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Appropriation in the Visual Arts – Concepts and History with Examples from Finnish Contemporary Art

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Appropriation in the Visual Arts – Concepts and History with Examples from Finnish Contemporary Art Paula Korte Pro gradu thesis Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies University of Helsinki 29.10.2018 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Filosofian, historian, kulttuurin ja taiteiden tutkimuksen laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Paula Korte Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Appropriation in the Visual Arts – Concepts and History with Examples from Finnish Contemporary Art Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Estetiikka Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages year Pro gradu –tutkielma Lokakuu, 2018 96 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tutkielmani tavoitteena on tarkastella appropriaation eli omimisen ilmiötä visuaalisessa taiteessa. Appropriaatio jakautuu käsitteellisesti kahteen eri tyyppiin, taiteelliseen appropriaatioon ja kulttuuriseen appropriaatioon. Taiteellinen appropriaatio on tyypillinen postmodernin taiteen strategia, jossa taiteilija käyttää joko jo olemassa olevaa taideteosta tai laajemman kulttuurin piiristä poimittua esinettä, kuvaa tai symbolia uuden teoksen materiaalina. Kulttuurinen appropriaatio puolestaan viittaa ilmiöön, jossa valtakulttuurin edusta omii aineellista tai aineetonta materiaalia vähemmistökulttuurilta. Lähestyn appropriaation tematiikkaa kolmivaiheisesti. Suoritan ensin käsitteellisen analyysin, jossa määrittelen taiteellisen appropriaation käsitteen tukeutuen Rikard Ekholmin väitöstyöhön ja kulttuurisen appropriaation James O. Youngin määritelmän pohjalta. Käsitteellisen ympäristön selventämiseksi tarkastelen myös appropriaation ilmiöön liittyviä rinnakkaisia termejä (pastissi, parafraasi, intertekstuaalisuus, sitaatti sekä väärennös). Terminologisen selvitystyön jälkeen teen historiallisen katsauksen erikseen kulttuurisen appropriaation ja taiteellisen appropriaation tiimoilta, sillä nämä kaksi ilmiötä kehittyvät suhteellisen erilaisissa historiallisissa konteksteissa. Kulttuurisen appropriaation historia ja erityisesti ilmiön problematisointi liittyvät postkolonialismiin ja alitettujen vähemmistöjen itsenäistymiseen, kun taiteellinen appropriaatio puolestaan kehittyy taidemaailman sisällä erilaisista tekijyyttä ja alkuperäisyyttä kyseenalaistavista taiteellisista liikehdinnöistä. Kulttuurisen appropriaation historian hahmottamisessa tukeudun postkolonialistiseen teoriaan ja eritoten Edward Saidin teoksiin. Taiteellisen appropriaation historia rakentuu esimerkkitaiteilijoiden (mm. Duchamp, Warhol, Sturtevant, Levine ja Koons) työskentelyn esittelyn ja syy-seurassuhteiden hahmottamisen kautta. Päätän tutkielman kahteen tapaustutkimukseen, joiden tarkoituksena on tarkastella appropriaation kahta tyyppiä käytännössä ja erityisesti suomalaisen nykytaiteen saralla. Taiteellista appropriaatiota edustaa Ismo Kajanderin työskentely ja kulttuurista appropriaatiota Jenni Hiltusen videoteos Grind (2012). Tutkielmani osoittaa, että taiteellinen appropriaatio on ensisijaisesti taiteen ja tekijyyden ontologiaa tutkiva taiteellinen strategia, kun kulttuurinen appropriaatio taas nostaa esiin valtasuhteisiin liittyviä eettisiä kysymyksiä. Taiteellinen appropriaatio on tänä päivänä elimellinen osa nykytaiteen käytänteitä, joissa taiteilijan kyky viitata taiteen historiaan lainaamalla elementtejä jo olemassa olevasta taiteesta ja kulttuurista laajemmin osoittaa taiteilijan vihkiytyneisyyttä omaan alaansa, sekä filosofista kiinnostusta ontologisiin kysymyksiin. Kulttuurinen appropriaatio on puolestaan noussut tihenevällä tahdilla eri polemiikkien kohteeksi, joiden taustalla on tärkeä keskustelu kulttuuristen vähemmistöjen oikeuksista. Päädyn tämän tutkielman edetessä argumentoimaan, että kulttuurisella appropriaatiolla on kuitenkin myös kulttuureja yhdistävää arvoa, jos kulttuuriseen appropriaatioon ryhtyvä valtakulttuuria edustava taiteilija toimii kohdekulttuuria kunnioittavalla tavalla, oman etuoikeutensa tunnistaen ja dialogia suosien. