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Spatial and Temporal Variation in the Hydrochemistry of Marine Prawn Aquaculture Ponds Built in Acid Sulfate Soils, Queensland, Australia

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Spatial and Temporal Variation in the Hydrochemistry of Marine Prawn Aquaculture Ponds Built in Acid Sulfate Soils, Queensland, Australia Spatial and temporal variation in the hydrochemistry of marine prawn aquaculture ponds built in acid sulfate soils, Queensland, Australia. Sarah Groves A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Geography Program The School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of New South Wales October 2008 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to special people in my life: My dad, Michael; my mum, Elizabeth; and my sister, Emma. They have always provided me with love, encouragement and support in all that I do and for that I thank and love them very much. And to those who were once in my life, but are no longer here; Nanna (Anne) Groves, and my friends Sonja Huddle and Claire Dean. They inspired me to not take anything for granted, to appreciate the little things, and above all, enjoy life. Page 2 ABSTRACT Many brackish water aquaculture ventures in Australia and overseas have established ponds in coastal regions with acid sulfate soils (ASS). Acid sulphate soils are known to leach relatively high concentrations of metals, acid (metal and H+ ion) and sulfur, however very little is known about how these leached elements affect the water quality of aquaculture ponds. The main objective of this thesis was to describe the hydrochemical processes controlling the water chemistry in the water column and sediment pore water in the studied aquaculture ponds over time and space. Water samples providing the spatio-temporal data were collected from the ponds with the use of adapted sampling methods commonly used in the groundwater environment. A transect of five nested piesometers was installed in two prawn ponds at Pimpama, south east Queensland, Australia. Each piesometer nest contained a multilevel with eight outtakes, a mini – horizontal, and a slotted piesometer. Water samples were collected from each nested piesometer on a bi-monthly basis over the prawn-growing season. The unstable elements and water quality variables (pH, Eh, DO, EC, water temperature) were measured in the field. Stable elements were analysed in the laboratory using ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Soil samples were collected at the end of the season for elemental analysis. A number of key sediment/water interactions and processes such as precipitation/dissolution reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions, photosynthesis, adsorption and seawater buffering were identified as important controls on pond water conditions. This is the first study to provide detailed hydrochemcial analysis of the pond water over time and space and aided in identifying that even shallow water bodies can be chemically heterogeneous. Analysis of the water and sediment highlighted the selection of metals that can be associated with ASS and that are mobilised from pond sediments under certain chemical conditions. In Pond 7 Al, As, Ni and Zn concentrations were generally higher at the beginning of the grow-out season. Variability of the metal concentration was observed between the water column (0 – 1500 mm) Page 3 and the pore-water (0 - -1000 mm). The highest concentration of Al (1044 μg/L) and Zn (104 μg/L) were sampled in the water column (approximately 400 mm from the surface of the pond). The highest concentration of As (130 μg/L) and Ni (73 μg/L) were sampled in the pore water sediment (associated with ASS). Elevated Mn and Fe2+ concentrations were also associated with the sediment pore water. The highest concentrations of Mn and Fe2+ were 4717 μg/L and 5100 μg/L respectively. In Pond 10, Ni concentrations (167 μg/L) were the highest at the beginning of the grow-out season. However, As (97 μg/L), Al (234 μg/L) and Zn (308 μg/L) were most concentrated during the middle of the cycle. The highest mean concentrations of these elements are As (63 μg/L), Al (91 μg/L) and Zn (69 μg/L) which are each associated with the sediment-water interface. These metals are integral in degrading the pond water quality and lead to a loss of beneficial algal blooms, a reduction in pond water pH, poor growth rates and high mortality in shrimp. It is also possible that the dissolved ions and precipitated compounds that are leached from the ASS are discharged into the adjacent coastal estuary of Moreton Bay. With knowledge obtained from this PhD study, effective management and treatment systems can be developed and implemented to minimise the impact of these soils on the pond system and the water discharging into natural coastal ecosystem. Key Words: hydrochemistry, acid sulfate soils, iron, heavy metals, trace elements, Kuruma prawns, pond water, estuary. Page 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly