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S`Jt≈J`§≈J`§ ¢`§Mnln”D: the EVERCHANGING PIPESTONE QUARRIES The Everchanging Pipestone Quarries Sioux Cultural Landscapes and Ethnobotany of Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota Item Type Report Authors Toupal, Rebecca; Stoffle, Richard, W.; O'Meara, Nathan; Dumbauld, Jill Publisher Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona Download date 05/10/2021 14:10:29 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292658 S`jt≈j`§≈j`§ ¢`§mnln”d: THE EVERCHANGING PIPESTONE QUARRIES SIOUX CULTURAL LANDSCAPES AND ETHNOBOTANY OF PIPESTONE NATIONAL MONUMENT, MINNESOTA Final Report June 30, 2004 Rebecca S. Toupal Richard W. Stoffle Nathan O’Meara Jill Dumbauld BUREAU OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN ANTHROPOLOGY THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA S`jt≈j`§≈j`§ ¢`§mnln”d: THE EVERCHANGING PIPESTONE QUARRIES SIOUX CULTURAL LANDSCAPES AND ETHNOBOTANY OF PIPESTONE NATIONAL MONUMENT, MINNESOTA Final Report Prepared by Rebecca S. Toupal Richard W. Stoffle Nathan O’Meara and Jill Dumbauld Prepared for National Park Service Midwest Region Under Task Agreement 27 of Cooperative Agreement H8601010007 R.W. Stoffle and M. N. Zedeño, Principal Investigators Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 86721 June 30, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE................................................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................... vi STUDY OVERVIEW................................................................................................................1 The Research Team.................................................................................................................1 Methodology...........................................................................................................................2 Summary of Findings..............................................................................................................3 SECTION ONE – ETHNOBOTANY OF PIPESTONE NATIONAL MONUMENT.............5 Sharing Ethnobotanical Knowledge .......................................................................................5 Species-specific Ethnobotany .................................................................................................8 SECTION TWO – THE LANDSCAPES OF PIPESTONE NATIONAL MONUMENT....113 The Biophysical Landscape ................................................................................................113 The Cultural Landscapes.....................................................................................................118 The Sioux Traditional Cultural Landscape......................................................................118 The Sioux Transitional Cultural Landscape ....................................................................125 The Contemporary Pipestone Cultural Landscape ..........................................................131 Meaning of Place ................................................................................................................132 Pipestone, the Site............................................................................................................132 Pipestone, the Material.....................................................................................................134 Pipestone Creek and Winnewissa Falls ...........................................................................135 The Three Maidens ..........................................................................................................137 Petroglyphs ......................................................................................................................139 Quarrying .........................................................................................................................139 The Sun Dance.................................................................................................................140 SECTION THREE – MANAGEMENT COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.....142 General Restoration Comments ..........................................................................................143 Tallgrass Prairie Comments - Trees.................................................................................144 Tallgrass Prairie Comments - Burning Practices.............................................................145 Recommendations...............................................................................................................146 REFERENCES CITED..........................................................................................................153 APPENDIX 1 Ethnographic Resources Inventory Ethnobotany Form .............................160 APPENDIX 2 Transcription of Nicollet’s 1838 Journal, pp. 30-48 with Plant Lists.........173 APPENDIX 3 Landscape Chronology including Legislation and Maps............................184 i Legislation...........................................................................................................................199 Maps....................................................................................................................................330 APPENDIX 4 Ethnographic Resources Inventory Report .................................................347 Ethnographic Resources......................................................................................................348 Associated Groups ..............................................................................................................609 APPENDIX 5 Pipestone Plant List Weighted by Cultural Factors ....................................680 APPENDIX 6 Sioux Ethnobotany Table of Uses...............................................................684 APPENDIX 7 Nicollet’s Notes on Dakota Plant Use.........................................................691 APPENDIX 8 Sioux Plant Names ......................................................................................695 APPENDIX 9 Benn’s Plant Notes and Pipestone Species on his Species List ..................701 APPENDIX 10 Table of Plant Composition Changes..........................................................705 APPENDIX 11 Bibliography of Tallgrass Prairie Burning..................................................727 ii List of Tables Table A.1 Sioux Tribes Contacted for the Ethnobotany Study ............................................. vii Table 1.1 Pipestone Priority Plant List Weighted by Cultural Factors.................................104 Table 1.2 Sioux Ethnobotany Table of Uses ........................................................................107 List of Figures Figure 2.1 Shaded relief of the Coteau des Prairies ..........................................................114 Figure 2.2 White’s 1869 map of the area associated with the Pipestone Quarry ..............117 Figure 2.3 Defensive enclosure NE of Winnewissa Falls..................................................119 Figure 2.4 The Sioux Traditional Cultural Landscape........................................................120 Figure 2.5 Sketch of Leaping Rock. ...................................................................................123 Figure 2.6 1860 Pipestone Reservation Survey ..................................................................127 Figure 2.7 1872 Pipestone Reservation Survey ..................................................................127 Figure 2.8 Site map of proposed Pipestone Indian School .................................................129 Figure 2.9 The Sioux Transitional Cultural Landscape......................................................130 Figure 2.10 Holmes’ 1919 Archaeological map of the Pipestone quarries ..........................131 Figure 2.11 The Contemporary Pipestone Cultural Landscape............................................133 Figure 4.1 Pipestone Creek.................................................................................................136 Figure 4.2 Pipestone Creek channelized above Winnewissa Falls.....................................136 Figure 4.3 Winnewissa Falls at flood stage, presumably before channel was blasted .......137 Figure 4.4 Three Maidens with mowed lawn and water-filled quarry behind....................137 iii PREFACE Douglas Comer, Chief of the Eastern Applied Archaeology Center for the National Park Service, wrote a book about the different ways the world, its history, and its people could be observed through a small place called Bent’s Old Fort National Historic Site (Comer 1996). The book was entitled Ritual Ground because of Comer’s idea that a place can become the center of the world in many respects for various kinds of people. As such a multivocal center, the place becomes sacred to all who see their history, their lives, and their future connected with it. As a central place, it becomes and persists in the rituals of humans. Although the connections to a central place can be cosmological or rooted in historic events, the connections can be none-the- less real and vital in people’s lives. In a section called “Bent’s Old Fort and the Cultural Landscape of the Southwestern Plains,” Comer documents how this place on the Arkansas River became connected to other places, people, and events across an enormous expanses of space and time. Like other cultural landscapes embedded in time and consequently, layered like archaeological strata, the cultural landscapes of the southwestern plains connected to this small fort have been brought into contemporary times
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