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Public Disclosure Authorized
Annex B Environmental Management Framework Toolkit
Public Disclosure Authorized for Implementing
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized FINAL
This Toolkit provides a framework for managing all environmental issues that may arise as a result of or during the implementation of the RACP. It comprises the following components:
A ‘regulatory requirements list’ Classification of project activities by degree of environmental impact Environmental guidelines for key project activities1 Environmental Management Plan Checklists
This EMF Toolkit is meant to serve as a guidance note to all those involved in designing, implementing and monitoring activities under the RACP. The figure below shows how this Toolkit is to be used.
The ES, PMU is the custodian of this Toolkit and is responsible for ensuring its regular updation, circulation and use. S/he is responsible for ensuring that the updated version is circulated within 7 days of its revision. A soft copy of the updated version shall be put on the project website in English and Hindi (local language) within 7 days of its revision
1 The EGs provided are for activities currently identified in the RACP. As and when more activities are identified, the ES, PMU may in consultations with the relevant PIU develop appropriate EGs.
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Overall, to revise and/or update any component of this Toolkit, the ES, PMU shall consult with the relevant line departments and also seeks inputs from the EFP, DPMUs and SP2s before finalizing the change.
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ANNEX 1: REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS LIST 171
List of Pesticides Banned by Government of India 174
List of Pesticides Not Permissible (WHO classes Ia, Ib and II) 177
ANNEX 2: CLASSIFICATION OF RACP ACTIVITIES BY DEGREE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 182
ANNEX 3: ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDANCE 185
1 EG AGRI 1: CROP SELECTION 186
1.1 General 186
1.2 Matching Crop Water Requirement with Available Water 186
1.3 Crop Rotation 186
1.4 Application of EG Agri 1: Crop Selection 187
2 EG AGRI 2: SEED SELECTION 188
2.1 General 188
2.2 Varietal Selection 188 2.2.2 Selection of GM Varieties 188
2.3 Seed selection & Treatment 189
2.4 Application of EG Agri 2: Seed Selection 189
3 EG AGRI 3: SOIL HEALTH & NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT 191
3.1 General 191
3.2 Soil Health 191
3.3 Integrated Nutrient Management 191 3.3.1 Soil Testing 191 3.3.2 Analysis of Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms 191 3.3.3 Judicious mix of organic and inorganic fertilizers 192 3.3.4 Selection of Fertilizer Application Techniques 192 3.3.5 Precautions in use of Biofertilizers 193
3.4 Application of EG Agri 3: Soil Health & Nutrient Management 194
4 EG AGRI 4: PEST & DISEASE MANAGEMENT 196
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4.1 General 196
4.2 Integrated Pest Management 196 4.2.1 Tools of IPM 196
4.3 Precautions to be taken in storage and use of pesticides 199
4.4 Application of EG Agri 4: Pest & Disease Management 200
5 EG AGRI 5: STORAGE & HANDLING OF AGRI-INPUTS 202
5.1 General 202
5.2 Building a storage facility 202 5.2.1 Building a New Fertilizer Storage Facility 202 5.2.2 Modifying an existing storage facility 203
5.3 Recommendation for Safe Loading & Unloading 203
5.4 Storage of Seeds 203
5.5 Application of EG Agri 5: Storage & Handling of Agri-inputs 204
6 EG AGRI 6: WATER USE MANAGEMENT 205
6.1 General 205
6.2 Demand-side Water Management 205
6.3 Challenges of Demand-side Management in Groundwater Regimes 206
6.4 Application of EG Agri 6: Water Use Management 206
7 EG WATER 1: WATER HARVEST, RECHARGE & STORAGE 208
7.1 General 208
7.2 General guidance on Water Harvesting, Recharge & Storage Structures 208
7.3 Farm Ponds Design 208 7.3.1 Sizing of Farm Ponds 208 7.3.2 Safety & Maintenance of Farm Ponds 209
7.4 Rehabilitation of Distributaries 209
7.5 Application of EG Water 1: Water Harvest, Recharge & Storage 210
8 EG LIVESTOCK 1: GOAT REARING 211
8.1 General 211
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8.2 Herd Improvement & Management 211 8.2.1 Breeding & Castration 211 8.2.2 Feeding Management for Goats 211 8.2.3 Health care of goats 212 8.2.4 Management of herd size 212 8.2.5 Care to be taken during transportation of goats to markets 212
8.3 Application of EG Livestock 1: Goat Rearing 213
9 EG LIVESTOCK 2: ANIMAL HEALTH INPUTS 214
9.1 General 214
9.2 Safe disposal of used needles, syringes and vaccines 214
9.3 Use of Veterinary Medicines 214
9.4 Application of EG Livestock 2: Animal Health Inputs 214
10 EG COMMON 1: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 216
10.1 General 216
10.2 General Consideration for Building Construction 216
10.3 Guidance of Construction of Warehouses 217
10.4 Application of EG Common 1: Building Construction 218
11 EG COMMON 2: TREE CUTTING, PASTURE LAND USE 219
11.1 General 219
11.2 Compensatory Planting Policy for RACP 219
11.3 Policy on not using pasture lands for other purposes 219
11.4 Application of EG Common 2: Tree Cutting & Pasture Land Use 219
12 EG PRODUCER ORGANISATION 1: CODES OF PRACTICES 221
12.1 General 221
12.2 Development & Adoption of Code of Practices for FPOs 221
12.3 General Guidelines for FPOs 221
12.4 Application of EG Producer Company 1: Code of Practice 222
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13 EG COMMON 3: GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINE 223
13.1 General 223
14 EG COMMON 4: GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR HEALTH & SAFETY 224
14.1 General 224
ANNEX 4: SPECIMEN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN CHECKLISTS 225
EMP Checklist 1 - Crop Intensification 226
EMP Checklist 2 - Storage & Handling of Agri-Inputs 230
EMP Checklist 3 - Water Harvest & Storage Structures 233
EMP Checklist 4 - Goat Rearing 236
EMP Checklist 5 - Animal Health Inputs 239
EMP Checklist 6 - Tree Cutting 241
EMP Checklist 7 - Building Construction /Warehouse Construction 243
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Environmental Management Framework Toolkit
Annex 1: Regulatory Requirements List
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Regulatory Requirements List2
Project interventions with severe environmental impacts and those not complying with the policies/regulations of state government, government of India and World Bank’s safe guard policies should not be promoted under RACP. A list of these activities is given below:
Agriculture
Digging of irrigation tube well without taking required3 permission from the relevant authority will not be supported. Digging of tube well (except for public drinking purpose) in an area identified as an ‘over- exploited groundwater basin’ will not be supported. Digging of irrigation tube well within a distance of 250 meters from the nearest tube well will not be supported. Purchase, stock, sale, distribution or exhibition of the following pesticides will not be supported: Pesticides classified in Class Ia, Ib and II of WHO classification; Pesticides banned by the Government of India; Pesticides banned by the State Government. Purchase, stock, sale, distribution or exhibition of pesticides and chemical fertilizers will not be supported without the requisite licenses.
Livestock
Grazing of livestock in forest areas without taking required4 permission from the Forest Department will not be supported. Grazing of livestock that have not been vaccinated in forest areas will not be supported.
Infrastructure
Construction of roads, buildings, check dams, embankments, etc., will not be supported without prior approval of the design by a qualified Engineer. Embankment / check dam exceeding 3 meters in height will not be supported. Activities involving discharge into any water body any industrial waste, sewerage or other polluting substance will not be supported. Any industrial activity will not be supported without requisite permission from the Government (Pollution Control Board). The following activities in the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) will not be supported: o discharge of untreated wastes and effluents, o withdrawal of ground water unless when done manually through ordinary wells for
2 This initial list needs to be validated by the ES, PMU in consultation with the respective line departments and technical support agencies (Krishi Vignan Kendras, NGOs, etc.). State specific regulations that are relevant to the environment-rural livelihood context need to be added to this list. 3 Applicable in all cases except in states/locations where such permission is not required to be taken. 4 Applicable in all cases (a) except those that are in accordance with the provisions of the Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (b) except in states/locations where such permission is not required to be taken from the Forest Department.
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drinking, horticulture, agriculture and fisheries, o Mining of sands, rocks and other substrata materials, o Construction activity between the low tide line and high tide line in the CRZ-i and iii without requisite permission5.
Activities with Significant Adverse Environmental Impact All activities likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented, with impacts that may affect an area broader than the site of the activity are not to be supported.
Action Needed to Implement this List This list of activities needs to be communicated by the ES, PMU to the Community Institutions through the EFP, DPMU and the SP2.
5 CRZ I: Includes (i) Areas that are ecologically sensitive and important, such as national parks/marine parks, sanctuaries, reserve forests, wildlife habitats, mangroves, corals/coral reefs, areas close to breeding and spawning grounds of fish and other marine life, areas of outstanding natural beauty/historically/heritage areas, areas rich in genetic diversity (ii) Area between Low Tide Line and the high Tide Line; CRZ III: Areas that are relatively undisturbed and include coastal zone in the rural areas (developed and undeveloped).
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List of Pesticides Banned by Government of India
LIST OF PESTICIDES / PESTICIDES FORMULATIONS BANNED IN INDIA
A. Pesticides Banned for manufacture, import and use (28 Nos.)
1. Aldrin
2. Benzene Hexachloride
3. Calcium Cyanide
4. Chlordane
5. Copper Acetoarsenite
6. CIbromochloropropane
7. Endrin
8. Ethyl Mercury Chloride
9. Ethyl Parathion
10. Heptachlor
11. Menazone
12. Nitrofen
13. Paraquat Dimethyl Sulphate
14. Pentachloro Nitrobenzene
15. Pentachlorophenol
16. Phenyl Mercury Acetate
17. Sodium Methane Arsonate
18. Tetradifon
19. Toxafen
20. Aldicarb
21. Chlorobenzilate
22. Dieldrine
23. Maleic Hydrazide
24. Ethylene Dibromide
25. TCA (Trichloro acetic acid)
26. Metoxuron
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27. Chlorofenvinphos
28. Lindane (Banned vide Gazette Notification No S.O. 637(E) Dated 25/03/2011)-Banned for Manufecture,Import or Formulate w.e.f. 25th March,2011 and banned for use w.e.f. 25th March,2013.
