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Sheep and Goats in Developing Countries Their Present and Potential Role Public Disclosure Authorized

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Sheep and Goats in Developing Countries Their Present and Potential Role Public Disclosure Authorized A WORLD BANKTECHNICAL PAPER WTP-15 Sheep and Goats in Developing Countries Their Present and Potential Role Public Disclosure Authorized Winrock International FILECOPY Public Disclosure Authorized 11-, r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. Pr !a 2 Public Disclosure Authorized . I Public Disclosure Authorized A WORLD BANK TECHNICALPAPER Sheep and Goats in Developing Countries Their Present and Potential Role Winrock International The World Bank Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Copyright c 1983 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLDBANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. First printing December 1983 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America This is a document published informally by the World Bank. In order that the information contained in it can be presented with the least possible delay, the typescript has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. The publication is supplied at a token charge to defray part of the cost of manufacture and distribution. The views and interpretations in this document are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to any individual acting on their behalf. Any maps used have been prepared solely for the convenience of the readers; the denominations used and the boundaries shown do not imply, on the part of the World Bank and its affiliates, any judgment on the legal status of any territory or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The full range of World Bank publications, both free and for sale, is described in the Catalog of Publications; the continuing research program is outlined in Abstracts of Current Studies. Both booklets are updated annually; the most recent edition of each is available without charge from the Publications Sales Unit, Department T, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from the European Office of the Bank, 66, avenue d'Iena, 75116 Paris, France. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Sheep and goats in developing countries. (A World Bank technical paper, ISSN 0253-7494 ; ) Bibliography: p. 1. Sheep--Developing countries. 2. Goats--Developing countries. I. Winrock International Livestock Research and Training Center. II. Series. SF375.5.D44S54 1983 338.1'763'0091724 83-23315 ISBN 0-8213-0272-8 - iii - ABSTRACT The objectives of this study are to assess the role of small ruminants (sheep and goats) in the food production systems of developing countries,examine their advantages and disadvantages,analyze the constraintslimiting their further contributionto the welfare of small farm/low income rural producers, prescribemeasures for overcoming these constraints,and make recommendationsrelated to potential donor involve- ment in support of the developmentof sheep and goat production. Small ruminants are viewed as an integral,but not dominant componentof complex agriculturalsystems. Particular emphasis is placed on sheep and goats in mixed herds grazing dry rangelands and in small mixed farm systems in medium to high rainfall areas. An analysis of major constraints-- ecological,biological, policy, and socio-economic-- leads to recommenda- tions on the need for a balanced production system approach for research, training and developmentprograms, and for a combinationof support activities such as herd health programs, and formulationof favorable credit, marketing and pricing policies for small ruminants and their products. -iv- ABSTRAIT La presente etude vise a evaluer le r6le des petits ruminants (moutons et chevres) dans le cadre des systemes de productionalimentaire des pays en developpement,A examiner leurs avantageset inconv6nients,A analyser les obstaclesqui les empechent de contribuerdavantage a la prosperite des petits exploitantset des producteursruraux a faible revenu, A indiquer les mesures susceptiblesde surmonter ces obstacleset enfin A formuler des recommandations sur la maniere dont des donateurs d'aide pourraienteventuellement contribuer A l'accroissementde la productionovine et caprine. Les petits ruminantssont considerescomme faisant partie int6grantede syst6mes agricolescomplexes, sans toutefoisen constituer l'el6mentpredominant. Une importanceparticuliere est accordee au paturage combin6 de moutons et de chevres dans des zones de pacage seches et dans de petites exploitationsmixtes situ6es dans des r6gions A pluviometriemoyenne a forte. Une analyse des principauxobstacles - 6cologiques,biologiques, politiques et socio-economiques- aboutit A des recommandationsquant A la necessit6de fonder les programmes de recherche,de formationet de d6veloppement,sur