr. Martin Arndt, Münster Prof. Dr. Mita Banerjee, Siegen David Beal, M. 4., Bochum Cornelia Becker, Bremen Dr. Peter Dines, Cert. Ed., Ludwigsburg Prof. i. R. Dr. Hanspeter Dörfel, Ludwigsburg Prof. Dr. Sabine Doff, Frankfurt / Main Dr. Claudia Drawe, Essen OStR Dieter Düwel, Castrop-Rauxel Prof, em. Dr. Dr. h.c. Dr. h.c. Peter Freese, Paderborn Dr. Carin Freywald t Dr. Christine Gottstein-Strobl, Eichstätt Jennifer von der Grün, B. A., Dortmund OStR Ulrich Imig, Wildeshausen OStR Reimer Jansen, Oyten-Sagehorn Dr. Michael Mitchell, M. 4., Reken und Warwick Prof. Dr. Michael Porsche, Paderborn StD i. E. Detlef Rediker, Lippstadt StD Dr. Peter-J. Rekowski, Kirchhain StD i.K. Peter Ringeisen, M. 4., Amberg Karl Sassenberg, Münster StD Henning Scholz I StD Dr. Annegret Schrick, Essen OStR Ekkehard Sprenger, Kiel StR Susanne Stadler, Wiesbaden OStD Dr. Dietrich Theißen I Donald Turner, M. A. T Prof. Dr. Latrenz Volkmann, Jena Philip Wade, M.4., Cert. Ed., Amberg V er la g s r e daktio n: Dr . B eatrix Finke Visuelles Konzept, Loyout und Produktion'. Barbara Slowik, Atelier S., München www.langenscheidt.delviewfinder Umwelthinweis: Gedruckt auf chlorfrei gebleichtem Papier 1. Auflage 2009 O 2009 Langenscheidt ELT GmbH, München Das Werk und seine Teile sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung in anderen als den gesetzlich zugelassenen Fällen bedarfdeshalb der vorherigen schriftlichen Einwilligung des Verlages. O Printed in Germany O o ISBN: 978-3-526-5 1068-0 O Contents South Africa - Facts and Figures p.4 I Claudia Drawe: The Khoikhoi at the Cape p.6 Info:VOC p.7 2 Claudia Drawe: The first settlement at the Cape p.9 Info: Jan van Riebeeck p. 10 3 Hermann Giliomee/Bernard Mbenga: Moving northwards - the Great Trek* p. 11 Info: Voortrekker leaders ............... p.12 4 Claudia Drawe: The battte for control - the South African War p. 13 Info: Treaty of Vereeniging .. p. 15 5 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom p. 16 Info: The ANC p.17 6 The Freedom Charter - a constitution for the future? * p. 18 7 I James Matthews: "The Park" p.2l I I fne Sharpeville Massacre* p.24 9 I Nehon Mandela: "I am prepared to die" * p.26 l0 I Steve Biko: "The definition of Black Consciousness" p.29 It Dan Moyane: The Soweto Uprising and its aftermath* p.32 Info: Soweto Uprising p.33 12 "Vote of the century opens era of hope" p.34 Info: Political parties in t994 p. 35 I3 I Nehon Mandela's statement at his presidential inauguration * p.36 I4 Antjie Krog: Country of My Skull Info:TRC p.40 r5 Thabo Mbeki: Statement on behalf of the ANC * p.42 Info: The election in2009 p.45 tó Zakes Mda: "Outsiders" p.46 17 Phaswane MpezWelcome to Our Hillbrow p.49 I8 Crime-ridden South Africax p.51 t9 Hermann Giliomee/Bernard Mbenga: South Africa's economy in the 20'h and 21"' centuries * p.53 20 Arthur Maimane: "The changing faces of Jo'burg" p.55 Info: Drummagazine p.57 211 K. Sello Duiker: The QuietViolence of Dreams 22t Christopher SaundersÆ'{icholas Southey: Sports in South Africa* 23t Phaswane Mpe: "An Ode to Bafana Bafana" * Titles provided by the editor South Africa J F Cloudio Drowe I The Khoikhoi of lhe Cope When the Dutch Eost lndio Compony (Vereenigde Oost-lndische Compognie or VOC) ond with it the first Europeons orrived of the Cope of Good Hope in 1ó52, they did not find on "empty" lond os they cloimed loter on, but encountered ond troded with the Khoikhoi who lived there Little is known obout the Khoikhoi ond lhe Son ond Their troditions. During oportheid this port of history wos lefl out or wos not considered importont, but historions ore now concentroting their reseorch on the time before lhe onivol of Europeons to gother knowledge obout these eorly inhobiTonis of the Cope ond their woy of life. Khoikhoi lineages and polities. (Hermann Giliomee / Bernard 2s Mbenga: New History of South Africa, Cape Town: Tafelberg, 2007,p.21.) The term "San" was given to the hunter-gatherers by the Khoikhoi, 30 while the Dutch settlers referred to them as "Bushmen". The Dutch called the Khoikhoi "Hottentots". Both terms are often used in historical documents. Nowadays 35 the term "Khoisan" is also often used because both indigenous groups interacted and integrated with each other, so that a clear distinction became impossible. 40 The structure of Khoikhoi society is well illustrated by the A drawing of the Khoikhoi by Samuel Daniell following passage: [T]he Khoikhoi were organised r When Europeans started settling at the Cape, they met in approximately twelve chiefdoms that the Dutch called 45 two groups of indigenous people, the Khoikhoi and the 'nations'. Some were ruled by male figures (called'kings' San. The Khoikhoi were pastorals, meaning that they or 'captains' by the Dutch), but others had no leaders owned cattle or sheep and herded groups of these animals above headmen of small clans. 