B. Pesticide / Pesticide formulations banned for use but their manufacture is allowed for export (2 Nos.)
29. Nicotin Sulfate
30. Captafol 80% Powder
C. Pesticide formulations banned for import, manufacture and use (4 Nos)
1. Methomyl 24% L
2. Methomyl 12.5% L
3. Phosphamidon 85% SL
4. Carbofuron 50% SP
D. Pesticide Withdrawn(7 Nos)
1. Dalapon
2. Ferbam
3. Formothion
4. Nickel Chloride
5. Paradichlorobenzene (PDCB)
6. Simazine
7. Warfarin
LIST OF PESTICIDES REFUSED REGISTRATION
S. No. Name of Pesticides
1. Calcium Arsonate
2. EPM
3. Azinphos Methyl
4. Lead Arsonate
5. Mevinphos (Phosdrin)
6. 2,4, 5-T
7. Carbophenothion
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8. Vamidothion
9. Mephosfolan
10. Azinphos Ethyl
11. Binapacryl
12. Dicrotophos
13. Thiodemeton / Disulfoton
14. Fentin Acetate
15. Fentin Hydroxide
16. Chinomethionate (Morestan)
17. Ammonium Sulphamate
18. Leptophos (Phosvel)
PESTICIDES RESTRICTED FOR USE IN INDIA
S. No. Name of Pesticides
1. Aluminium Phosphide
2. DDT
3. Lindane
4. Methyl Bromide
5. Methyl Parathion
6. Sodium Cyanide
7. Methoxy Ethyl Mercuric Chloride (MEMC)
8. Monocrotophos
9. Endosulfan
10. Fenitrothion
11. Diazinon
12. Fenthion
13. Dazomet
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List of Pesticides Not Permissible (WHO classes Ia, Ib and II)
1. Extremely hazardous (Class Ia):
Common name
Aldicarb Ethoprophos
Brodifacoum Flocoumafen
Bromadiolone Hexachlorobenzene
Bromethalin Mercuric chloride
Calcium cyanide Mevinphos
Captafol Parathion
Chlorethoxyfos Parathion-methyl
Chlormephos Phenylmercury acetate
Chlorophacinone Phorate
Difenacoum Phosphamidon
Difethialone Sodium fluoroacetate
Diphacinone Sulfotep
Disulfoton Tebupirimfos
EPN Terbufos
2. Highly hazardous (Class Ib):
Common name
Acrolein Oxydemeton-methyl
Allyl alcohol Paris green
Azinphos-ethyl Pentachlorophenol
Azinphos-methyl Propetamphos
Blasticidin-S Sodium arsenite
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Butocarboxim Sodium cyanide
Butoxycarboxim Strychnine
Cadusafos Tefluthrin
Calcium arsenate Thallium sulfate
Carbofuran Thiofanox
Chlorfenvinphos Thiometon
3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol Triazophos
Coumaphos Vamidothion
Coumatetralyl Warfarin
Zeta-cypermethrin Zinc phosphide
Demeton-S-methyl Famphur
Dichlorvos Fenamiphos
Dicrotophos Flucythrinate
Dinoterb Fluoroacetamide
DNOC Formetanate
Edifenphos Furathiocarb
Ethiofencarb Heptenophos
Isoxathion Methiocarb
Lead arsenate Methomyl
Mecarbam Monocrotophos
Mercuric oxide Nicotine
Methamidophos Omethoate
Methidathion Oxamyl
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3. Moderately hazardous (Class II):
Common name
Alanycarb Endosulfan
Anilofos Endothal-sodium
Azaconazole EPTC
Azocyclotin Esfenvalerate
Bendiocarb Ethion
Benfuracarb Fenazaquin
Bensulide Fenitrothion
Bifenthrin Fenobucarb
Bilanafos Fenpropidin
Bioallethrin Fenpropathrin
Bromoxynil Fenthion
Bromuconazole Fentin acetate
Bronopol Fentin hydroxide
Butamifos Fenvalerate
Butylamine Fipronil
Carbaryl Fluxofenim
Carbosulfan Fuberidazole
Cartap Gamma-HCH , Lindane
Chloralose Guazatine
Chlorfenapyr Haloxyfop
Chlordane HCH
Chlorphonium chloride Imazalil
Chlorpyrifos Imidacloprid
Clomazone Iminoctadine
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Copper sulfate Ioxynil
Cuprous oxide Ioxynil octanoate
Cyanazine Isoprocarb
Cyanophos Lambda-cyhalothrin
Cyfluthrin Mercurous chloride
Beta-cyfluthrin Metaldehyde
Cyhalothrin Metam-sodium
Cypermethrin Methacrifos
Alpha-cypermethrin Methasulfocarb
Cyphenothrin [(1R)-isomers] Methyl isothiocyanate
2,4-D Metolcarb
DDT Metribuzin
Deltamethrin Molinate
Diazinon Nabam
Difenzoquat Naled
Dimethoate Paraquat
Dinobuton Pebulate
Diquat Permethrin
Phenthoate Quizalofop-p-tefuryl
Phosalone Rotenone
Phosmet Spiroxamine
Phoxim TCA [ISO] (acid)
Piperophos Terbumeton
Pirimicarb Tetraconazole
Prallethrin Thiacloprid
Profenofos Thiobencarb
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Propiconazole Thiocyclam
Propoxur Thiodicarb
Prosulfocarb Tralomethrin
Prothiofos Triazamate
Pyraclofos Trichlorfon
Pyrazophos Tricyclazole
Pyrethrins Tridemorph
Pyroquilon Xylylcarb
Quinalphos
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Environmental Management Framework Toolkit
Annex 2: Classification of RACP Activities by Degree of Environmental Impact
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Classification of Interventions based on Environmental Impacts
Most of the RACP interventions may be categorized as having a “low” level of impact on the environment. However, given the large scale of implementation of RACP activities, there could be a “medium” level of environmental impact sheerly due to cumulative effects of individual activities.
Therefore, most of the project activities are being classified as “low/medium” meaning that while the individual activity is classified as having a “low” level of environmental impact, at a cumulative level in each cluster it could have a “medium” level of impact. Classification of activities based on degree of environmental impact6 is shown below:
Impact Criteria Remarks/Example Application of EMF Category LOW Individually these Crop Intensification Simple Environmental /MEDIUM activities have a “low” Water Harvesting Guidance applied through level of impact (limited & Management, the use of checklists to and/or short term Livestock ensure compliance. adverse impact on the Development & environment and on Management, The EGs would be applied health) Operations of at planning stage to Farmers Producers ensure incorporation in But at a cumulative level Company, design of the activity itself. these projects may have Construction of For a few activities such as longer term adverse Warehouses, Rural construction of farm impact on environment Technology Centre, ponds, the Rural etc. technology centre, etc., it would also be applied at the time of accordingly approval for executing the works.
6 The list of activities given here is by no means exhaustive or exclusive. As and when new activities arise, the ES, PMU should assess its environmental impact and classify them accordingly.
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MEDIUM These projects have long Dal mill, processing of Case by case term deteriorating impact fruits, etc. Environmental on environment and high Assessment by ES, PMU level of technical intervention is required to identify specific mitigation measures to address the environmental impacts.
As of now, out of the activities identified under the RACP, no activity may be classified under “high” degree of environmental impact. However, it is suggested that as and when any activity is taken up that would clearly not fall under “low or medium” level of environmental impacts, the ES, PMU with help from the relevant PIU may classify it is as “high” and take appropriate measures to have a third party environmental assessment of the same.
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Environmental Management Framework Toolkit
Annex 3: Environmental Guidance
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1 EG Agri 1: Crop Selection
1.1 General Sustainable Crop Intensification (SCI) is a key project activity in RACP and comprises two broad steps viz., Crop Selection & Package of Practices for Selected Crops. This section provides guidance for the above-mentioned two steps so that environmental impact is minimized /mitigated at the design stage itself rather than try to mitigate during and after implementation of SCI Plan. Since the guidance is being provided at the design stage itself, adoption of strategies and measures is mandatory and not optional, unless specified.
Water is the key limiting factor for crop intensification in Rajasthan. Accordingly, reduction in water consumption in the agriculture sector in absolute terms and improvement in water-use efficiency are key outcomes expected from the RACP.
1.2 Matching Crop Water Requirement with Available Water Therefore, crops selected for intensification in a cluster should be based on matching water required for growing those crops and sustainable availability of water in the cluster, which is defined as
Harvest & storage of not more than 70%7 of current runoff in rain fed conditions
Extract less than or equal to measured annual recharge in groundwater conditions
Thus, the first step in preparation of SCIP is to assess the sustainable availability of water and crop water requirement of each crop that is suited to the agro-climatic conditions of the cluster and choosing only those crops that can be grown within the available water. This assessment has to be conducted at the sub-watershed level for rained areas, at the aquifer level for groundwater conditions and at the distributary level for canal command areas.
1.3 Crop Rotation Cropping pattern should be chosen such that the same crop is not being grown in the same patch of land season after season, year Box 1: Recommended Good Practice -Tree-based farming after year. Crops should be rotated to ensure that crops with Planting trees on farm bunds would help in not only providing different root zones, different fodder and fuel to the farmer but would also help in deeper demands on nutrients and recycling of nutrients. Further it also helps provide some income different pests and diseases are in years of droughts / crop failure. grown. This would help in better Hence Tree-based farming is a good practice that could be soil, nutrient and pest incorporated in the cropping patter design. management.
7 This is a crude estimate. The actual figure should be assessed by a technical study and also through community consultations.
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1.4 Application of EG Agri 1: Crop Selection
Intervention Demonstration package of practices for higher production of select crops Activity Crop Selection Possible Environmental Selected crop may lead to consumption of more water Horticulture Impacts Selected cropping pattern may lead to nutrient depletion Impact on Environment Low Environmental Guidance EG Agri 1: Crop Selection Clauses 1.2 & 1.3 EMP Requirement EMP Checklist Agri 1 Stage of Application Design of Package of Practices
resilient Agriculture and and Agriculture resilient Responsibility SP1 during CACP - SP2 along with Community Institutions while beginning
Climate implementation Process % of CACPs where crops have been selected based on water
availability
% of CACPs which have identified cropping pattern based on crop rotation
Outcome % of farmers following crops recommended based on water availability
Monitoring Indicators Monitoring % of farmers following recommended cropping pattern
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2 EG Agri 2: Seed Selection
2.1 General Once the crop is chosen based on EG 1 and other technical and market parameters, a package of practices has to be developed to intensify its productivity and production in the cluster.
Given the negative environmental impacts of “Green revolution technologies” which is the business as usual approach for crop intensification, RACP by design seeks to introduce Sustainable Crop Production that is based on an ecosystem approach to farming and relies on the following principles:
Simultaneous achievement of increased agricultural productivity and enhancement of natural capital and ecosystem services; Higher rates of efficiency in the use of key inputs, including water, nutrients, pesticides, energy, land and labour; Use of managed and natural biodiversity to build system resilience to abiotic, biotic and economic stresses. EG has been provided on various aspects of package of practices based on the above mentioned principles in the sections that follow. This EG is on varietal and seed selection.
2.2 Varietal Selection Often varieties being grown in an area would have deteriorated over a period of time due to poor seed replacement rates, poor storage of seeds (loss of vigour due to pests and diseases during storage) and due to contamination with other varieties of the same crop. The result is poor response to inputs and therefore, poor yields. However, farmers continue preferring the same varieties since they have attributes which are valued by them. Often, farmers do not change varieties simply because they are not aware of newer varieties.
2.2.1 Well adapted, high-yielding varieties with resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and improved nutritional quality should be chosen to mitigate risks of crop and market failures.
Trial in farmers’ field: as per guidelines of ICAR
Evaluation by farmers: during the cropping season and post-harvest the focussed group discussions will be conducted with the participating and observant farmers to evaluate the performance of the new varieties vis-à-vis the popular local check
Dissemination of preferred varieties: The seeds of the varieties preferred through this process will be multiplied under technical guidance of the University following the well laid down procedures and documented in PIP.
2.2.2 Selection of GM Varieties In case of selection of GM varieties guidance should be sought from the Department of Agriculture on whether it is an approved variety in the state or not.
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2.3 Seed selection & Treatment Use of seeds of good quality that are pests & disease free determines crop performance to a large extent. Therefore,
Seeds when purchased should be only from certified sources and should be used well within the expiry date
Seeds when used from retained produce from the previous crop should be
o Harvested from healthy plants
o Conform to the varietal characteristics
o Properly sundried and stored separately from the produce and well away from heat and moisture
Retained seeds should be replaced with newly purchased seeds every 3-5 years. Varietal change may also be practiced once in 5 years.
Seeds before use should be checked for pests, diseases, unfilled or ill-formed seeds which should be separated and discarded.
All seeds should be treated with fungicides/pesticides to ensure disease/pest free seedlings. It is desirable to treat with non-chemical inputs such as Azotobacter or a mixture of cow urine and cow dung.
