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Dairy Goats: Sustainable Production DAIRY GOATS: SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION GUIDE National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service www.attra.ncat.org Abstract: Dairy Goats: Sustainable Production is intended for those interested in starting a commercial goat dairy. It discusses the five major considerations to be addressed in planning for dairy goat production: labor, sales and marketing, processing, regulations, and budgeting and economics. It includes production information specific to dairy goats, including choosing breeds and selecting stock. A resource list for further information about dairy goat production follows the end notes. This is a companion piece to ATTRA’s Goats: Sustainable Production Overview. The Overview should be read first, since it contains production information for goats in general, including graz- ing management, fencing, reproduction, nutrition, diseases and parasites, and resources. Contents By Linda Coffey, Margo Hale, and Paul Williams Introduction ....................1 NCAT Agriculture Specialists Getting Started ................2 Labor ............................2 © 2004 NCAT Marketing ....................3 Processing ....................3 Farm Profile: Split Creek Farm, South Carolina ..............5 Regulations ..................5 Budgeting ....................7 Production Notes ..............................10 Selecting stock ............10 Farm Profile: Redwood Hill Farm, California ...........14 Feeding ...................... 15 Milking ...................... 18 Health ........................ 21 Introduction Conclusion ................... 24 In 1994, world-wide production of goat milk was approximately 10.5 Farm Profile: million tons. In the United States at that time, there were approximately Blufftop Farm, one million dairy goats producing 600,000 tons of milk, about 300 known Arkansas ..................... 25 dairy goat businesses, and at least 35 known commercial goat-cheese mak- Resources ...................... 26 ers. These cheese makers produced about 640 tons of U.S. goat cheeses, References .................... 30 while at least another 650 tons of goat cheese were imported that year from France alone.(Haenlein, 1996) ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information service operated by the National Center for Appropriate Technology, through a grant from the Rural Business-Cooperative Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. These organizations do not recommend or endorse products, companies, or individuals. NCAT has offices in Fayetteville, Arkansas (P.O. Box 3657, Fayetteville, AR 72702), Butte, Montana, and Davis, California. Dairy goats are enjoyable animals, easy to skillful kid raising, and good general health care handle and haul, and relatively inexpensive to are essential for success. In addition, costs must purchase, feed, and house. Dairy goat produc- be kept under control. Most important of all is tion, especially pasture-based production, offers marketing; a viable business requires a healthy the opportunity for profitable and sustainable di- demand for the product or products produced versity on a small farm. For example, a vegetable and a price that allows a profit. farm can use goats to clean up residue and fertil- Because commercial production is so much ize the land, while producing milk for the family more challenging than keeping a few dairy goats, or for raising kids, calves, pigs, or other livestock. this publication will first address the major issues Goats will browse and help keep pastures from of labor, marketing, processing, regulations, and being overrun with woody species. budgeting. The production notes— including In some locations, Grade A dairies may have selecting stock, feeding, breeding, and milk- a market for fluid milk. Goat milk can often be ing— compose the second major section. Finally, enjoyed by people who are allergic to cows’ milk, budgets and a list of further resources are also and infants of all species generally thrive on goat provided. milk. Value-added products such as cheese and yogurt made from goat milk are finding a grow- ing acceptance in the dairy market, with sales of Getting Started goat cheese increasing more than 16% in 2000. Things to be considered before entering (Specialty Cheese Market, 2001) a commercial dairy goat business include the However, producing dairy animals and availability of labor, the marketing outlook, dairy products requires a great commitment of processing options, regulations, budgeting, and time and energy and consistent attention to de- economics. tail. Proper nutrition and milking procedures, Labor Labor is a major concern. Do you enjoy goats Related ATTRA publications enough to spend mornings and evenings, seven days a week, week after week, feeding, milking, Goats: Sustainable Production Overview and cleaning up? Do you have the support of Sustainable Goat Production: Meat Goats your family in this? Many dairy producers have Small Ruminant Sustainability faced frustration and burnout after trying unsuc- Checksheet cessfully to hire competent help. If your family is not willing to help with the business, you should Rotational Grazing probably consider a less demanding enterprise. Sustainable Pasture Management Estimates vary regarding the labor de- Integrated Parasite Management for mands of a goat dairy. Dr. Robert Appleman Livestock believes that a 100-doe dairy selling fluid milk Predator Control for Sustainable & Organic to a processor will require about 1.5 full-time Livestock Production workers.