un systeme de production equilibre,de combiner des activitesde soutien telles que les programmeszoosanitaires, et de formuler des politiques favorablesde cr6dit, de commercialisationet des prix pour les petits ruminantset leurs produits d6rives. v EXTRACTO Los objetivos de este estudio consistenen evaluar la funci6n de los pequefiosrumiantes (ovejasy cabras) en los sistemas de producci6nde alimentos de los paises en desarrollo,examinar sus ventajas y desventajas,analizar las limitacionesque impiden su mayor contribuci6nal bienestar de los productores rurales con pequefiasexplotaciones y bajos ingresos,prescribir medidas para superar estas limitacionesy formular recomendacionesrelativas a la participa- ci6n de posibles donantes que apoyen el desarrollode la producci6n de ovejas y cabras. Los pequefiosrumiantes se consideranun componente integralpero no dominante de sistemas agricolas complejos. Se da especial importanciaa las ovejas y cabras en los rebafioscombinados que pacen en los terrenos de pastos secos y en pequeniossistemas agricolasmixtos en zonas de precipitacionesmedias y altas. Un analisis de las principalesrestricciones ecol6gicas, biol6gicas, politicasy socioecon6micasderiva en recomendacionessobre la necesidadde un enfoque equilibradode sistemas de producci6nen relaci6n con programas de investigaci6n,capacitaci6n y desarrolloy una combinaci6nde actividadesde apoyo tales como programas de salud animal y la formulaci6nde politicas favora- bles de cr6dito, comercializaci6ny fijaci6n de precios para los pequefios rumiantesy sus productos. - vi - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Appreciation is expressed to Don Sutherland who developed the terms of reference and shared his considerable experience during the planning of this study. Ned Raun and Jim Yazman participated in the planning stages of the project. Dick Wheeler, Andy Martinez, Bob Hart, and other Winrock colleagues participated in preliminary discussions of organization and content. Beth Henderson, Wikorn De Boer, and John Crofoot assisted in gathering of technical information. Shirley Zimmerman and Jamie Whittington typed numerous drafts under time pressure but always with careful attention to detail and good will towards the authors. Project Co-leaders: A. J. De Boer, H. A. Fitzhugh Other Team Members: R. H. Bernsten, W. Getz, D. W. Robinson (University of California, Davis) CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY OF STUDY AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 1 1.1. Summary of Study . 1 1.2. Summary of Recommendations . 2 2. INTRODUCTION . 7 2.1. Study Terms of Reference, Background and Objectives . 7 2.1.1. Terms of Reference . .. 7 2.1.2. Background to the Study . 9 2.1.3. Study Objectives . 9 2.2. Agriculture . 9 2.3. Animals . 10 2.4. Ruminants . .. 10 2.5. Small Ruminants . .. ... 12 3. PRODUCTION SYSTEMS . 14 3.1. Ecological Classification . 14 3.1.1. Desert Shrub and Woodland Shrub Ranges . 14 3.1.2. Tropical Savannah Ranges . 16 3.1.3. Tropical Forest Ranges . 19 3.2. Agriculture Use Systems . 19 3.2.1. Animal Based . 20 3.2.2. Mixed Crop and Animal . 20 3.2.3. Crop-based Farms . 21 3.3. Small Ruminants in Mixed Farming Systems. 21 4. SHEEP AND GOATS . .... 28 4.1. Characteristics--Advantages and Disadvantages. 28 4.1.1. Small Size . 28 4.1.2. Reproductive Efficiency . 28 4.1.3. Feeding Behavior .. 30 4.1.4. Feed Utilization Efficiency. 30 4.1.5. Fitness . 31 4.1.6. Socioeconomic . 33 4.2. Genetic Resources . 33 4.2.1. Breed Types . 33 4.2.2. Genetic Improvement Strategies . 36 - viii - 4.3. Population, Products and Productivity . 40 4.3.1. Population . 40 4.3.2. Products . 40 4.3.3. Product3vityin DevelopingRegions vs Developed Regions . 47 4.4. Consumption and Trade. 48 4.4.1. Consumption . 48 4.4.2. Meat Trade and Relative Prices . 56 5. CONSTRAINTS TO INCREASED SMALL RUMINANT PRODUCTIVITY . 61 5.1. EScological . 0. .... ... 9.... *... 61 5.2. Biological Constraints . 62 5.2.1. Nutrition . *. 62 5.2.2. Health . 63 5.2.3. Genotype . ...... .. 64 5.3. Socioeconomic Constraints . 64 5.3.1. Inputs and Outputs . 65 5.3.2. Comparative Economics . 68 5.3.3. Sociological and Cultural Aspects . 70 5.3.4. Marketing System Constraints . 71 5.3.5. Institutional and Policy Constraints . 73 6. RECOMMENDATIONS . 75 6.1. Specific Recommendations . 76 7. REVIEW OF PROJECTS INVOLVING SHEEP AND GOATS . 82 7.1. Introduction . 82 7.2. Limitations . 82 7.3. Results . 83 APPENDIX TABLES . 87! REFERENCES . 109 - ix - LIST OF FIGURES 4.4.1.1. World Meat Production by Region . 52 4.4.1.2. World Meat Consumption, by Region, 1967-1977 . 53 4.4.1.3. Per Capita Sheep and Goat Meat Consumption, by Region, 1967-1977 . 55 4.4.2.1. Interregional Trade Flow of Sheep and Goat Meat, 1977 . *9otoo. o.....................57 5.3.1.1. Approximate Rankings of Labor Requirements for Small Ruminants Within and Between Ecozones .
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