Seed selection & seed treatment are an integral part of sustainable crop intensification and are to be mandatorily followed.
2.4 Application of EG Agri 2: Seed Selection
Intervention Demonstration package of practices for higher production of
select crops Activity Seed Selection Possible Environmental Variety may not be suited to the area or preferred by the Impacts farmers
Seed selected may be pest or disease infected leading to pest attack and crop loss or increased use of chemical pesticides
Genetically modified seeds may be used that are not approved for use in Rajasthan
Impact on Environment Low resilient Agriculture and Horticulture and Agriculture resilient - Environmental Guidance EG Agri 2: Seed Selection EMP Requirement EMP Checklist Agri 2 Clauses 2.2.1, 2.2.2 & 2.3
Climate Stage of Application Design of Package of Practices & at the time of purchase of seeds for distribution
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Responsibility SP1 during CACP
SP2 along with Community Institutions while beginning implementation.
Process % of CACPS which have detailed seed selection & treatment process in the Package of Practices
Outcome % of varieties of seeds that are based on farmers preference out of the total no. of varieties that were distributed in a cluster under RACP
Monitoring Indicators Monitoring
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3 EG Agri 3: Soil Health & Nutrient Management
3.1 General For cropping to be sustainable, economically attractive and resilient to climate variation, soil health has to be maintained and improved over the long term. Most package of practices focus on short term productivity growth at the cost of long term soil health which is the only physical asset owned by the farmer.
This EG deals with soil health maintenance and integrated nutrient management.
3.2 Soil Health The first principle in managing soil health is to treat it as a living ecosystem. Healthy soils maintain a diverse community of soil organisms that help to control plant disease, insect and weed pests, form beneficial symbiotic associations with plant roots, recycle essential plant nutrients, improve soil structure with positive repercussions for soil water and nutrient holding capacity, and ultimately improve crop production.
Healthy soils are characterized by presence of a rich diversity of biota and non-living soil organic matter. In addition, its physical properties are such that it has an ability to hold adequate quantities of water and air for crops to grow well.
Key management practices to maintain soil health in terms of its structure and biological activity are:
Minimize soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage in order to maintain soil organic matter, soil structure and overall soil health; Enhance and maintain a protective organic cover (mulching) on the soil surface, using crops, cover crops or crop residues, in order to protect the soil surface, conserve water and nutrients, promote soil biological activity and contribute to integrated weed and pest management
3.3 Integrated Nutrient Management The key objective is to enhance crop nutrition based on healthy soils, through crop rotations and judicious use of organic and inorganic fertilizer. The first step in based nutrient management is based on:
3.3.1 Soil Testing Therefore, as a rule nutrient management should be based on soil fertility test results and should cover not only NPK but also micronutrients which, often are the limiting factors for increasing productivity.
3.3.2 Analysis of Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms In addition, nutrient management should also be informed by visual analysis of deficiency symptoms as mentioned in Table 3.1.
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Table 3-1: Deficiency Symptoms of Plant/Crop Nutrients
S.no Nutrient Deficiency N P K Mg S Ca B Zn Fe 1 Stunted/Poor Plant Growth 2 Loss of Green Colour 8 3 Chlorosis 9 5 Necrosis 6 Lower Leave die prematurely 7 Stunted growth of Leaves 8 Reddish Colour of Leaves 9 Yellowish Upper Leaves 12 Brown Spots on Leaves 13 White irregular spots on leaves 14 Olive green or Greyish Leaves 15 Roots Malformed 16 Cavities in stems 17 Low Seed Production 18 Small Size of Fruits 19 Bushy Shoots on Fruit trees 20 Delayed Crop Maturity
3.3.3 Judicious mix of organic and inorganic fertilizers Organic manures in the form of FYM /Compost /Vermicompost should be applied regularly to not only meet nutrient requirements of the plants but to also enhance soil biotic activity for maintaining soil health. A vital step Box 2: Recommended Good Practice: Organic Manures in ensuring that organic manures are actually Organic manures should be applied as basal dose, preferably at the applied is to incorporate time of the last ploughing and should be incorporated into the field in the implementation As far as possible, organic manures should not be mixed with plan a component for chemical fertilizers at the time of its application. production of FYM/ Crop residues & weeds not being used as fuel or fodder should be Compost/ incorporated into the soil or composted. Vermicompost at the farmers’ level as well as Given the shortage of FYM and compost, low-cost, locally prepared the Farmer Business organic manures / microbial starters such as “Jeevamruth” (based on a well decomposed mixture of cow urine, cow dung, jaggery and Group level. gram flour) should be tried out in demonstration plots to assess its performance
3.3.4 Selection of Fertilizer Application Techniques The amount and timing of nutrient application depends on i) crop variety ii) planting date iii) crop rotation iv) soil and weather conditions v) method of application.
8 Chlorosis, i.e. a yellowish discoloration of leaves, indicates an affected formation of chlorophyll; chlorosis is reversible by application of the needed nutrient. 9 Necrosis, i.e. brownish discoloration of leaves or parts of leaves, indicates dead tissue. It is irreversible, i.e. it cannot be cured through nutrient application.
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All primary and secondary nutrients10 shall be incorporated immediately after application to avoid losses due to volatilization and erosion. During application of fertilisers, either by hand or equipments, the farmer shall take care to distribute nutrients uniformly and apply right dosage. The equipment shall be well maintained. The techniques of application of fertilizers are given in Table 3.2.
Table 3-2: Technique of Application of Fertilizers
Technique of Fertilizer Brief of Application Practice Major Crop Type Application Application of fertilizer to the surface of the field and Dense crops not planted in rows or in dense Broadcasting spreading should be as uniform as possible rows (small grains) and on grassland. Fertilizer application only in selected places in field, the fertilizer is It is preferably used for: concentrated in specified parts of the soil during planting. - row crops, such as maize, cotton, and sugar cane; Row or Band - on soils with a tendency to phosphate Placement and potassium fixation; - where relatively small amounts of fertilizer are used on soils with a low fertility level. Broadcasting the fertilizer on a standing crop. Applying Fertilizer Mainly used for grain crops, commercial crops, Top Dressing for Nitrogen requirement by top dressing. and foage crops . Applying fertilizer as side-dressing is the practice of putting it to Mainly Maize, Cotton and Sugar cane. Trees the side of widely spaced plants grown in rows or other perennial crops also are Side Dressing normally side-dressed. Foliar application is the most efficient method of supplying applied for supplying small quantities of micronutrients. Spraying shall preferably be done on cloudy days nutrients to any plants or crops. Foliar Application and in the early morning or late afternoon (to avoid an immediate drying of the droplets).
3.3.5 Precautions in use of Biofertilizers The following precautions should be taken in use of biofertilizers:
Check whether biofertilizers being used is approved for use in Rajasthan by seeking guidance from District Agriculture Officer, Department of Agriculture, Govt. Of Rajasthan who is also represented on the DPMU. Store Biofertilizers packets in cool and dry place away from heat and direct sunlight.
Open the packets just before use and use all its content at a time. Bio fertilizers and treated seeds should not be mixed with chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides.
In case seeds are to be treated with fungicides, then treat the seeds first with fungicides such as Bavistin or Thiram and then with double the recommended dose of Biofertilizers.
Seed treatment with Biofertilizers manure preparation to be done in shade.
10 The primary nutrients are N, P, and K, because they are most often limiting from a crop production standpoint. All of the other essential macronutrient elements (Ca, Mg, and S) are secondary nutrients because they are rarely limiting, and more rarely added to soils as fertilizers.
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Always use specific Biofertilizers for specific crop and use the packet before the expiry specified on each packet.
3.4 Application of EG Agri 3: Soil Health & Nutrient Management
Intervention Demonstration package of practices for higher production of select crops Activity Soil Health & Nutrient Management Possible Environmental Degradation of soil physical characteristics due to intensive Impacts cropping
Deterioration of nutrient content of soil due to intensive cropping
Increased and imbalanced use of chemical fertilisers
Impact on Environment Low Environmental Guidance EG Agri 3: Soil Health & Nutrient Management EMP Requirement EMP Checklist Agri 3 Clauses 3.2 & 3.3 (3.3.1, 3.3.2, 3.3.3, 3.3.4, 3.3.5) Stage of Application Design of Package of Practices & at the time of purchase of fertilizers including biofertilizers for distribution
resilient Agriculture and Horticulture and Agriculture resilient - At the time of implementation to ensure that adequate preparations are made to produce and or supply organic
Climate manures and biofertilizers
Responsibility SP1 during CACP for design of INM strategy
SP2 along with Community Institutions while beginning implementation. It should ensure that activities to produce and supply organic manures and biofertilizers are also taken up well in advance of planting the crop
Process % of CACPs where INM and detailed strategy for its promotion have been presented
% of farmers who have been issued Soil Health Cards
% of farmers who have received Soil Test results before taking
up cropping Monitoring Indicators Monitoring
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Outcome % of farmers who are applying fertilizers as per dosage recommended by the Soil Test result
% reduction in use of chemical fertilizers over baseline in kg/Ha.
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4 EG Agri 4: Pest & Disease Management
4.1 General Successful management of pests and diseases often determines the income that a farmer would take home from a particular crop. Nearly 30% of the cost of production in many crops is accounted for by expenses on pest & disease control. The most preferred and generally used method of pest and disease management is use of chemical pesticides.
The environmental impact of widespread and intense use of chemical pesticides (these are poisons of varying lethality) is the poisoning of the ecosystem which not only affects humans and farm animals through the food cycle, but also the destruction of numerous predatory organisms which in nature check and maintain the growth of crop pests.
Thus, ironically, repeated and continuous use of chemical pesticides not only increases the resistance of the pest to the chemical but also regularly wipes out population of predators thereby providing an enemy-free environment for the growth of the very pests that one wants to control.
This EG deals with pest & disease management
4.2 Integrated Pest Management IPM is a broad ecological approach of pest control (insects, diseases, weeds, rodents etc) employing all methods and techniques viz. cultural, mechanical, genetic, regulatory, biological and chemical in a compatible manner to keep pest population below economic threshold level (ETL).
The revised International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides, FAO (2002) defines IPM as follows:
“IPM means the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption of agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms.”
