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Civil Society, Conflicts and the Politicization of Human Rights

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Civil Society, Conflicts and the Politicization of Human Rights Civil Society, Confl icts and the Politicization of Human Rights EDITED BY RAFFAELE MARCHETTI AND NATHALIE TOCCI United Nations University Press is the publishing arm of the United Nations University. UNU Press publishes scholarly and policy-oriented books and periodicals on the issues facing the United Nations and its peoples and member states, with particular emphasis upon international, regional and transboundary policies. The United Nations University was established as a subsidiary organ of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution 2951 (XXVII) of 11 December 1972. The United Nations University undertakes a wide range of activities focused on knowledge generation (basic and applied research, and foresight and policy studies), education and capacity devel- opment (developing human and organizational capabilities), and know- ledge transfer and sharing (communications, dissemination and outreach). The University operates through its institutes and programmes located throughout the world, and its planning and coordinating centre in Tokyo. Civil society, conflicts and the politicization of human rights Civil society, conflicts and the politicization of human rights Edited by Raffaele Marchetti and Nathalie Tocci © United Nations University, 2011 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not nec- essarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. United Nations University Press United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan Tel: +81-3-5467-1212 Fax: +81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] general enquiries: [email protected] http://www.unu.edu United Nations University Office at the United Nations, New York 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2062, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: +1-212-963-6387 Fax: +1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Cover design by Mea Rhee Cover photograph by Fredrik Naumann/Panos Pictures Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-92-808-1199-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Civil society, conflicts and the politicization of human rights / edited by Raffaele Marchetti and Nathalie Tocci. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-9280811995 (pbk.) 1. Human rights—Social aspects. 2. Ethnic conflicts—Prevention. 3. Civil society. 4. Non-governmental organizations—Political activity. 5. Human rights—Social aspects—Case studies. 6. Ethnic conflicts—Prevention—Case studies. 7. Civil society—Case studies. 8. Non-governmental organizations—Political activity— Case studies. I. Marchetti, Raffaele. II. Tocci, Nathalie. JC571.C595 2011 323—dc23 2011021071 Endorsements “An outstanding analysis of civil society’s human rights-related activities and their impact on conflict in multi-ethnic societies. This book is a timely contribution to our understanding of the emerging intrastate ethno- political conflicts in this rapidly globalizing and democratizing world.” G. Shabbir Cheema, Director, Asia-Pacific Governance and Democracy Initiative, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii “In an era where the certainties of the liberal peacebuilding consensus are heavily contested, it is refreshing to see a selection of essays which offer such innovative interpretations of how civil society actors and human rights are developing in real post-conflict contexts—which are not just local, but also regional. Such conceptual and contextual research, not necessarily tied to existing narratives of conflict and what to do about it, offer challenging perspectives for uncertain times and also underline the absolute necessity of local and external support for both civil society and human rights.” Oliver Richmond, Director, Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, School of International Relations, University of St Andrews “This diverse yet well-integrated collection brings together three topics that have seldom been tackled together: civil society, conflict societies and human rights. Beginning from the key concept of ‘securitization’— which threatens human rights—the authors and editors explore how civil society mobilization can exacerbate securitization—and thus threaten human rights, manage it, or transform it into forms that protect human rights. The book examines the nexus among human rights, civil society and conflict in four ‘conflict societies’—Israel/Palestine, Bosnia- Herzegovina, the Turkish/Kurdish conundrum, and Cyprus—and closes with revealing comparative analyses of these cases. Students of social movements, human rights, and peace and conflict studies will profit sig- nificantly from this book’s contributions.” Sidney Tarrow, Maxwell Upson Professor of Government, Department of Government, Cornell University Contents Figures and tables. ix Contributors . x Abbreviations. xiii Foreword. xv Johan Galtung 1 Introduction: Civil society, ethnic conflicts and the politicization of human rights. 