I would like to thank my supervisor and friend Dr Jesmond Sammut for his support throughout all stages of this thesis. I would also like to thank the Australian Council for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) for financially supporting this thesis. Without their support, the project would not have been possible. A big thank you goes to the guys at Tomei Pty Ltd: Eduardo Viso, Thorbjorn Lyster, Kevin Kaywan, Hiro Ito, Kris Curtis, Scott Walter and Eu Teoh for allowing me to install piesometers and regularly sampling their ponds. They also assisted me a great deal in organising boats and accommodating me when sampling. They always made me feel welcome when I visited the farm and I hope that the information contained in this thesis helps them to better understand the chemical aspects of their ponds and improve the management of their acid sulfate soil. I am grateful to the following people who supported me both in the field and in the laboratory. In the field – Shane Schofield, Jerzy Jankowski, Kavita Gosavi, Bethany O’Shea, Rosalind Desmier. Thanks for your friendship, support and the laughs. The monotony of field work was decreased by you being there beside me. In the laboratory – Dorothy Yu, Irene Wainwright and Ervin Slansky, and computer guru; John Owen. You also provided support, friendship and guidance, as well as reducing my stress levels. Thanks so much. Thanks to Mike Melville and his team; Ben MacDonald and Annabelle Keene for the use of their soil corer and soil sampling advice. Thanks to the people from the following institutions that provided me with data and their expertise: Kath Conway from the Bureau of Meteorology QLD and Len Cranfield from the Queensland Department of Natural resources and mines. Page 5 Shane, thank you for the strength, wisdom, guidance, encouragement, love and support. Without you, the journey would have been a lot tougher. A big thank you to my comrades in arms, my fellow PhD’ers and uni mates Bethany O’Shea, John Wischusen, and Louise Mazzaroli. Thanks for the hours of intellectual conversation, friendship, support, hot chocolate “discussion breaks”, chocolate cakes, party pies and above all, the laughs. You guys kept me going. You helped me grow as a person and into a researcher, and made my PhD years some of the most enjoyable and fulfilling of my life. Thanks to the people at CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research for supporting me while finishing off the thesis part time. Thanks also to my dear friends from CSIRO; Frank Coman, Simon Tabrett, Simon Irvin, Jean Doak and Jan Wakeling for the shoulder to cry on, the intellectual debate, the tea breaks and the laughs. Finally I would like to acknowledge my buddies Andrea Averkiou, Susanne Kruusamagi and Michelle Jones for their ongoing support of my thesis. You guys have also helped me enjoy my life away from the thesis, and have always provided me with support, love and friendship. Page 6 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASS – Acid Sulfate Soils AASS – Actual Acid Sulfate Soils PASS – Potential Acid Sulfate Soils ANZECC Guidelines – Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council Guidelines DO – Dissolved Oxygen EC – Electrical Conductivity Eh – Redox Potential pE – Relative Electron Activity ICP – MS - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Multi Spectral ICP – OES - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometry P. japonicus - Penaeus japonicus AHD – Australian Height Datum BDL – Below Detection Limit SI – Saturation Indices TDS – Total Dissolved Solids UNSW – University of New South Wales USGS – United States Geological Survey BEES – School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences Page 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 25 1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 25 1.2 The Research Problem .............................................................................................. 26 1.3 The Study Setting and Location ............................................................................... 27 1.4 Woongoolba/Pimpama Region - Geology and Literature ...................................... 28 1.4.1 Research on Pimpama and Woongoolba region .......................................................... 29 1.4.2 Research at Tomei ...................................................................................................... 30 1.5 Aims ............................................................................................................................. 30 1.6 Hypotheses ................................................................................................................. 31 1.7 The Database .............................................................................................................. 31 1.8 Project Outline ...........................................................................................................
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