4.2.1 Tools of IPM The main tools of IPM are: o Monitoring: Crop monitoring, that keeps track of the pests and their potential damage, is the foundation of IPM. This provides knowledge about the current pests and crop situation and is helpful in selecting the best possible combinations of the pest management methods. Pheromone traps have an advantage over other monitoring tools such as light and sticky traps. Being selective to specific pests, they have proven their usefulness in large scale IPM validations in cotton, basmati rice, chickpea and pigeon pea. o Pest resistant varieties: Breeding for pest resistance is a continuous process. At the same time the pests also, particularly the plant pathogens, co-evolve with their hosts. Thus,
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gene transfer technology is useful in developing cultivars resistant to insects, plant pathogens and herbicides. An example of this is the incorporation of genetic material from Bacillus thuringensis (Bt), a naturally occurring bacterium, in cotton, corn, and potatoes, which makes the plant tissues toxic to the insect pests. Scientific community is impressed by its huge potential in managing the Box 3: Key Components of IPM pests, but is also concerned Given here below is an outline of a typical IPM plan: about the possibility of increased selection pressure Identification of major pests & diseases for the crop in for resistance against it and its the area effects on non-target natural fauna. However, due to Identification of the minor pests & diseases for the ethical, scientific and social crop in the area considerations, this potential Assessment of ETL for major pests /diseases technology has been surrounded by controversies. Pest monitoring based on Agro Ecosystem Analysis (AESA) and conjunctive use of pheromone traps, sticky o Cultural pest control: It traps, etc. includes crop production IPM in action practices that make crop environment less susceptible o Identification of pest & disease tolerant to pests. Crop rotation, /resistant varieties fallowing, manipulation of o Cultural methods planting and harvesting dates, manipulation of plant and row o Physical / mechanical methods spacing, and destruction of old crop debris are a few examples o Biological methods of cultural methods that are o Bio-pesticides used to manage the pests. Planting of cover crops, nectar- o Chemical methods (preferably use chemicals producing plants and inter- that are less toxic and have a shorter life after planting of different crops to application provide habitat diversity to beneficial insects are important management techniques. Cover crops, often legume or grass species, prevent soil erosion and suppress weeds. A cover crop can also be used as a green manure, which is incorporated in the soil to provide nitrogen and organic matter to the subsequent crop. When incorporated in the soil, some cover crops of the Brassica family have the ability to suppress nematode pests and wilt diseases. Left in the field as residues, rye and wheat provide more than 90 percent weed suppression. Cultural controls are selected based on knowledge of pest biology and development. o Physical or mechanical controls: These are based on the knowledge of pest behaviour. Placing plastic-lined trenches in potato fields to trap migrating Colorado potato beetles is one example of the physical control. Shaking of the pigeon pea plant to remove Helicoverpa larvae is a common practice in pigeon pea growing areas. Hand picking of insect pests is perhaps the simplest pest control method. Installation of dead as well as live bird perches in cotton and chickpea fields has proved effective in checking the bollworm infestation. Using mulches to smother weeds and
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providing row covers to protect plants from insects are other examples. o Biological controls: These Box 4: Teaching IPM to Farmers – FFS Way include augmentation and conservation of natural The Farmer Field School is a form of adult education, enemies of pests such as which evolved from the concept that farmers learn insect predators, optimally from field observation and experimentation. parasitoids, parasitic It was developed to help farmers tailor their Integrated nematodes, fungi and Pest Management (IPM) practices to diverse and dynamic bacteria. In IPM ecological conditions. programmes, native natural enemy populations are In regular sessions from planting till harvest, groups of conserved, and non-native neighbouring farmers observe and discuss dynamics of the agents may be released with crop’s ecosystem. utmost caution. Simple experimentation helps farmers further improve Trichogramma spp. is the their understanding of functional relationships (e.g. most popular parasitoids pests-natural enemy population dynamics and crop being applied on a number damage-yield relationships). of host crops. A number of microorganisms such as In this cyclical learning process, farmers develop the Trichoderma spp., expertise that enables them to make their own crop Verticillium spp., Aspergillus management decisions. spp., Bacillus spp. and Special group activities encourage learning from peers, and Pseudomonas spp. that strengthen communicative skills and group building. attack and suppress the plant pathogens have been exploited as biological control agents. o Chemical controls: Pesticides are used to keep the pest populations below economically damaging levels when the pests cannot be controlled by other means. Pesticides include both the synthetic pesticides and plant-derived pesticides. Synthetic pesticides include a wide range of man-made chemicals. These are easy to use, fast-acting and relatively inexpensive. Ideally, pesticides should be used as a last resort in IPM programmes because of their potential negative effect on the environment. Pesticides with the least negative impacts on non-target organisms and the environment are most useful. Fortunately, new generation pesticides with novel modes of action and low environmental effects are being developed and registered for use. Pesticides that are short-lived or act on one or a few specific organisms fall in this class. o Assessment of Economic Threshold Level: This is based on the concept that most plants can tolerate at least some pest damage. In an IPM programme where the economic threshold is known, chemical controls are applied only when the pest’s damaging capacity is approaching the threshold, despite application of other alternative management practices. o Use of Botanical Pesticides: These can be prepared in various ways. They can be as simple as raw crushed plant leaves, extracts of plant parts or as complex as chemicals purified from the plants. Pyrethrum, neem, tobbaco, garlic, and pongamia formulations are some examples of botanicals. Some botanicals are broad- spectrum pesticides. Botanicals are generally less harmful to the
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environment, because of their quick degrading property. They are less hazardous to transport. The major advantage is that these can be formulated on-farm by the farmers themselves.
4.3 Precautions to be taken in storage and use of pesticides Do’s Don’ts While Purchasing Purchase only approved pesticides (check Regulatory Do not purchase pesticides from foot path dealers or from Requirements List for list of pesticides banned in India and un-licensed person. List of class Ia, Ib and II pesticides that are not to be used)
Purchase pesticides/biopesticides only from Registered Do not purchase pesticide in bulk for whole season. pesticide dealers having valid Licence. Purchase only required quantity of pesticides for single Do not purchase pesticides without approved label on the operation in a specified area. containers. See approved labels on the containers/packets of pesticides. Never purchase expired pesticide.
See Batch No., Registration Number, Date of Manufacture/ Do not purchase pesticides whose containers are Expiry on the labels. leaking/loose/ unsealed. Purchase pesticides well packed in containers. During Storage Store the pesticides away from house premises. Never store pesticide in house premises.
Keep pesticides in original containers. Never transfer pesticides from original to another containers Pesticides/weedicides must be stored separately. Do not store insecticides with weedicides. Where pesticides have been stored, area should be marked Do not allow children to enter the storage place. with warning signs. Pesticides be stored away from the reach of the children and livestock. Storage place should be well protected from direct sunlight and rain but well ventilated While handling Keep pesticides separate during transportation. Pesticides should not be exposed to sunlight or rain water.
Bulk pesticides should be carried carefully to the site of Never carry/transport pesticides along with application. food/fodder/other eatable articles. Never carry bulk pesticides on head, shoulder or on the back. While preparing spray solution Always use clean water. Do not use muddy or stagnant water. Use protective clothing viz., hand gloves, face masks, cap, Never prepare spray solution without wearing protective apron, full trouser, etc. to cover whole body. clothing.
Always protect your nose, eyes, ears, hands, etc. from spill of Do not allow the pesticide/its solution to fall on any body spray solution. parts. Read instructions on pesticide container label carefully Never use left out spray solution after 24 hours of its before use. preparation. Prepare the solution as per requirement. Do not mix granules with water.
Granular pesticides should be used as such. Do not try to mix Do not smell the spray tank. with water and spray it. Avoid spilling of pesticides solutions while filling the spray Do not eat, drink, smoke or chew during whole operation tank. of pesticide application.
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Always use recommended dosage of pesticide. Selection of Equipments Select right kind of equipments. Do not use leaky or defective equipments. Select right sized nozzles. Do not use defective/non-recommended nozzles. Use separate sprayer for insecticides and weedicides.
While applying spray solutions Apply only recommended dose and dilution. Do not blow/clean clogged nozzles with mouth. Instead use tooth brush tied with sprayer. Spray operation should be conducted on cool and calm day. Never use same sprayer for both weedicides and insecticides.
Use recommended sprayer for each spray. Do not spray on hot sunny day or strong windy conditions.
Spray operation should be conducted in the wind direction. Do not spray just before rains and immediately after the rains. After Spray Operation: After spray operation, sprayer and buckets should be washed Emulsifiable concentrate formulations should not be used with clean water using detergent/soap. for spraying with battery operated ULV sprayer.
Avoid the entry of animals/workers in the field immediately Do not spray against wind direction. after spray. Left over spray solutions should be disposed off at safer place Containers and buckets used for mixing pesticides should viz. barren isolated area. never be used for domestic purpose even after thorough washing The used/empty containers should be crushed with Never enter in the treated field immediate after spray stone/stick and buried deep in soil away from water sources. without wearing protective clothing.
Wash hands and face with clean water and soap before Left over spray solution should not be drained in or near eating/smoking. ponds or water lines etc. On observing poisoning symptoms give the first aid and show Empty containers of pesticides should not be re-used for the patient to doctor. Also show the empty container to storing other articles. doctor.
4.4 Application of EG Agri 4: Pest & Disease Management
Intervention Demonstration package of practices for higher production of select crops Activity Pest & Disease Management
Possible Environmental Increased chemical pesticide use
Impacts Increased incidence of pests if the same crop is promoted
repeatedly Horticulture
resilient Agriculture and and Agriculture resilient Low - Impact on Environment
Environmental Guidance EG Agri 4: Pest & Disease Management Climate EMP Requirement EMP Checklist Agri 4 Clauses 4.2 (4.2.1), 4.3 (Precautions in storing & using chemical pesticides)
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Stage of Application Design of Package of Practices & at the time of purchase of pesticides including biopesticides / bio-control agents /pheromone traps for distribution
At the time of implementation to ensure that adequate preparations are made to produce and or supply bio- pesticides and /or bio-control agents
Responsibility SP1 during CACP for design of IPM strategy
SP2 along with Community Institutions while beginning implementation. It should ensure that activities to implement IPM (such as selection of pest resistant variety, sourcing bio- control agents for seed treatment, etc.) are carried out well in advance of planting date
Process % of CACPs where IPM and detailed strategy for its promotion have been presented
% of farmers who have attended training on IPM Outcome % of farmers who have adopted all components of IPM
% reduction in use of chemical pesticides over baseline in l/Ha.
Monitoring Indicators Monitoring
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5 EG Agri 5: Storage & Handling of Agri-inputs
5.1 General Despite the implementation of INM & IPM strategies, chemical fertilizers and pesticides would be purchased, stocked, distributed and used in the RACP. This EG applies to all storage and handling of agri-chemicals in the RACP. In addition, since seeds are expected to be distributed under the projects, this would also apply to storage and distribution of seeds.
It is envisaged that during the initial periods of the project, agri-inputs would be handled by SP2 with help from DPMU and later on by the Producer Company. This EG therefore, applies to both cases.
5.2 Building a storage facility Fertilisers shall be stored in a dry and secure location, so that there is no impact on water sources, especially groundwater on account of accidental leaching. The fertilizers shall be stored away from activities that might rip open a bag or allow rain to enter the container. In the event of such an accident, an impermeable (waterproof) floor, such as properly treated concrete, helps prevent fertilizer from seeping into the ground and leaching to groundwater. Secondary containment11 provides an impermeable floor and walls around the storage area, which will minimize the amount of fertilizer seeping into the ground or flowing into a surface water stream.
5.2.1 Building a New Fertilizer Storage Facility When building and maintaining a new fertilizer-storage facility, the following precautionary measures shall be considered:
The size of the storage facility should be adequate for holding the peak fertilizer requirement.
Locate the dry-storage building or liquid secondary containment down slope and at least 15m away from a water body if any The building foundation and secondary-containment floor shall be constructed from impermeable material & well drained and above the water table. Rainwater shall be diverted away from the fertilizer storage area.
Fertilizer storage warehouses should be constructed of materials that protect the fertilizer from the natural elements. Fertilizer should be stored in a manner to prevent contamination with other products. (i.e. seed, pesticides, grain, etc.) Store all dry fertilizer products under roof. The fertilizer bags should not be stored on bare ground and should be stored in dry place
11 Impermeable floor and walls around a fertilizer or chemical storage area that minimize the amount of fertilizer or chemical seeping into the ground from a spill or leak.
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The fertilizer should be stored locked in storage out of reach of children and domestic animals. Clean storage areas daily or after each use.
Display appropriate warning and hazard signs on storage facilities.
In addition, the siting of the storage facility, layout and construction of buildings shall be in conformance with the EG Common 1: Building Activities.
5.2.2 Modifying an existing storage facility
The following precautionary principles shall be followed during the modification / expansion of an existing storage facility:
Building foundation and secondary-containment floor shall be constructed of impermeable material & well drained and above the water table. Drainage should be provided around the building If the storage facility is within 15m of a water body, the same shall be relocated.