1 Raffaele Marchetti and Nathalie Tocci Part I: Theoretical framework. 11 2 Human rights and the (de)securitization of conflict . 13 Thorsten Bonacker, Thomas Diez, Thorsten Gromes, Jana Groth and Emily Pia 3 Conflict society and human rights: An analytical framework. 47 Raffaele Marchetti and Nathalie Tocci Part II: Case studies. 73 4 Human rights, civil society and conflict in Israel/Palestine. 75 Laure Fourest viii contents 5 Human rights, civil society and conflict in Cyprus. 100 Olga Demetriou and Ayla Gürel 6 Human rights, civil society and conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina. 123 Giulio Marcon and Sergio Andreis 7 Human rights, civil society and conflict in Turkey’s Kurdish question. 139 Nathalie Tocci and Alper Kaliber Part III: Comparative analysis . 161 8 Gender, conflict society and human rights . 163 Diana Levantesi Copper 9 Redefining European Union engagement with conflict society. 181 Raffaele Marchetti and Nathalie Tocci 10 Human rights discourses and conflict: Moving towards desecuritization. 204 Emily Pia and Thomas Diez 11 The impact of civil society on conflict: A qualitative comparative analysis. 220 Thorsten Bonacker, Christian Braun and Jana Groth 12 Epilogue: Civil society, human rights and conflicts. Does knowledge matter?. 243 Angela Liberatore Index . 246 Figures and tables Figures 2.1 Human rights as strategies towards desecuritization . 28 2.2 Different types of human rights and conflict transformation. 36 3.1 Determinants of CoSO impact. 66 Tables 2.1 A comparison of different approaches in peace studies. 27 3.1 CoSO typology. 53 3.2 CoSO identities . 54 4.1 Budgets of selected Israeli NGOs. 81 4.2 Implications of context for Israeli civil society . 83 4.3 Implications of context for Palestinian civil society. 84 4.4 Fields/modes of CoSO activity. 88 10.1 Types of human rights articulations. 209 11.1 All variables and parameter values. 230 11.2 Parameter values of six actions in Bosnia-Herzegovina. 232 11.3 Truth table of Table 11.2. 234 ix Contributors Sergio Andreis has coordinated theories and methods of conflict Lunaria’s participation in the SHUR analysis. project. A long-time human rights activist and member of the Italian Christian Braun is assistant researcher parliament, his action research at the Marburg Centre for Conflict experience focuses on Balkan and Studies. His research fields include Euro-Mediterranean relations, and ethno-political conflicts, Bosnia- has included contributions to the Herzegovina and peacebuilding. London School of Economics Global Civil Society Yearbook Diana Levantesi Copper holds an MSc publications. in gender and development from the London School of Economics and Thorsten Bonacker is professor of Political Science, UK, and a BSc in peace and conflict studies at the political science and international University of Marburg and relations from LUISS Guido Carlo, coordinator of the master’s Rome, Italy. She has conducted programme on peace and conflict research on gender issues for the studies at the Centre for Conflict SHUR project as part of the SHUR Studies. He is also a member of the CERSDU research team. She International Centre for Research currently works in the field of and Documentation of War Crimes international policy on equality, Trials at the University of Marburg non-discrimination and human and the Institute for World Society rights. Between 2005 and 2010 she Studies at Bielefeld University. worked in public health and His research fields include peace international development, and conflict in world society, managing projects in Asia, Africa, human rights, civil society, and the Americas and Europe in x Contributors xi cooperation with institutions, Johan Galtung, born in 1930 in Oslo, governments and civil society. Norway, has been working on two tracks: seen generally as the father Olga Demetriou is a social of the modern field of peace studies, anthropologist, currently employed he has authored 151 books, 34 of as project leader at the International them available in 135 translations; Peace Research Institute Oslo and has also worked as a mediator Cyprus Centre. She works on in more than 140 conflicts. He lives refugee subjectivity, human rights, with his Japanese wife in Spain, cultural heritage and migration. She France, Japan and the United States. has previously worked at Amnesty International’s secretariat, and has Thorsten Gromes is a researcher at carried out research in Greece and the Peace Research Institute, Cyprus as a post-doctoral fellow at Frankfurt. Previously he was a Cambridge and Oxford Universities. researcher at the Centre for Conflict Her work has appeared
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