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Appropriaatio, kulttuurinen appropriaatio, Ismo Kajander, Jenni Hiltunen, postkolonialismi Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Filosofian, historian, kulttuurin ja taiteiden tutkimuksen laitos, estetiikka Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Content Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………1 1 Appropriation: Definitions………………………………………………………………………5 1.1 Artistic Appropriation………………………………………………………………….7 1.2 Cultural Appropriation………………………………………………………………12 1.3 Pastiche…………………………………………………………………………………….16 1.4 Paraphrase………………………………………………………………………………..19 1.5 Intertextuality…………………………………………………………………………...21 1.6 Quotation………………………………………………………………………………….24 1.7 Forgery……………………………………………………………………………………..27 1.8 Outcomes…………………………………………………………………………………..31 2 History of Appropriation……………………………………………………………………….32 2.1 Power Play – A Critical Examination of Cultural Appropriation……34 2.2 Pictures upon Pictures – Art History of Artistic Appropriation……..45 3 Case Studies………………………………………………………………………………………….70 3.1 Ismo Kajander: Pioneer of Artistic Appropriation in the Finnish Field……………………………………………………………………………..71 3.2 Jenni Hiltunen: The Slippery Slide of Cultural Appropriation…….....80 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………85 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………90 1 Introduction In the context of art, what is appropriation? In one respect appropriation can be considered to be an artistic method that has been employed by artists for as long as art has been made: in a very broad sense it is the usage of already existing material, be it tangible or intangible, as the material for new works of art. Of late, appropriation as a concept seems to have become exceedingly media trendy. Art critics, artists and the general public alike use the term uninhibitedly to discuss multifaceted phenomena ranging from a pop star without any devotional background using a religious symbol1 to artists taking material from the world around them. Anything in the arts and culture that can be likened to taking advantage, borrowing, referencing and, in some cases, outright stealing is titled as appropriation. However this somewhat careless and often vague use of the term has made appropriation as a concept ambiguous and imprecise. At the very start it is essential to note that when it comes to the arts and culture at large, there appears to be two distinct types of appropriation: that of cultural appropriation and artistic appropriation. In recent debates cultural appropriation has taken on negative connotations in the media. Cultural appropriation has come to be seen as a remnant of the colonial suppression of minorities by the ruling powers who ruthlessly use whatever material they wish without a care for the original author. As such, appealing to the questionable ethics of cultural appropriation has become a favoured avenue of criticism for activists, and even though the striving for equality and recognition of everyone’s rights must remain the highest priority, the agitated attention given to cultural appropriation has also resulted in some dangerous demands for the limitation of artists’ freedom of expression and speech. 1 Selena Gomez caused controversy when she adorned her forehead with a bindi, a devotional symbol worn by Hindu women. See http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2310247/Selena-Gomez-criticised-Hindu- groups-wearing-bindi-whilst-performing-sexy-single-Come-And-Get-It-MTV-Awards.html (accessed 19.12.2016) 2 “Artistic appropriation”, on the other hand, is a term introduced by Rikard Ekholm in his 2012 doctoral thesis Identical, But Still Different: On Artistic Appropriation in Visual Arts. In his study Ekholm makes a case for adding the prefix artistic to the concept of appropriation to differentiate the specific artistic phenomenon from the other instance of appropriation, that being cultural appropriation. Both forms of appropriation are challenging to define but where cultural appropriation most often involves the taking advantage of a minority’s cultural property (whether tangible or intangible) by the majority, artistic appropriation can perhaps be regarded as a specific strategy of reference employed in the arts, an act mirrored in such concepts as “pastiche”, “paraphrase”, “intertextuality” and “quotation”. From this it becomes evident that the philosophical issues that cultural appropriation and artistic appropriation raise are very different in nature: cultural appropriation touches upon topics related to ethics, whereas artistic appropriation raises questions of ontology. Furthermore, the line between cultural appropriation and artistic appropriation is often fluid, and a work of art can potentially exhibit features of both. However, I do not fully agree with Ekholm’s extremely strict conception of artistic appropriation. Instead I suggest that a slightly more relaxed understanding of the term could prove more viable and thus useful. This need for clarification of terminology serves as one of the main motivations for the thesis at hand. At this point it is important to note that the range of this particular study will be that of the visual arts thus excluding for instance music, theatre and literature. This choice is made so as to keep the scope of the thesis manageable, for appropriation runs rampant in all the different media. The structure of the study will be as follows: firstly, it is necessary to conduct a rigorous examination of the relevant
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