5.3 Recommendation for Safe Loading & Unloading
Loading and unloading facilities should be of a design that will reduce the risk of dry fertilizer escaping to the environment, and should permit easy cleanup of any spilled fertilizer.
Surface of the loading and unloading areas must be constructed of an impervious material (i.e. concrete or asphalt). The area must be larger than the vehicles being loaded and/or unloaded. The perimeter area shall be sloped away from the loading or unloading area to permit rainwater to drain away (to prevent puddles). Spilled fertilizer can be swept up and re-blended in a dry useable form.
Loading unloading techniques should prevent unnecessary spillage of the fertilizer Bagged fertilizer must be handled in a manner to prevent fertilizer from escaping to the environment. Torn bags should be re-packaged immediately.
Spills should be cleaned up immediately or at the end of the day to avoid the potential for soil and groundwater contamination.
All dry fertilizer should be reused and wet fertilizer should be properly reused, recycled
5.4 Storage of Seeds Seeds should be stored in air tight containers and away from sunlight, heat and moisture. Before storage, the moisture level of the seeds should be bought down to an appropriate level by drying it in sunlight followed by drying in shade. Seeds of different varieties should be stored in separate containers and clearly labelled. Seeds should be treated with appropriate chemicals to ensure that
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5.5 Application of EG Agri 5: Storage & Handling of Agri-inputs
Intervention Input Supply
Activity Storage & Handling of Agri-inputs
Operations Possible Environmental Poor storage, handling can lead to spills and leaks of fertilizers
Impacts and pesticides leading to contamination of soil and water FPO Poor storage may lead to pest and disease infestation of seeds Impact on Environment Low Environmental Guidance EG Agri 5: Storage & Handling of Agri-inputs EMP Requirement EMP Checklist Agri 5 Clauses 5.2 (5.2.1 & 5.2.2), 5.3, 5.4 Stage of Application At the time of design, construction and operation of the storage facility Responsibility Design engineers for design and construction of the storage facility
Initially, SP2 & the Community institution for operation of the resilient Agriculture and Horticulture & & Horticulture and Agriculture resilient - facility
Later on Producer Company for operation & maintenance of Climate the storage facility Process % of storage facilities being used that follow precautions mentioned in EG Agri 5
Outcome Monitoring Indicators Monitoring
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6 EG Agri 6: Water Use Management
6.1 General Water is the most critical limiting factor for increasing crop productivity and is also the chief cause of risk of crop failure. Therefore, water should be used judiciously so as to “grow more crops from fewer drops”. This EG applies to water used for irrigation purposes in the project.
6.2 Demand-side Water Management The key practices to be adopted at the design stage itself are:
Matching water availability with crop Box 4: Recommended Good Practice: APFAMGS water demand Hydrological unit is also the unit for intervention Shifting to crops with Farmers are organized into groups which attends Farmer Water lower water demand if Schools (on the lines of Farmer Field Schools) available water is not sufficient Nonformal education tools are used to understand hydrological science Compulsory use of organic mulch Technology to measure hydrological parameters is demystified so throughout the that farmers themselves collect data and analyse them cropping season to Based on the data collected by the farmer groups, a Crop Water minimize evaporation Budget is prepared for the entire hydrological unit. losses and thereby reduce water demand Group action starting from the Ground Water Management of crops Committee (GMC) that is set up at the habitation level (comprising both men and women) ensures that the crop water budget is Compulsory use of adhered to at the habitation level. micro irrigation to irrigate crops in all GMCs within a hydrological unit are federated to form a water regimes so as to Hydrological Unit Network which is a registered body. This ensures reduce absolute hydrological unit wide adherence to the crop water budget prepared
quantity of water Since the focus of the project is to transfer knowledge and skills to applied and also organized groups of farmers on understanding and addressing the increase water use groundwater situation themselves, adherence to group decisions is efficiency good.
o For example, even in farm pond situations, if water is applied by micro irrigation devices, the available water could be used to cover a larger area. o Simple low pressure, gravity fed drip systems could be used in such situations to reduce the capital cost to the beneficiary.
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6.3 Challenges of Demand-side Management in Groundwater Regimes Groundwater has historically been treated as a private good to be exploited individually, although, it is well known that the water being drawn from a private well may have actually been gathered from rain falling in a larger catchment area.
Thus, the source of groundwater is public but its development and extraction is private. The net result is over-exploitation of groundwater and lack of incentives for collective action to tackle the situation.
Therefore, trying to get farmers in a whole aquifer to collectively decide to shift to growing crops that would be based on a measured annual recharge of the aquifer poses a stiff challenge. Needless to say, strong and persuasive community mobilization around the issue is essential to implement aggressive demand-side management in groundwater situations.
The experience of the FAO supported “Andhra Pradesh Farmer Managed Ground Water Systems Project” is enlightening.
6.4 Application of EG Agri 6: Water Use Management Intervention Demonstration package of practices for higher production of select crops Activity Storage & Handling of Agri-inputs Possible Environmental Poor storage, handling can lead to spills and leaks of fertilizers
Impacts and pesticides leading to contamination of soil and water
Poor storage may lead to pest and disease infestation of seeds
Impact on Environment Low Environmental Guidance EG Agri 5: Storage & Handling of Agri-inputs EMP Requirement EMP Checklist Agri 5 Clauses 5.2 (5.2.1 & 5.2.2), 5.3, 5.4 Stage of Application At the time of design, construction and operation of the
storage facility resilient Agriculture and Horticulture and Agriculture resilient
- Responsibility Design engineers for design and construction of the storage facility
Climate Initially, SP2 & the Community institution for operation of the facility
Later on, Producer Company for operation & maintenance of the storage facility
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Process % of storage facilities being used that follow precautions mentioned in EG Agri 5
Outcome Monitoring Indicators Monitoring
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7 EG Water 1: Water Harvest, Recharge & Storage
7.1 General Augmentation & management of water is a key project activity in RACP with the objectives of reducing water being consumed in the agriculture sector, reducing risk of crop failure in rain fed conditions by making water available for critical life saving irrigation and recouping water level in groundwater conditions. Thus, the activities comprise both supply and demand side management, the latter of which has already been addressed in the EG Agri 6.
Since this is one of the main activities of RACP, guidance given in this section is expected to be used at the design stage itself so as to avoid mitigation measures later on.
7.2 General guidance on Water Harvesting, Recharge & Storage Structures Design
The ES, PMU in consultation with relevant line department should develop standard designs for various water harvest, storage and recharge structures.
All constructions of water related structures should be based on actual site survey and conform to these designs only. Any innovations should require the prior approval of the ES, PMU/PMU.
Removal of top soil
Top soil removed during the process of digging ponds, trenches etc. should be used to build bunds and excess soil should be spread over the rest of the farm
Tree cutting
As far as possible, these structures should be sited where there are no trees. If tree cutting is unavoidable, then compensatory planting in the ratio of 1:10 should be carried out and the beneficiary group made responsible for maintaining it with at least 90% survival till 3 years.
Permission should be taken from the relevant Forest department authority before trees are felled. If water harvesting structures are being built on pasture land, then permission should be sought from the Gram Panchayat which is the custodian of pasture lands.
7.3 Farm Ponds Design
7.3.1 Sizing of Farm Ponds Farm ponds & diggies should conform to standard designs put out by the ES, PMU
A key principle in designing farm ponds shall be that the size of the pond shall be such that not more than 70% of the run off coming from the individual farmers plot on which the farm pond is to be constructed can be collected and stored
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Therefore, standard design for farm ponds should be related to the size of the plot on which the farm pond is to be sited and quantity of runoff expected. Thus, size of farm pond can be expressed as a percentage of the plot area for a given range of runoff.
Where a no. of farm ponds are being constructed, care shall be taken to ensure that not more than 70% of total runoff from the drained area is being stored. This is to ensure that there is adequate flow to meet downstream economic and ecological services.
7.3.2 Safety & Maintenance of Farm Ponds Earthen bunds should, as a rule, be Box 5: Recommended Good Practice: Tree planting covered with vegetative cover to on Farm Bunds ensure longevity with lower maintenance costs. Plants such as To take advantage of the water available and Stylosanthes spp. could be grown to to reduce evaporation planting of fruit and help bind the soil together and fodder tress and vegetables such as cucurbits thereby stabilize the bund. should be planted around the farm pond Farm ponds meant for storage of In West Bengal, nylon nets are strung on bamboo poles that are planted all around the harvested water should be polylined farm pond. Vegetable creepers are planted and also covered suitably to avoid around the farm pond and allowed to grow loss of water due to percolation and over the net that is spread over the water in evaporation respectively. the pond.
To prevent sheet erosion and gully formation onThe farm net acts lands, as a water safety shouldbarrier andbe fed prevents into the farm ponds only through channels created to harvestchildren andthe livestockrunoff. falling into the water
Before the water is let into the pond, it should be passed through a silt filter to prevent frequent silting up of the farm pond. A simple silt filter would be a ditch that is filled with gravel and rocks through which water would flow before entering the farm pond.
Every farm pond should also have an outlet channel to allow excess water to flow out. This would ensure that the bunds of the farm pond are not under strain when the farm pond is overflowing
Farm ponds should be kept out of bounds of children and livestock to prevent accidents such as drowning. Suitable fencing may be taken up to prevent this.
Do not allow runoff from cattle sheds, sullage, etc. to enter the pond. Do not allow disposals of solid wastes into the farm pond.
7.4 Rehabilitation of Distributaries Rehabilitation of distributaries would have no major adverse environmental impacts since this relates to only rehabilitation and not construction of new structures. Activities in rehabilitation would comprise lining, desilting, concreting, etc. These activities are expected to improve the water distribution efficiency of the structure apart from reducing water logging. However, there would be short term environmental impacts due to tree cutting and top soil removal. These may be mitigated
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7.5 Application of EG Water 1: Water Harvest, Recharge & Storage Intervention Water Supply Augmentation
Activity Water Harvesting Recharge & Storage Structures Possible Environmental Top soil removal Impacts Cutting of trees
Siltation of storage structures
Too many water harvesting structures may affect downstream flows
Impact on Environment Medium Environmental Guidance EG Water 1: Water Harvest, Recharge & Storage EMP Requirement EMP Checklist Water 1 Clauses 7.2, 7.3 (7.3.1 & 7.3.2) Stage of Application At the time of CACP Water Source Augmentation Source Water At the time of sanction of individual structure for implementation Responsibility SP 1 during preparation of CACP
SP2 along with community institutions at the time of site level planning and execution of the structures Process % farm ponds with inlet and outlet channels % farm ponds/earthen bunds with vegetative cover to prevent erosion and siltation
% farm ponds with safety provisions including vegetable creepers grown on nylon nets, ring of fodder and fruit trees, etc.
Monitoring Indicators Monitoring Outcome
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8 EG Livestock 1: Goat Rearing
8.1 General After West Bengal, Rajasthan is home to the largest goat population. Rearing sheep and goat is a major livelihood option for small & marginal farmers and the landless in Rajasthan. Large herds are kept in the highly arid district of western Rajasthan and often are the main source of income. Goats are grazers as well as browsers and therefore survive on a wide variety of vegetation, unlike larger ruminants such as cows and buffaloes. Goats are hardly ever stall fed and are reared on free grazing basis only.
Goat breed improvement and improved management of goats is the key activity in livestock management in the RACP. This EG deals with issues arising from breed improvement of goats.
8.2 Herd Improvement & Management The RACP proposes to improve the herd by introducing elite bucks of chosen breeds such as Sirohi. It also proposes to introduce better feed management systems including limited stall feeding and use of feed supplements. It also proposes to introduce a system for delivering animal health care such as vaccines, etc.
