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Joseph Nicolas Nicollet Et La Cartographie Du Haut-Bassin Du Mississippi

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Joseph Nicolas Nicollet Et La Cartographie Du Haut-Bassin Du Mississippi Joseph Nicolas Nicollet et la cartographie du haut-bassin du Mississippi. Patricia Mougel, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. Né à Cluses, Savoie en 1786 et mort à Washington, DC en 1843, Joseph Nicolas Nicollet est intiment lié à la cartographie de notre région. A ne pas confondre avec Jean Nicollet arrivé en 1634 à la Baye Verte ou des Puants (Wisconsin), Joseph Nicollet, sans lien de parenté avec le premier, devient professeur de mathématiques au jeune âge de dix-neuf ans. Il est nommé astronome assistant à l’Observatoire Royal de Paris en 1817. Joseph Nicollet travaille non seulement dans le domaine de la cartographie mais aussi dans celui des sciences de la Terre. On lui doit la découverte en 1821 de la comète qui porte son nom, "annonciatrice" du déçès de Napoléon Bonaparte le 5 mai 1821. A l’époque tourmentée (au niveau politique et scientifique) de la Révolution de 1830 et à la suite de difficultés financières Joseph Nicollet quitte la France en 1832 pour venir s’installer à la Nouvelle Orléans dans un premier temps. Grâce au soutien financier de la riche famille Chouteau de St Louis Joseph Nicollet s’engage en 1836-1837 dans une expédition pour découvrir la source du Mississippi. Dans cette expédition Nicollet explore le haut-bassin du Mississippi jusqu’à sa source au Lac Itasca. En 1837 trois états: la Louisiane, l’Arkansas et le Missouri ont déjà été formés au sein de l’ancienne Louisiane Francophone achetée par les Etats-Unis à la France en 1803 (Louisiana Purchase). Le Congrès américain veut obtenir davantage d’information sur cette région où l’on vient de plus en plus s’installer. Pour ce faire le gouvernement américain engage Joseph Nicollet. En 1838 Nicollet accepte un emploi avec le U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers qui l’amène à diriger une expédition, assisté de John Charles Fremont, de Fort Snelling à la région de Pipestone dans le sud-ouest du Minnesota. En 1839 Joseph Nicollet dirige une autre expédition afin de cartographier la région entre les rivières Mississippi et Missouri: le Coteau des Prairies. Pendant ces expéditions Nicollet cartographie rivières, ruisseaux, plaines et collines avec la plus grande précision. Sa carte monumentale: “Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River” et rapport l’accompagnant sont publiés après sa mort en 1843. Les journaux et descriptions détaillées de Joseph Nicollet révèlent son attention et appréciation pour la culture des Chippewas et la richesse et beauté naturelle de la région. Plusieurs endroits dans le Minnesota portent son nom: Nicollet Island, Nicollet Mall et Nicollet Avenue (Minneapolis), ville de Nicollet dans Nicollet County (au sud du Minnesota). Sources: Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. http://mnplaces.mnhs.org Coleman Bray, E. & Coleman Bray, M. (Eds.) (1993). Joseph Nicollet On the Plains and Prairies: The Expeditions of 1838-39 with Journals, Letters, and Notes on the Dakota Indians. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: their Origin and Historic Significance. St Paul MN: Minnesota Historical Society. Quelques ouvrages de référence: Coleman Bray, M. (Ed.) (1970). The Journals of Joseph N. Nicollet: A Scientist on the Mississippi Headwaters with Notes on Indian Life. St Paul MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press Coleman Bray, M. (1980). Joseph Nicollet and his Map. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. Coleman Bray, E. & Coleman Bray, M. (Eds.) (1993). Joseph Nicollet On the Plains and Prairies: The Expeditions of 1838-39 with Journals, Letters, and Notes on the Dakota Indians. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. Lind, M. (1979). L’âme indienne. Chippewa et Sioux du Haut-Mississippi, d’après les manuscrits de Joseph-Nicolas Nicollet (1786-1843). Périgueux: Pierre Fanlac. _____________________________________________________________ reformatted for mnaatf.org JosephNicollet.pdf .
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