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Like Ho Chi Minh! Like Che Guevara! Ian Scott Horst

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Like Ho Chi Minh! Like Che Guevara! Ian Scott Horst Like Ho Chi Minh! Like Che Guevara! The Revolutionary Left in Ethiopia, 1969–1979 Ian Scott Horst Foreign Languages Press Foreign Languages Press Collection “New Roads” #6 A collection directed by Christophe Kistler Contact – [email protected] https://foreignlanguages.press Paris, 2020 First Edition ISBN: 978-2-491182-27-4 This book is under license Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ To the memory of “The Generation” A luta continua “You know sometimes it is not that good to get old and get to see such disasters, but I still believe the monsters will perish.”—Hama Tuma Contents Foreword 1 Glossary & Notes 5 Introduction The Black Vietnam 11 Chapter 1 1969, The Commitment 19 Chapter 2 Countries Want Independence, Nations 43 Want Liberation, the People Want Revo- lution Chapter 3 1970–1973, Getting Organized 63 Chapter 4 Armed Struggle and the Revolutionary 97 Vision Chapter 5 1974, The People Rise 115 Chapter 6 Socialism and Democracy 147 Chapter 7 1975, The Limits of Power 163 Chapter 8 Symbolic Confusion 209 Chapter 9 1976, The Point of No Return 239 Chapter 10 Ethiopian Fascism 291 Chapter 11 1977, The Terror 307 Chapter 12 Playground of Empires 365 Chapter 13 1978–1979, Revolution’s End 407 Chapter 14 Epilogue, The Poisoned Well 455 Bibliography 491 Foreward Foreword This work focuses on the people and politics of a vital but neglected chapter of revolutionary history, the Ethiopian revolution of 1974. It is my intention to tell as much of this story of the Ethiopian revolution- ary left as possible in the voices of its participants. This volume makes extended use of original documents, memoirs and analyses written by the participants themselves, framed by my own narrative and analysis as an American leftist who watched much of this history unfold from afar. In 1976 I began an abortive college education at the University of Chicago. Exposed to the anti-Vietnam-war movement in my child- hood years (among other things my parents opened up our apartment to bloody refugees from the 1968 police riot at the Chicago Demo- cratic Convention), I found myself drawn to the constellation of small socialist and communist organizations on campus. While this was well toward the end of one of the more fruitful periods of leftwing orga- nizing in recent American memory, I resolutely joined a succession of leftist groups, and received a hands-on education in revolutionary the- ory and organizing. Eventually I would come to think of myself as a cadre level member of one organization, before burning out toward the end of the Reagan years. My personal activism and organizational involvement have ebbed and flowed over the decades since, but I have never lost sight of the hope for a world liberated from oppression and exploitation. At the University of Chicago I first encountered both the Ethio- pian Students’ Union in North America (ESUNA) and Eritreans for Liberation in North America (EFLNA). Attending various solidarity programs, I learned of a revolution being waged by people my age and just a little older. I was utterly inspired and awed by stories of young people facing down death in a way we American leftists could mostly only imagine. This marked the beginning of my lifelong interest in the Ethiopian revolution and especially in the Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolu- tionary Party, one of the largest mass communist parties the African continent has ever seen. Many of the original documents I consulted for 1 Like Ho Chi Minh! Like Che Guevara! this research I first read when they were published, and I’ve carted them around among my papers over the decades since. My first attempt at pulling together a narrative of the Ethiopian revolution was an uncom- pleted pamphlet draft in the early 1980s. In the past few years, the left’s casual misunderstanding of the events of 1970s Ethiopia—or in some cases, insidious misrepresentation—called out to me for redress. The deeper I dug into the history, the more compelling I found it; the more I wanted to share what I learned, and so the idea for a research project and ultimately this book was kindled. I would be presumptuous to label myself as any kind of “expert” on Ethiopia; indeed I am an entry-level student. However, as a life- long participant in some small corners of the international communist movement, this story is rich with debates and experiences that resonate with my own, and in relying on my own judgment learned in years of movement discussion and activism I hope to reflect some of the politi- cal vitality of this past historical moment. I hope this work serves as an invitation to deepen a discussion of what happened not so many years ago in order to help illuminate paths