5 across the land. The San lived off the land as hunter- Though Khoikhoi had no standing armies and no gatherers feeding on the plants they could find and military leaders apart from their chiefs, they seem to 5Ò hunting antelopes and smaller mammals. The relationship have engaged in frequent wars. European observers were between Khoikhoi and San shifted frequently from deeply impressed by their dexterity in battle and by their peaceful coexistence to brief spells of war. skilful use of weapons. Wars were often triggered by ro The instability in Khoikhoi society was further cattle theft, murders, and by the abduction of prominent intensified by the nearby presence of San. Some San women - provocations that led to vendettas that would 55 groups frequently attacked the Khoikhoi, sowing terror smoulder and flare up over the generations. Khoikhoi by firing off poisoned arrows normally used to hunt fought pitched battles, using assegais , bows, stones and great game, and stealing and frequently slaughtering darts as offensive weapons; they massed their oxen 1s Khoikhoi livestock. together as defensive ramparts and drove them forward Yet many so-called San also lived peaceably in or on as flying wedges to gore and trample the enemy. 60 the fringes of Khoikhoi societies, serving Khoikhoi as Such battles, though apparently not very bloody, often hunters, guides, or spies and soldiers in time of war. resulted in significant transfers of herds and flocks from cases Khoikhoi hired some as herders and took some as wives. the vanquished to the victors. In other - as, for 20 In many areas, notably the southwestern Cape, the example, when they faced Dutch soldiers armed with guerrilla boundary between Khoikhoi and San became increasingly muskets - the Khoikhoi could resort to tactics, 65 attack unclear. Newly impoverished Khoikhoi were often called characterised by swift and overwhelming [sic] on i 20) v San, and San who had prospered were absorbed into the enemy's herds. (Ibid., P. i ¡l I I 6 South Afrìca 'ì -Y Animals were essential to Khoikhoi societY, bec¿ruse 70 they were a source offood (in this case of milk and meat), because theY Providecl .{a clothing, transport ¿lnd were a syrnbol of wealth' This last 75 point became verY imPortant because the livestock were more valuable for the Khoikhoi than the land itself since that was onlY used to feed the Bo animals and thus seen as pasture. It did not belong to anyone sPecificallY. For the Dutch the land itself was important and was fencecl in 85 ancl claimed as their own terlitorY while the anirnals wele solelY seen as Providing food. The issue of land ownershiP and the cliff-elent Cape eo percePtions of the irnPofiance Bushmen paintings in the Cederberge, Western and livestock of the land f cättle bY in the interaction between Khoikhoi and became crucial the VOC out bY Europeans and led to w¿u's in the l Tth century' The VOC and 105 settlement at the Cape and saw the established the first Khoikhoi of meat for the passing ships that 95 Khoikhoi as providers Being the were mol'e selious: loss of livestock and land' sailecl on to ìh" Dut"h colony of Batavia' At first lobbecl of their way of life meant that they were forced Khoikhoi agreed to barter their animals with the Dutch' or to become labourers. In ¿rddition, their numbers were theY either offered '1 but soon in 10 ch dlastically leduce<J by a series of smallpox epidernics asked for beiter Prices, This was nd the 18th century. Thus their position at the Cape 100 reacted by organising exPecl further weakened. lecl to them exploring tnore and more of the country' The mutual gooà relationship whioh had been establishecl qtr4,o voc and was a private commercial trading VOC stands for "Yereenigde Oost-lndische ComPagnie" a trading monopoly in thø arøa eôst of the company It was foundød in 1ó02 and enioYed the largest company in thø world in the 17th Cape of Good HoPø which enabled it to bøcome powerful, though it lost its power in the 18th c¿ntury cøntury, lt was PoliticallY and economically vøry tradørs and becausø its Personnel bøcame as a r¿sult of comPetition from English and French corrupt. lt was declared bankrupt in 1794 VocobulorY hove 2 indigenous (odj,)l indigenous onimols' plonts etc otwoyi lived or grown noturolly in lhe ploce where lhey - ãr", åt oppot"J To others thot were brought |here 22