(Appleman, 1989) Appleman’s calcula- tions: Value-added Dairy Options • Milking: 25 does/person/hr (305 days) Assessing the Pasture Soil Resource • Set-up and clean-up: 40 min. daily Dung Beetle Benefits in the Pasture Ecosystem • Manure handling and bedding: 25 min. daily Grazing Networks for Livestock Producers • Feeding hay and grain: 30 min. daily Matching Livestock & Forage Resources in Controlled Grazing • Heat detection: 30 min./day for 6 months Multispecies Grazing • Breeding: 20 min. x 2 breedings Nutrient Cycling in Pastures • Miscellaneous: .5 min. daily per doe Introduction to Paddock Design & Fencing– Some of the above figures are per doe, while Water Systems for Controlled Grazing others are per herd. Total labor per doe in PAGE 2 //DAIRY GOATS: SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION Appleman’s budget is 34.7 hours per year, 70% of out if they feel the pay for the milk is good which is spent milking.(Appleman, 1989) enough to make the goatkeeping effort worth- In contrast, a Pennsylvania State Univer- while. (Remember that feed and other costs sity budget estimated labor as 22 hours per doe vary greatly and a “good milk price” in one area per year to run a 100-doe facility (Penn State, may be too low for another.) You may get some surprises when you ask this question... Be cau- http://agalternatives.aers.psu.edu/livestock/ tious about new startups. Sometimes they have dairygoat/budget1.htm), while another bud- a lot of enthusiasm but no idea how difficult it get considered 13.6 hours per doe per year will be to market their milk or cheese or other to be sufficient for a 100-doe herd.(Rutgers product in the quantities they need… Are there Cooperative Extension, http://aesop.rutgers. patrons shipping milk to the buyer now? Talk edu/~farmmgmt/ne-budgets/organic/DAIRY- to them, all of them. Are they getting paid? Is GOAT-1500LB-MILK.HTML) With so much the buyer taking all the milk he promised he variation in estimates, you may want to visit a would?... How good is the market for what producer who has a dairy the size you intend to they are planning to sell? (Kapture, 2001) operate, work beside the farmer for a week or In many areas of the United States, there so if possible, and ask what that farmer thinks is are no processors. In some areas, a processor is realistic. Facilities and efficiency of milking, feed- available but already has enough milk produc- ing, and cleaning can account ers on contract. Therefore, it for a lot of the difference, and is vital to be sure you have a that should be kept in mind market for your milk. If you as you plan your dairy farm. are unable to sell to a proces- Also, note that these figures do sor, it may be feasible to sell NOT include any value-added It is vital to be sure to individuals raising baby processing or marketing time; you have a market animals, or to market the milk if on-farm processing is part of for your milk. through your own livestock your business, labor costs will (raising calves, for example, be significantly higher. and selling them for meat). In © Ana Labate • www.sxc.hu some areas it is possible to sell Marketing milk directly to individuals for If labor is available, the next concern is mar- human consumption, but in MANY states that keting. What product or products do you hope to is ILLEGAL. To find out what is legal in your sell? Is there an unmet demand for that product state, contact the agency responsible for dairy in your area? If so, what price can you realisti- regulations. The American Dairy Goat Asso- cally expect to receive? Can you make a profit if ciation (ADGA) lists the contact information for you sell at that price? state agencies on its Web site, www.adga.org. In the case of fluid milk, a prospective pro- Go to “Starting a Grade A or Grade B dairy,” ducer must first locate a reliable buyer. Judy www.adga.org/StartDairy.htm. Kapture, long-time producer and columnist for Marketing to individuals will require much the Dairy Goat Journal, issues a strong warning to more time and effort and will be harder to initiate. the farmer planning to start a goat dairy. For example, a milk truck going to a commercial You are certainly wise to be cautious. I can dairy may pick up 200 gallons of milk every other tell far too many stories about people who day. If there is no milk truck, how much milk can used all their money to set up their farm as a you sell each week? If the answer doesn’t equal goat dairy, and then never did sell any milk. “all of it,” what will you do with the rest? The Or their milk market fizzled out within a available market is a major factor in determining year..
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