The following care and good practices may be taken up in carrying out this activity:
8.2.1 Breeding & Castration Good quality bucks of the chosen breed (ensure that the breed being promoted complies with The Rajasthan Livestock Improvement Act No.45 of 1958) born in twins and triplets should be selected as breeding bucks. A buck is generally sufficient to serve about 30-40 females.
The buck needs special feeding, particularly mineral mixture and concentrate to maintain good vigour. The buck should be kept free from external parasites to prevent transmission of diseases to other goats.
Bucks kept with a goat rearer group should be exchanged with other similar groups after 10- 12 months to avoid inbreeding.
Strays, mixed breeds and non-descripts kids should be castrated to ensure purity of the breed. Castration of kids at 4-5 weeks stage also improves its weight gain. Box 6: Recommended Good Practice: Feeding pods 8.2.2 Feeding Management for Goats of Prosopis juliflora Stall feeding of goats is a Pods of P.juliflora were fed to goats in a project recommended good practice, implemented by BAIF in Karnataka and however, it is viable only when Rajasthan. sufficient fodder is not available on grazing lands and free family labour Does fed on these pods recorded higher conception, kidding & twinning rates, higher birth weights of kids
However, these pods should be crushed before 211 use to avoid formation of lumps in the rumen that are hard for the goats to digest
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is available. Further it is feasible only when herd sizes are small.
Therefore, development of community pasture land goes hand in hand with herd improvement. Planting tree species such as Leucaena, Gliricidia, Prosopis cineraria, Acacia, etc. on field bunds, backyards and on bunds of pasture lands would help in meeting the fodder requirements of goats.
Kids should be allowed to suckle until 2-3 months but supplementary special kid rations should be given starting from 10-12 days. Kids should also be given very succulent green fodder such as maize, Lucerne, etc.
If adult goats are completely stall fed they should be given a daily feed of
. Green fodder – 3to 4 kg
. Dry fodder - 1 to 2 kg
. Readymade concentrate – 200-250 g
If they are partly stall fed and partly free grazed they may be given half these rations.
8.2.3 Health care of goats Goats are hardy animals but they are susceptible to worm infestation and therefore should be dewormed twice a year
They should be regularly vaccinated to protect against PPR and Goat Pox
Goats should be observed for any signs of fever, unusual discharge, etc., help should be sought from the Field Guide (Master Herd Keeper much like a Master Farmer in a Farmer Field School Approach) or the veterinary assistant.
Carcass of diseased animals must be disposed off by deep burial in pits which are at least 500 m away from water and other inhabitations.
8.2.4 Management of herd size Goat keeper groups should be motivated to make a resolution to restrict herd size, depending on fodder availability. This is essential to ensure that common grazing lands do not get denuded.
Regular culling of poor performing and nondescript animals should be encouraged to ensure breed purity but also reduce herd size.
8.2.5 Care to be taken during transportation of goats to markets Goats should be given some fodder, water and rest before loading for transportation
Sick and weak animals should be segregated during transportation. Avoid selling diseased animals
Always carry torch, knife, emergency drugs, vessels for carrying water during transportation
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For transportation a few sections should be made rather than loading goats into one large compartment.
Goats should be segregated by age and size before loading to prevent staggering and damage to young ones.
Make sure that the van does not have sharp protrusions such as nails, screws, etc., which could injure the animals. Provide a bed of straw to the goats while transporting them
For long distance journey, transport during the cooler hours of the day
8.3 Application of EG Livestock 1: Goat Rearing Intervention Livestock Development & Management
Activity Breed improvement of goats through introduction of bucks
Possible Environmental Breed may not be suited to the area Impacts Fodder may not be sufficient to support the herd
Impact on Environment Low Environmental Guidance EG Livestock 1: Goat Rearing EMP Requirement EMP Checklist Livestock 1 Clauses 8.2 (8.2.1, 8.2.2, 8.2.3, 8.2.4, 8.2.5) Stage of Application At the time of CACP
At the time of preparation of the Livestock Development & Management Plan
Livestock Development & Management & Development Livestock Responsibility SP 1 during preparation of CACP
SP2 along with community institutions at the time of preparation of the Livestock Development & Management Plan Process Ratio of elite bucks of chosen breed to no. of females in a herd/goat rearers group
% of nondescript and mixed breed kids castrated to total kid population
Outcome % of herd showing full characteristics of chosen breed Monitoring Indicators Monitoring
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9 EG Livestock 2: Animal Health Inputs
9.1 General The RACP proposes to deliver animal health services through animal health camps to be conducted regularly in the project area. This activity is likely to have issues concerning use of veterinary medicines and disposal of used needles, vaccine vials, etc. This EG deals with these issues.
9.2 Safe disposal of used needles, syringes and vaccines Needles, syringes, vaccines including expired vaccines, medicines and other waste material generated from conducting animal camps should be disposed off after autoclaving them before burying them in deep pits which are at least 500m away from water bodies and other human habitations. These pits should be covered with soil immediately after disposal of the wastes. These pits should not be located in grazing lands or places where children and livestock frequent.
In addition, to these general guidelines, the ES, PMU should develop a detailed Code of Practice in consultation with the Animal Husbandry Department to address this issue. All animal health camps /centres operated under the RACP should adopt the code of practice.
9.3 Use of Veterinary Medicines The ES, PMU in consultation with the Animal Husbandry department should develop a negative list of veterinary medicines that the RACP project would not support. This list should be widely circulated to all SP1, SP2, EFP, DPMUs, Procurement cell of PMU etc., for use at the time of selecting veterinary medicines for purchase.
The negative list of veterinary medicines, if any should be made a part of the EMF by including it under the regulatory section of the EMF.
9.4 Application of EG Livestock 2: Animal Health Inputs
Intervention Livestock Development & Management
Activity Animal Health Inputs Possible Environmental Disposal of used and expired vaccines and bio-medical Impacts waste
Use of banned veterinary medicines
Impact on Environment Low Environmental Guidance EG Livestock 1: Animal Health Inputs EMP Requirement EMP Checklist Livestock 2 Clauses 9.2 7 9.3 Stage of Application At the time of CACP
Livestock Development & Management & Development Livestock At the time of preparation of the Livestock Development & Management Plan
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Responsibility SP 1 during preparation of CACP
SP2 along with community institutions at the time of preparation of the Livestock Development & Management Plan Process % of animal health camps that have adopted safe disposal
of medical wastes
% Animal Health Camp sites that have a safe disposal pit Indicators Monitoring Monitoring Outcome
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10 EG Common 1: Building Construction
10.1 General The RACP proposes to construct a Rural Technology Centre in all clusters. In addition, under a Public- Private partnership arrangement, warehouses could also be constructed. This EG deals with all building constructions in general and also provides guidance on warehouse construction. In addition, EG Common 2: Tree Cutting, Pasture Land use will also apply.
10.2 General Consideration for Building Construction The code of building plan shall be as per the National Building code of India revised in 1983.The plan of the buildings and elevations and sections accompanying the notice shall be drawn to a scale of 1: 100. The plans shall:
Include floor plans of all floors together with the covered area clearly indicating the size and spacing of all framing members and sizes of rooms and the position of staircases, ramps and lift wells; Show the use or occupancy of all parts of the buildings;
Show exact location of essential services, for example, WC, sink, bath and the like; Include sectional drawings showing clearly the sizes of footings, thickness of basement wall, wall construction, size and spacing of framing members, floor slabs and roof slabs with their materials. The section shall indicate the heights of buildings and rooms and also the height of the parapet; and the drainage and the slope of the roof. At least one section should be taken through the staircase;
Show all street elevations; Indicate details of served privy, if any;
Give dimensions of the projected portions beyond the permissible building line; Include terrace plan indicating the drainage and the slope of the roof; and
Give indications of the north point relative to the plan.
The services plans shall include all details of building and plumbing services, and also plans, elevations and sections of private water supply and sewage disposal system, if any (see Part VIII Building services and Part IX Plumbing services-NBC 1983).
Where a septic tank is used for sewage disposal, the location, design and construction of the septic tank shall conform to requirements. A subsoil dispersion system shall not be closer than 18 m from any source of drinking water, such as well, to mitigate the possibility of bacterial pollution of water supply. It shall also be as far removed from the nearest habitable building as economically feasible but not closer than 6 m to avoid damage to the structures. The requirements for septic tanks are:
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Dimensions of Septic Tanks – Septic tanks shall have a minimum width of 75 cm, a minimum depth of 1 m below the water level and a minimum liquid capacity of 1 m. The length of tanks shall be 2 to 4 times the width.
Septic tanks may be constructed of brickwork, stone masonry, concrete or other suitable materials as approved by the Authority.
Under no circumstances shall effluent from a septic tank be allowed into an open channel drain or body of water without adequate treatment. The minimum nominal diameter of the pipe shall be 100 mm. Further, at junctions of pipes in manholes; direction of flow from a branch connection shall not make an angle exceeding 45 degree. With the direction of flow in the main pipe. The gradients of land drains, under drainage as well as the bottom of dispersion trenches and soak ways shall be between 1:300 and 1:400.
Every septic tank shall be provided with ventilating pipe of at least 50 mm diameter. The top of the pipe shall be provided with a suitable cage of mosquito proof wire mesh.
The ventilating pipe shall extend to a height, which would cause no small nuisance to any building in the area. Generally, the ventilating pipe may extend to a height of about 2 m, when the septic tank is at least 15 m away from the nearest building and to a height of 2 m above the top of the building when it is located closer than 15 m. When the disposal of septic tank effluent is to a seepage pit, the seepage pit may be of any suitable shape with the least cross sectional dimension of 90 cm and not less than 100 cm in depth below the invert level of the inlet pipe. The pit may be lined with stone, brick or concrete blocks with dry open joints, which shall be backed with at least 7.5 cm of clean coarse aggregate. The lining above the inlet level shall be finished with mortar. In the case of pits of large dimensions, the top portion may be narrowed to reduce the size of the RCC cover slabs. Where no lining is used, especially near trees the entire pit shall be filled with loose stones. A masonry ring may be constructed at the top of the pit to prevent damage by flooding of the pit by surface runoff. The inlet pipe may be taken down a depth of 90 cm from the top as an anti-mosquito measure; and
When the disposal of the septic tank effluent is to a dispersion trench, the dispersion trench shall be 50 to 100 cm deep and 30 to 100 cm wide excavated to a slight gradient and shall be provided with 15 to 25 cm of washed gravel or crushed stones. Open joined pipes places inside the trench shall be made of unglazed earthenware clay or concerted and shall have a minimum internal diameter of 75 to 100 mm. Each dispersion trench shall not be longer than 30 m and trenches shall not be placed closer than 1.8 m.
10.3 Guidance of Construction of Warehouses In addition to the above general guidance on building constructions, the RACP shall adhere to Code of Practice for Construction of Food grains Storage Structures as defined under the Warehouse Manual published by the Department of Food & Public Distribution, Ministry of Food & Consumer Affairs, GoI under operationalization of the Warehousing (Development &
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Regulation) Act, 2007.
The weblink to access the Code of Practice is, http://fcamin.nic.in/admin/an1.pdf
10.4 Application of EG Common 1: Building Construction Intervention Value Chain Development
Activity Warehouse Construction Possible Environmental Cutting trees Impacts Top soil removal
Construction on pastureland affecting fodder supply
Improper construction leading to damage of stored material Impact on Environment Medium Environmental Guidance EG Common 1: Building Construction
Multiple Sectors Multiple EMP Requirement EMP Checklist Common 1 Clauses 10.2, 10.3 (Specifically for Warehouse Construction) Stage of Application At the time of CACP
At the time of design and approval of building plans Responsibility SP 1 during preparation of CACP
Design consultants/engineers hired for designing and executing the structures
Process
Outcome
Indicators Monitoring Monitoring
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11 EG Common 2: Tree Cutting, Pasture Land Use
11.1 General A number of activities proposed under RACP may entail cutting of trees. These activities include constructions of water harvest, recharge and storage structures, rehabilitation of distributaries, installation of rain gauges, construction of buildings, etc. This EG applies to all cases which entail cutting of trees due to activities supported by the RACP.