forward for all those seeking a better world in Ethiopia, in the United States, indeed anywhere on the planet a struggle against injustice remains the order of the day. I intend here not to lecture Ethiopians on their own history, but to invite the western left to engage with this vital story; to heed its lessons; and above all to rectify its failures in objectifying Africans in struggle as idealized cyphers for their own political agendas. My goal in presenting this history in the form of original docu- ments and testimonies is to put the reader into the middle of the polit- ical moment: to confront them with the issues and events in the way the participants themselves were; to recognize the human agency that shaped what are now pages in history. This volume is not a replacement for other works containing mountains of important data and statistics, rather it is a call to reorient the historical perspective. If people are the motive force in world history, let us retell the story from the point of view of those people who dared to attempt revolution under extraordi- nary circumstances of sacrifice and solidarity. 2 Foreward I strongly urge interested readers to dig deeper into the works I have cited herein, to excavate the documentary history further, and to con- tribute to making this important story relevant and visible. Although many of the memoirs and personal histories I consulted were originally printed by small presses and as such are out of print or hard to come by, all of them are worth tracking down for the rich depth of detail I could only skim off for this project. I am deeply grateful to everyone responsible for the works included in my bibliography. In the course of my research I have learned that there are many open wounds among those with a memory of the events documented herein. I have encountered grief, anger, pain, loss, nostalgia; and con- fronted desires for resolution, for vengeance, for recognition, for expla- nations of the inexplicable, for meaning. I have also encountered accu- sations of complicity and betrayal, of hidden hands and conspiracies still unearthed, and of willful deception and the rewriting of history. With all due respect to the strong feelings of many decent people who feel the historical record is inaccurate or incomplete, I have mostly cho- sen to ignore such claims that seem unsubstantiated by documentary evidence. I have no doubt that time, new evidence, and sources blocked to me by my lamentable illiteracy in Amharic or Tigrinya, might require correction of the historical record. Surely this volume will not be the last word on the subject. I want to express sincere gratitude to friends and helpers with this task: Thanks to my friend and comrade Doug Enaa Greene for two years of reading drafts, for offering support and encouragement. My most profound gratitude to Iyasou Alemayehu/Hama Tuma and Samuel Andreas Agassie. Many thanks for research assistance to John Mellors, Paul Saba and The Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism Online, Alex Akin at Bolerium Books, Bradley Duncan and his R.F. Kampfer Revolutionary Archive in Philadelphia, Michael Pugliese from Leftbook, and archivist and mem- oirist Ayalew Yimam. Thanks to the Tamiment Collection at the library of New York University, the International Institute of Social History 3 Like Ho Chi Minh! Like Che Guevara! in Amsterdam, the utterly indispensable Marxist Internet Archive, and Datenbankprojekt “Materialien zur Analyse von Opposition” (MAO) in Berlin. Thanks to YaTewlid.com for the EPRP/Democracia and Goh archives. Thanks to Wikileaks and its Public Library of US Diplomacy and to the Wilson Center Digital Archive: information wants to be free. Thanks for translation assistance to Eric Burton and Leander Michel. Thanks to the many friends and acquaintances who offered support and whose expressed anticipation of this project really helped me complete it. Thanks for corrections and suggestions from insightful and help- ful draft-readers in the radical and publishing worlds. Surely unlimited additional research avenues would enrich these pages; it is with a few degrees of regret I choose to share this investigation in its current state knowing there is more to be excavated, more to be said and under- stood. I’m choosing to meet the uncertainty delivered by the pandemic moment in which we all find ourselves by pushing forward now. In the end I offer gratitude and encouragement to Christophe Kistler and everybody associated with the new Foreign Languages Press for pro- viding a home for this work, and for their commitment to keeping revolutionary theory in print and accessible to new, 21st-century revo- lutionaries. Finally, thanks to my partner, Jesse Sklar, for love and support. Thanks to my late mother, Paula Fitzgerald Wilkes, who helped me learn how to think and armed me with a moral imperative.
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