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Projecte Fi De Carrera 11:29 11:29 PROJECTE FI DE CARRERA TÍTOL: Diseño y Construcción de una Antena Fractal Multibanda para Telefonía Móvil Celular AUTOR: Antonio Oltra González TITULACIÓ: E.T.T Esp. Sistemes Electrònics DIRECTOR: Antoni Barlabé Dalmau DEPARTAMENT: Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions DATA: 26/6/09 11:29 11:29 TÍTOL: Diseño y Construcción de una Antena Fractal Multibanda para Telefonía Móvil Celular COGNOMS: Oltra González NOM: Antonio TITULACIÓ: Enginyeria Tècnica de Telecomunicacions ESPECIALITAT: Sistemes Electrònics PLA: 95 DIRECTOR: Antoni Barlabé Dalmau DEPARTAMENT: Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions QUALIFICACIÓ DEL PFC TRIBUNAL PRESIDENT SECRETARI VOCAL DATA DE LECTURA: 11:29 11:29 Aquest Projecte té en compte aspectes mediambientals: Sí No PROJECTE FI DE CARRERA RESUM (màxim 50 línies) En este trabajo se han aplicado los conceptos de la geometría fractal para el diseño de una antena multibanda. El objetivo de este proyecto es diseñar y analizar una antena fractal multibanda basada en la curva de Hilbert. Se han utilizado dos programas, el 4NEC2 y el CST Microwave Studio, para simular el comportamiento frecuencial de las antenas. Las frecuencias de resonancia para las que se ha diseñado la antena son F1 = 0,9 GHz, F2 = 1,8 GHz y, como objetivo secundario, F3 = 2,4 GHz que se corresponden con los servicios de comunicaciones GSM, UMTS, y Bluetooth/Wi-Fi respectivamente. Paraules clau (màxim 10) Curva de Hilbert Antena fractal Multibanda PFC: Diseño y Construcción de una Antena Fractal Multibanda para Telefonía Móvil Celular 4 PFC: Diseño y Construcción de una Antena Fractal Multibanda para Telefonía Móvil Celular Dedicado a mí querida familia 5 PFC: Diseño y Construcción de una Antena Fractal Multibanda para Telefonía Móvil Celular Agradecimientos En primer lugar, quiero dar las gracias a mi director de proyecto, Antoni Barlabé, por su constante soporte, paciencia y entusiasmo sin los cuales no habría sido posible la consecución de este proyecto. Quiero agradecer el interés y el esfuerzo de Oscar de Sousa y sus compañeros del STL, que han hecho todo lo posible para agilizar la fabricación de los circuitos impresos. También quiero dar mis más sinceras gracias a mi familia, por la ilusión y todo el apoyo que me han demostrado, y a mis amigos por su continuo interés. Por último, quiero darle las gracias de forma muy especial a Mari Luz, por compartir mis frustraciones y mis alegrías, por darme ánimos cuando los necesitaba, hacer de mis preocupaciones sus preocupaciones, y conseguir motivarme para seguir adelante un poco más… A todos ellos, gracias… 6 PFC: Diseño y Construcción de una Antena Fractal Multibanda para Telefonía Móvil Celular Lista de Contenidos Lista de Abreviaturas ............................................................................................................... 13 Lista de Símbolos ..................................................................................................................... 14 CAPÍTULO 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................... 15 1.1 Trasfondo del proyecto ............................................................................................... 15 1.3 Objetivo ....................................................................................................................... 16 1.4 Metodología del proyecto ........................................................................................... 16 CAPÍTULO 2. ANTENAS FRACTALES ...................................................................................... 17 2.1 Los fractales. Antecedentes ........................................................................................ 17 2.2 Definición de fractal .................................................................................................... 18 2.2.1 Dimensión Fractal ................................................................................................ 19 2.3 Propiedades de los Fractales ....................................................................................... 21 2.3.1 Autosimilitud ....................................................................................................... 21 2.3.2 Recursivos............................................................................................................ 21 2.3.3 Space-Filling ......................................................................................................... 22 2.3.4 Detalle infinito ..................................................................................................... 22 2.4 Los fractales y las antenas ........................................................................................... 22 2.5 Generación matemática de fractales. ......................................................................... 23 2.6 La curva de Hilbert ...................................................................................................... 25 2.6.1 Generación por IFS .............................................................................................. 26 2.6.2 Descripción geométrica ....................................................................................... 27 2.6.3 Observaciones sobre los segmentos ................................................................... 27 2.6.4 Outer dimensión y otras longitudes .................................................................... 28 2.7 State of the art ............................................................................................................ 29 CAPÍTULO 3. PROCEDIMIENTO DE DISEÑO .......................................................................... 31 3.1 Método de diseño ....................................................................................................... 31 7 PFC: Diseño y Construcción de una Antena Fractal Multibanda para Telefonía Móvil Celular 3.2.1 MATLAB ............................................................................................................... 33 3.2.2 4NEC2 .................................................................................................................. 34 3.2.3 L-Systems ............................................................................................................. 37 3.2.4 CST Microwave Studio ......................................................................................... 40 3.2.5 Trazado de la curva de Hilbert en coordenadas cartesianas .............................. 41 3.2.6 Tablas Excel auxiliares ......................................................................................... 42 3.3 Especificaciones de diseño .......................................................................................... 43 3.4 Comprobaciones y cálculos de dimensionado ............................................................ 44 3.4.1 Error en la ecuación de la Hilbert Curve Fractal Antenna ................................... 44 3.4.2 Verificación de la ecuación de resonancia de la HCFA ........................................ 45 3.4.3 Dimensionado ..................................................................................................... 48 CAPÍTULO 4. SIMULACIÓN, CONSTRUCCIÓN Y MEDIDA DE PROTOTIPOS ........................... 50 4.1 Notas sobre simulación y optimización....................................................................... 50 4.2 Simulación de la curva de Hilbert de orden 2 ............................................................. 51 4.2.1 Modelo HCFA2_DIM. Distancia de diseño d = 41,22 mm ................................... 52 4.2.2 Modelo HCFA2_OPT. Distancia de diseño d = 36,179 mm ................................. 53 4.3 Simulación de la curva de Hilbert de orden 3 ............................................................. 54 4.3.1 Modelo HCFA3_DIM. Distancia de diseño d = 11,44 mm ................................... 54 4.3.2 Modelo HCFA3_OPT. Distancia de diseño d = 10,449 mm ................................. 55 4.4 Simulación de la curva de Hilbert de orden 4 ............................................................. 56 4.4.1 Modelo HCFA4_ DIM. Distancia de diseño d = 5,101 mm .................................. 57 4.4.2 Modelo HCFA4 _OPT. Distancia de diseño d = 5,018 mm ................................... 58 4.5 Discusión de los resultados de simulación .................................................................. 59 4.6 Construcción de los prototipos ................................................................................... 60 4.7 Mediciones de los prototipos ...................................................................................... 61 4.7.1 Construcción de Baluns ....................................................................................... 62 4.7.2 Calibración del analizador de redes vectorial ..................................................... 64 8 PFC: Diseño y Construcción de una Antena Fractal Multibanda para Telefonía Móvil Celular 4.7.3 Medidas en reflexión ........................................................................................... 65 4.7.4 Medida del diagrama de radiación...................................................................... 68 4.7.5 Cálculo de la ganancia de los prototipos ............................................................. 72 4.7.6 Problemas en las medidas ................................................................................... 77 CAPÍTULO 5. OPTIMIZACIÓN Y DISEÑO DEFINITIVO. ........................................................... 78 5.1
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