11.2 Compensatory Planting Policy for RACP As far possible, RACP would promote options wherein trees would not be cut to carry out an activity.
However, where it is not feasible it would support compensatory planting in the ratio of 10 trees for every tree cut. The onus on planting will lie with the beneficiary who is cutting the trees.
The onus on seeking permission from the Forest Department would lie with the beneficiary who may be supported by the SP2 and the EFP, DPMU.
The ES, PMU and the EFP, DPMU in consultations with the Forest Department, the Horticulture Department and the SP2 shall draw up a list of locally adapted tree species to be supported for compensatory.
The ES, PMU and the EFP, DPMU shall coordinate with nurseries maintained by these departments to procure saplings of the desired species to be made available to beneficiaries who are expected to take up compensatory planting.
The PMU shall devise a mechanism of funds release for executing activities such that the final payment shall not be made until compensatory planting has been carried out.
11.3 Policy on not using pasture lands for other purposes The RACP shall adopt a simple resolution stating that it shall not use public pasture land for any purposes other than for pasture development and/or for constructing water harvesting, recharge and storage structures with a view to benefitting the development of the pasture.
Further, it shall not accept any pasture land provided by any authority for any purpose other than those mentioned above.
11.4 Application of EG Common 2: Tree Cutting & Pasture Land Use
Intervention Multiple
Activity During construction activities Possible Environmental Loss of tree cover Impacts
Multiple Sectors Multiple Alienation of pasture land for purposes other than grazing
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Impact on Environment Medium Environmental Guidance EG Common 2: Tree Cutting, Pasture Land Use EMP Requirement EMP Checklist Common 2 Clauses 11.2, 11.3 Stage of Application This EG shall be adopted by the RACP as a general rule of engagement applicable to all activities supported by it
At the time of CACP(SP1) and DPR (SP1)
At the time of design and approval of building plans, water harvesting structures, etc.
Responsibility SP 1 during preparation of CACP
SP1 during preparation of DPR
Design consultants/engineers hired for designing and executing the structures
Process % of trees actually planted as compared to no. of trees to be taken up under compensatory planting
Outcome % survival of trees planted under compensatory planting
Indicators Monitoring Monitoring
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12 EG Producer Organisation 1: Codes of Practices
12.1 General The RACP is proposing to mobilize and organize farmer into Farmer Business Groups who would be federated to form a Farmer Producer Organisation (FPO). A number of such FPOs are expected to be set up under the RACP. The key areas of activities for the FPOs would include input supply to FPO members, output marketing services through collectivisation and processing, where feasible. This EG applies to all FPOs. In addition, other EGs shall also apply to FPO where they are relevant.
12.2 Development & Adoption of Code of Practices for FPOs Each FPO with support from the ES, PMU, EFP, DPMU and the SP2 shall develop a code of practice (CoP) to be followed by the FPO and all its members.
The broad objective of the CoP shall be to guide the FPO in operating as a responsible business entity, especially with respect to environment and safety.
Unlike a general agri-input merchant, the FPO shall not stock, sell and promote agri- chemicals indiscriminately. It shall make strong efforts to ensure that its members follow IPM and INM and accordingly shall stock and sell inputs relevant to implementing INM and IPM.
In designing the CoP, EGs presented as a part of this EMF shall be consulted where relevant.
12.3 General Guidelines for FPOs To aid the process of development of Code of Practices a few general guidelines have been given below:
Compulsory actions
- Take license to sell, stock, exhibit and distribute pesticides from the competent authority (District Agriculture Officer). - If pesticides are to be sold or stocked at more than one place, take separate licenses for every such place. - Display the license in a prominent part of the premises that is open to public. - Do not sell pesticides in classes Ia, Ib, and II (WHO Classification of Pesticides by Hazard). - Do not sell pesticides without ISI Mark Certification. - Do not stock or sell any insecticide unless it is: properly packed, properly labelled (including name of active ingredient, expiry date, toxicity level, etc.) and the package includes information leaflet (including safety guidelines). - Do not change or remove any inscription or mark made by the manufacturer on the container, label or wrapper of any pesticide. - For sale of the insecticide Sulphur and its formulations, maintain a separate register showing names and addresses of all the persons to whom it has been sold or distributed and the quantities to be sold or distributed.
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- Do not sell or store pesticide in the same building where any articles consumable by human beings or animals are manufactured, stored or exposed for sale. Store in a separate room which is well built, dry, well-lit and ventilated and of sufficient size. - Immediately after the date of expiry segregate and stamp all such stocks as ‘not for sale’ and keep in a separate place with clear sign displaying that it is date-expired pesticide. Dispose these stocks in an environment friendly manner taking advice from the Bihar Pollution Control Board. - Take license to sell fertilizers from the competent authority (District Agriculture Officer). - Do not sell fertilizers without ISI Mark Certification.
Good practices
- Maintain proper records of procurement and sale of pesticides specifying the brand name and name of active ingredients. - Stock and promote sale of safety gear to be used while handling pesticides (for example, hand gloves, plastic masks, etc.). - Stock and sell inputs/equipment for non-chemical pest management (neem oil, pheromone traps, etc.). - Stock and sell bio fertilizers and organic manures such as neem seed cake, vermicompost, etc. - Provide soil testing and fertilizer recommendation services to member farmers. - Coordinate with Department of Agriculture and Krishi Vigyan Kendra to provide training to farmers on integrated pest and nutrient management suitable for the region.
12.4 Application of EG Producer Company 1: Code of Practice
Intervention Value Chain Development
Activity Farmer Producer Company Possible Environmental FPO activities may promote increased use of agri Impacts chemicals Impact on Environment Medium Environmental Guidance EG Producer Company 1: Code of Practices EMP Requirement EMP Checklist Producer Company 1: Clauses 12.2, 12.3
Value Chain Development Chain Value Stage of Application At the time of preparation of the business plan of the FPO Responsibility ES, PMU, EFP, DPMU and SP2 along with BoD of FPO Process % FPOs with a CoP developed and adopted by the BoD
Outcome
Indicators Monitoring Monitoring
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13 EG Common 3: General Environmental Guideline
13.1 General This EG is meant for use for activities for which a specific EG is not available.
Attribute Impacts Mitigation Measures Air Is there any dust generation? Use mask/cotton cloth while working Is there any air pollution? The activity place should be well ventilated Is there any problem related If possible, sprinkle the water to suppress to ventilation? dust Maintain the machinery as per manufacturer’s instructions Avoid long working hours Do not smoke at working place Do plantation around the activity site Water Is there any use of water? Minimize the wastage of water by What is the source of water? recycling/reusing Is there any effluent/waste Practice ground water recharge/rain water generation? water harvesting How is the waste water Do not discharge any wastewater within 15 being discharged? meter of drinking water source (hand Is there any threat of ground water pump, well) contamination? Protect water from any kind of contamination
Soil Will the activity damage top soil? Avoid uprooting trees Will the activity cause soil erosion? Conserve top fertile soil Grow shrubs/trees/grass to prevent soil erosion
Solid Waste Is the solid waste biodegradable (like Do not mix organic waste with non organics, fodder residue, biodegradable waste agriculture residues) Compost all organic waste Will the disposal of solid waste create Do not dispose the waste in any water obstruction to any natural drainage? body or in a manner obstructing natural drainage Hygiene Is there any collection of wastewater? Dispose waste water through soak pits, Does the activity contribute to avoid stagnation of waste water contamination and spread of Maintain safe distance between disease? worksite and habitation Always wash hands and face with soap after performing activity
Based on the identified impacts, coordinate with EFP, DPMU and the relevant line Department for technical support in identification of required mitigation measures.
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14 EG Common 4: General Guidelines for Health & Safety
14.1 General This EG applies to all situations where specific EG does not exist.
Common Guidelines for Health and Safety
Safety:
Cover mouth and nose with cotton cloth or mask for protection against dust and other particulate matter
Use goggles to protect eyes
Install fire extinguisher
Maintain a first aid kit at work place
Waste management:
Sprinkle water (if possible) to suppress the dust
Ensure proper disposal of waste materials that can pose a health and safety hazard (sharp objects, used chemical containers, etc.)
Segregate wastes for composting and recycling/reuse
Machinery:
Apply lubricants on the machineries for smooth functioning
Read and follow manufacturer’s instruction carefully
Never exceed the maximum permissible speed and load of machine
Ensure that children and lay persons do not have access to sites with high speed machinery
Work site:
Work sites must be in places where sufficient ventilation and light are available
Work sites must have access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities
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Environmental Management Framework Toolkit
Annex 4: Specimen Environmental Management Plan Checklists
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EMP Checklist 1 - Crop Intensification
CACP Preparation by SP1 To be prepared Crop Intensification Sub- Oth at the time of plan by SP1 Filled by SP1 SP2 ers Tick where applicable
Name of Cluster Block District
Documents to be CACP (SP1) & Detailed Crop Intensification Plan (SP1) enclosed
Component Crop Selection Reference in EG Issue Yes/No If Yes, provide details If No, provide reasons for not complying Crop water requirement in cu.m = Is the crop water EG Agri 1 Crop requirement matched Water availability in cu.m = Selection Clause with available water for 1.2 irrigation? Cropping pattern across seasons & years:
EG Agri 1 Crop Selection Clause Is crop rotation being 1.3 planned?
Component Seed Selection If No, provide reasons for not Reference in EG Issue Yes/No If Yes, provide details complying EG Agri 2 Seed Enclose documentation of Selection Clause Has PVSP been followed process 2.2.1 in selecting variety? Enclose documentation of If a GM variety is being permission EG Agri 2 Seed planned, have you taken Selection Clause permission from relevant 2.2.2 authority?
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Is there a procedure for selecting good quality seeds before sowing? EG Agri 2 Seed Is a procedure for seed Selection Clause treatment prescribed 2.3 before sowing?
Component Soil Health & Nutrient Management If No, provide reasons for not Reference in EG Issue Yes/No If Yes, provide details complying Is mulching with cover crops, crop residues, etc., EG Agri 3 Soil being planned to Health & Nutrient conserve soil and water? Management Clause 3.2 EG Agri 3 Soil Is a system for carrying Health & Nutrient out periodic soil testing Management and issue of soil health Clause 3.3 cards being proposed?
Is the fertilizer dosage and schedule based on soil test results? Is the fertilizer dosage being suggested based on a judicious mix of organic and inorganic fertilizers?
Does the nutrient management plan place emphasis on generation and application of organic manure, vermicompost, biofertilizers etc.?
Has a plan been prepared for procuring organic inputs, where necessary?
Component Pest & Disease Management If No, Reference in EG Issue Yes/No If Yes, provide details provide
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reasons for not complying EG Agri 4 Pest & Disease Is a package of plant Management protection measures Clause 4.3 based on IPM detailed?
Are various components of an IPM plan as detailed in Box 3 of the EG 4 Agri been detailed?
Are sources of bio control agents, biopesticides, etc., identified for supply to farmers?
Have local materials for use as biopesticides identified? Is the process for preparing such biopesticides detailed?
Is an FFS based mechanism being planned to implement IPM?
