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Before, Not After

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Before, Not After ilyaUnderstanding Prevention Aangan Trust A Case Study of Prevention Science in Child Protection JANUARY 2019 BEFORE, NOT AFTER An Evaluation of Aangan Trust's Preventative Approach to Child Protection in India FEBRUARY 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................................... i Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................................................... ii Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1 II. Background ......................................................................................................................................................................... 2 III. Methodology ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6 A. Overview ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 B. Locations ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 C. Sampling Strategy and Survey Design .................................................................................................................................. 8 D. Study Implementation ................................................................................................................................................................. 9 E. Data Analysis .................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 IV. Theory of Change ........................................................................................................................................................... 12 V. Results.............................................................................................................................................................................. 19 A. Demographics ............................................................................................................................................................................... 19 B. Process Evaluation: Is Aangan’s Program Running as Planned? .............................................................................. 21 C. Results: What are the Outcomes and Impacts? ............................................................................................................... 26 i. Education ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 ii. Child Labor ................................................................................................................................................................................. 31 iii. Child Marriage........................................................................................................................................................................... 37 iv. Child Abuse ................................................................................................................................................................................ 41 v. Mapping Risk ............................................................................................................................................................................. 42 vi. Access to and Uptake of ID Documents ......................................................................................................................... 44 vii. Enrollment in Government Social Protection Programs ......................................................................................... 48 viii. Improved Service Provider Performance and Trust................................................................................................... 51 ix. Transformation of Social Norms and Beliefs about Child Protection ................................................................ 53 x. Self-Efficacy and Self-Esteem Among Children .......................................................................................................... 55 VI. Limitations ........................................................................................................................................................................ 57 VII. Analysis and Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 58 VIII. Appendices ....................................................................................................................................................................... 61 A. Program Costs ........................................................................................................................................................................... 61 B. Key Survey Questions ............................................................................................................................................................. 61 C. Vignettes ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 66 IX. Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................................... 68 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authored by Elizabeth Donger, Jacqueline Bhabha, Ayesha Mehrotra and Miriam Chernoff. Report contributors include Aisha Yousafzai, Amiya Bhatia, Ahilya Khadka, Leah Singleton, Julie Boatwright Wilson, Toa Bagchi, Swagata Nandi, Shveta Kalyanwala, Ariana Marnicio, Muniza Khan, Lena Ransohoff, Mike Dottridge and Susan Lloyd McGarry. Special thanks to our data collection partners at Pratichi Trust: Kumar Rana, Sabir Ahamed, Sangram Mukherjee, Tanmoy Dutta, Runa Basu and Prolay Ghosh. We would also like to acknowledge support for this project from Shantha Sinha, Ruchi Sinha, Michael Wessells, Safeena Husain, Antara Lahiri, Nilima Mehta, Babu Matthew, Suman Bhattacharjea, Vimala Ramachandran and Joan Lombardi. This report was possible thanks to funding from the Harvard Global Institute, Tata Trusts, the Harvard Lakshmi Mittal South Asia Institute and EMpower. All photographs in this report were taken with informed consent from identifiable subjects. Cover image shows Konia, Aangan’s intervention site in Varanasi (© Elizabeth Donger, 2018). Report design by Elizabeth Donger. i ABBREVIATIONS AHTU Anti-Human Trafficking Unit ANM Auxiliary Nurse Midwife ASHA Accredited Social Health Activist CHD Community Help Desk CPC Child Protection Committee CPV Child Protection Volunteer CWC Child Welfare Committee DCPU District Child Protection Unit Harvard FXB François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights at Harvard University ICDS Integrated Child Development Services ICPS Integrated Child Protection Services ILO International Labor Organization NFHS National Family Health Survey OOSC Out of school children POCSO The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences RTE Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 SC/ST/OBC Scheduled Caste / Scheduled Tribe / Other Backward Caste UIDAI Unique Identity Authority of India VLCPC Village Level Child Protection Committee ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This research seeks to develop a deeper This study aims to provide an evidence-based case understanding of community strategies for for accelerated investments in prevention: the preventing serious violations of children’s rights program described has a yearly running cost of Rs. before they occur. Most interventions intended to 632,204 ($9,482) for each location such as Konia, protect children are currently designed to begin yet the resulting long-term benefits are significant. after harm has occurred: remove children from They accumulate for the children enabled to places of exploitation, then attempt to support develop their potential in relative health and safety, their recovery and social integration. But the and for the societies to which they belong. This prevention of structural, physical, sexual and project also seeks to develop a rigorous emotional violence against children is an emerging methodological approach to “prevention science” global policy priority, and advocates are that will enable further research in this field. increasingly focused on “systems strengthening” approaches that seek to improve holistic overall Despite an increasing focus by child functioning of child protection systems. protection actors on systems strengthening, Little rigorous research exists that unpacks how little rigorous research exists that unpacks preventative strategies can be
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