Component Water Use Management Reference in EG Issue Yes/No If Yes, provide details If No, provide reasons for not complying EG Agri 6 Water Use Management Has crop water demand Clause 6.2 been matched with water available?
Have crops with lower water demand been identified, if water is not sufficient?
Is compulsory use of organic mulch being advocated to minimize evaporation losses?
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Is compulsory use of micro irrigation techniques being propagated in all water regimes to minimize absolute water use?
Remarks of entity preparing this EMP
Signature of representative of SP1 /SP2 /Other entities responsible for preparing this EMP along with date
Appraisal of EMP EFP, DPMU ES, PMU Remarks /Further action Remarks suggested /Further Approval action Component Approval (Yes/No) (Yes/No) suggested Crop Selection Seed Selection Soil Health & Nutrient Management Pest & Disease Management Water Use Management
Signature of EFP, DPMU /ES, PMU with date
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EMP Checklist 2 - Storage & Handling of Agri-Inputs By Design Engineer at the time of designing the storage if being constructed To be prepared at the time of Implementation of Crop Intensification Sub-plan Design by SP2 Filled by Engineer SP2 FPO By FPO as part of their Tick where operations applicable
Name of Cluster Block District
Drawings showing location, design of the storage structure. Relevant sections Documents to be of the FPO operations manual to show how the storage structure would be enclosed operated
Component Storage of Agri-chemicals Reference in EG Issue Yes/No If Yes, provide details If No, provide reasons for not complying EG Agri 5 Storage & Handling of Agri-inputs Clause Is the size of the storage 3.2 facility adequate to store peak requirement of fertilizers /pesticides?
Is the storage located at least 15 m away from any water body? If not, relocate.
Is the building foundation and secondary containment floor built of impervious material to prevent leaching of chemicals into the soil and water?
Is there adequate drainage provided around the building to take away rainwater?
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Are agri-chemicals being stored separately from seeds and grains?
Is the storage area well protected from rain and direct sunlight? If not what is the means of protection? Are fertilizer bags being stored on wooden palletes if not, is there an impervious material spread on the ground on which it is stored?
Does the loading and unloading area have an impervious floor?
Does the loading and unloading area have a floor that slopes away to the perimeter so as to allow rainwater to drain away?
Component Storage of Seeds EG Agri 5 Storage If using seeds produced & Handling of locally, have they been Agri-inputs Clause dried properly before 3.3 storage?
If seeds of different varieties are being stored, are they in separate containers and labelled clearly?
Are seeds being stored after being suitably treated for protection against pests and diseases?
Are locally available materials such as neem leaves, pongamia leaves, etc., proposed for use to treat seeds before storage?
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Remarks of entity preparing this EMP
Signature of representative of Design Engineer /SP2 /Other entities responsible for preparing this EMP along with date
Note: If there is construction of storage also involved, then EG Common 1 Building Construction must also be complied with
Appraisal of EMP
EFP, DPMU ES, PMU Remarks /Further action Remarks suggested /Further Approval action Component Approval (Yes/No) (Yes/No) suggested Storage of Agri- chemicals
Storage of Seeds
Signature of EFP, DPMU /ES, PMU with date
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EMP Checklist 3 - Water Harvest & Storage Structures
CACP Preparation by SP1 Water Harvest & To be prepared Management Sub-plan by SP1 Filled by SP1 SP2 Others at the time of When individual farm ponds /diggies are being approved for Tick where execution applicable
Name of Cluster Block District
Drawings showing location, ownership, design of the structures being Documents to be constructed or rehabilitated. CACP (SP1) and Water Harvest & Management enclosed Plan (SP1)
Component Water Harvest, Recharge & Storage Structures Reference in EG Issue Yes/No If Yes, provide details If No, provide reasons for not complying EG Water 1 Water Harvest, Is the proposed Recharge & structure based on Storage Clause standard designs 7.2 approved by the ES, PMU?
Component Construction of Farm Ponds & Diggies EG Water 1 Is the farm pond /diggy Water Harvest, based on a standard Recharge & design provided by the Storage Clause ES, PMU?
7.3.1 Is the size of the farm pond such that not more than 70% of the run-off is being harvested and stored from a given area/plot?
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If a number of farm ponds are being planned within a micro- watershed, then is the total water storage being planned less than 70% of total runoff from the area being drained?
Are trees being cut to If no, no construct the farm pond If yes, please fill up EMP6 action is / diggy? Tree Cutting needed
Component Maintenance of Farm Ponds EG Water 1 Are the bunds covered Water Harvest, with vegetation to Recharge & prevent erosion? Storage Clause Is there an inlet and 7.3.2 outlet channel to the farm pond? Is there a silt trap to prevent silting up of the farm pond? Is runoff from cattle sheds and sullage being kept away from the farm pond?
Component Rehabilitation of Distributaries EG Water 1 Are any trees being cut If yes, fill up EMP 6 Tree Water Harvest, as a result of this Cutting Recharge & activity? Storage Clause 7.4
Appraisal of EMP EFP, DPMU ES, PMU Remarks /Further action Remarks suggested /Further Approval action Component Approval (Yes/No) (Yes/No) suggested
Water Harvest & Storage Structure Design
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Construction of Farm Pond /Diggy Maintenance of Farm Ponds Rehabilitation of Distributaries
Signature of EFP, DPMU /ES, PMU with date
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EMP Checklist 4 - Goat Rearing
CACP Preparation by To be prepared SP1 Filled by SP1 SP2 Others at the time of Livestock Development & Management Plan by Tick where SP2 applicable
Name of Cluster Block District
Documents to be CACP (SP1), Detailed Livestock Development & Management Plan (SP2) enclosed
Component Herd Improvement Reference in EG Issue Yes/No If Yes, provide details If No, provide reasons for not complying EG Livestock 1 Is the breed of the buck Goat Rearing 8.2 being promoted suitable to the cluster as per the Animal Husbandry department?
Is a buck to females ratio of 1 buck for every 30-40 planned? Is there a plan to avoid inbreeding by establishing a mechanism to ensure exchange of bucks every 10-12 months across Goat rearers groups?
Is there a plan to castrate mixed and non- descript kids to ensure purity of goats being bred?
Component Herd Management
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EG Livestock 1 Is there a plan to grow Goat Rearing fodder trees such as Clause 8.2 Leucaena, Gliricidia, Prosopis cineraria, Acacia, etc. on field bunds, backyards and on bunds of pasture lands to augment fodder supply in the cluster?
Is there a plan to ensure that goats are dewormed twice a year and vaccinated regularly?
Is there a plan to dispose off carcasses of diseased goats by burial? If so are the sites chosen at least 500m away from any water bodies?
Is there a plan to restrict herd size in the cluster in case of fodder shortage by concerted action by the Goat Rearers' Groups?
Is there a plan to restrict herd size and also maintain breed purity by culling non- descripts regularly?
Signature of representative of SP1 /SP2 /Other entities responsible for preparing this EMP along with date
Note: The ES, PMU in consultation with the Animal Husbandry department GoR should prepare a list of goat breeds approved for various agro-climatic zones of Rajasthan and include the same in the EMF
Appraisal of EMP Component EFP, DPMU ES, PMU
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Remarks /Further action Remarks suggested /Further Approval action Approval (Yes/No) (Yes/No) suggested Herd Improvement Herd Management Signature of EFP, DPMU /ES, PMU with date
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EMP Checklist 5 - Animal Health Inputs
CACP Preparation by SP1 Livestock Development To be prepared & Management Plan by at the time of SP2 Filled by SP1 SP2 Others When animal health camps sites are Tick where selected/ conducted applicable
Name of Cluster Block District
Documents to be CACP (SP1), Detailed Livestock Development & Management Plan (SP2), enclosed location & sketch of sites for animal health camps showing disposal site, etc.
Component Safe Disposal of Used Needles, Syringes, Vaccines, etc. Reference in EG Issue Yes/No If Yes, provide details If No, provide reasons for not complying EG Livestock 2 Animal Health Is there a mechanism in Inputs Clause 9.2 place to autoclave and dispose off animal medical waste in deep burial pits? Are these burial pits at least 500m away from water bodies and human inhabitations, grazing lands and places that children frequent?
Component Use of Veterinary Medicines EG Livestock 2 Are the veterinary Animal Health medicines being used Inputs Clause 9.3 not on the negative list of veterinary medicines developed by the RACP?
Signature of representative of SP1 /SP2 /Other entities responsible for preparing this EMP along with date
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Note: The ES, PMU in consultation with the Animal Husbandry department GoR should prepare a negative list of veterinary medicines that the RACP would not support and include the same in the EMF
Appraisal of EMP EFP, DPMU ES, PMU Remarks /Further action Remarks suggested /Further Approval action Component Approval (Yes/No) (Yes/No) suggested
Safe disposal of used needles, syringes, vaccines, etc.
Use of veterinary medicines Signature of EFP, DPMU /ES, PMU with date
240
FINAL
EMP Checklist 6 - Tree Cutting CACP Preparation by To be prepared SP1 DPR by SP1 Filled by SP1 SP2 Others at the time of Any activity that entails Tick where tree cutting applicable
Name of Cluster Block District
Documents to be Details of activity which is resulting in trees being cut. CACP (SP1), Detailed enclosed Project Report for various activities (SP2)
Component Compensatory Planting Policy of RACP Reference in EG Issue Yes/No If Yes, provide details If No, provide reasons for not complying EG Common 2 No. of trees being cut = Tree Cutting, Pasture Landuse No. of trees to be planted Clause 11.2 Are you complying with as per Compensatory the Compensatory Planting Policy of RACP = Planting Policy of RACP? Are the species you plan to plant as per the approved list of trees for compensatory planting prepared by the ES, PMU? If not are they locally adapted species?
Have you identified / sourced saplings to be planted?
Signature of representative of SP1 /SP2 /Other entities responsible for preparing this EMP along with date
Note: The ES, PMU in consultation with the Forest and Horticulture departments GoR and the SP2 and the Community should prepare a list of locally adapted tree species for each agro-eco region that the RACP would support and include the same in the EMF
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Appraisal of EMP EFP, DPMU ES, PMU Remarks /Further action Remarks suggested /Further Approval action Component Approval (Yes/No) (Yes/No) suggested Compensatory Tree Planting Policy of RACP
Signature of EFP, DPMU /ES, PMU with date
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FINAL
EMP Checklist 7 - Building Construction /Warehouse Construction
CACP Preparation by To be prepared SP1 Filled by SP1 SP2 Others at the time of At the time of design and approval of building Tick where plans applicable
Name of Cluster Block District
Documents to be Building plans showing details of design, location, etc. enclosed
Component Building Construction - Code of Building Plan Reference in EG Issue Yes/No If Yes, provide details If No, provide reasons for not complying EG Common 1 Building Is the code of building Construction plan as per the National Clause 10.2 Building Code of India, revised 1983 Are any trees being cut If yes, please fill EMP 6 to construct the Tree Cutting also building?
Component Building Construction - Code of Building Plan Reference in EG Issue Yes/No If Yes, provide details If No, provide reasons for not complying EG Common 1 Is the warehouse design Building as per the Code of Construction Practice for Clause 10.3 Construction of Food grains Storage Structures as defined under the Warehouse Manual published by the Department of Food & Public Distribution, Ministry of Food & Consumer Affairs, GoI?
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FINAL
Signature of representative of SP1 /SP2 /Other entities responsible for preparing this EMP along with date
Note:
Appraisal of EMP EFP, DPMU ES, PMU Remarks /Further action Remarks suggested /Further Approval action Component Approval (Yes/No) (Yes/No) suggested Code of Building Plan
Code of Practice for construction of food grains storage structures Signature of EFP, DPMU /ES, PMU with date
244